3. Repeat step 2 for the other directions.

Deflection on the
4.2 Action galvanometer
Held stationary

Direction 1: Moving up
Diagram shows a dynamo bicycle can light up the
light when it is rotate by the tyres. Direction 2: Moving down

Direction 3, 4, 5, 6 Moving
sideways
Moving with higher
speeds

Discussion
a) What happens to the galvanometer pointer
when the wire moves up and down across the
magnetic field?

When the conductor is moved in the magnetic ………………………………………………………..

field, current is produced. The production of
current in a conductor by magnetic induction is b) What does the deflection of the galvanometer
known as electromagnetic induction. pointer indicate?

Describe electromagnetic induction ………………………………………………………..

c) Based on the results of your experiment, how

an induced current is produced?

………………………………………………………..

d) What happens to the galvanometer pointer

when the wire is stationary in the magnetic
field. Explain your answer.
Activity 1:
Aim: To Investigate electromagnetic induction ………………………………………………………………

1. Electromagnetic Induction in a straight wire. ………………………………………………………………

Procedure: ………………………………………………………………

e) What will happen to the galvanometer pointer

when the wire moves parallel to the magnetic
field? Give reason.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

1. Hold the copper rod stationary between the
poles of the magnet. Observe the reading of
the galvanometer.
2. Move the rod quickly in Direction 1. Observe
the deflection of the galvanometer.
………………………………………………………………
f) What will happen to the galvanometer pointer
if the wire is made stationary but the magnets
are moved upwards and downwards? Why?
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
g) Relate the motion of the copper rod that
produces a current in it to the direction of the c) Explain how induced current is produced in a
magnetic field lines. solenoid using a magnet.

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………….

d) What happens to the galvanometer pointer

2. Electromagnetic Induction in a solenoid. when the magnet remains stationary in the
solenoid? Give reason to your answer.
Apparatus: Bar magnet, connecting wires,
sensitive centre-zero galvanometer and solenoid ………………………………………………………..

Conclusion

A straight wire is moved A bar magnet is moved

in a magnetic field inside a solenoid

Procedure

Deflection on the (a) State two ways to produce an induced

Action galvanometer current in the conductor
Push the bar magnet
into the solenoid. ………………………………………………………..
Hold the bar magnet
stationary in the ………………………………………………………..
solenoid.
Pull the bar magnet out (b) Why does the galvanometer pointer deflect?
of the solenoid.
Hold the bar magnet …………………………………………………………….
stationary. Push the
solenoid towards the bar …………………………………………………………….
magnet.
Hold the bar magnet
stationary in the Activity 2
solenoid. Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current
Pull the solenoid away in a straight wire
from the bar magnet.
Fleming’s right-hand rule:
Discussion
a) What is the deflection of the galvanometer
with the magnet and solenoid coming closer
to each other?

…………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………

b) What is the deflection of the galvanometer

with the magnet and solenoid moving further
away from each other?

………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………..
2. Underline the correct answer to show the (a) Magnet is moved towards the solenoid
direction of the induced current?

(a) Moving the wire upwards: [ PQ / QP]

(i) What happens when the magnet is pushed
(b) Moving the wire downwards: [PQ / QP] towards solenoid?

3. Underline the correct answer to show the ………………………………………………………

direction of the induced current?
………………………………………………………

(ii) What is produced on the solenoid if current

flows through it?

………………………………………………………

(iii) Pushed the magnet towards solenoid will

produce induced current. From Lenz’s law,
what will the solenoid do in order to oppose
(a) Moving the wire upwards: [ PQ / QP] the motion that produced the current?
(b) Moving the wire downwards: [PQ / QP] ………………………………………………………..

(iv) State the magnet’s polarity at the end P of

4. Determine the poles at P and Q. solenoid? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

(v) Base on Diagram 8.3.6, state:

P : ………………… Q: ………………….. Direction current: ……………………………….

Direction of Deflection of galvanometer: …………..

Activity 3
Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current (b) Magnet is moved away from the solenoid
in a solenoid by Lenz’s Law

State Lenz’s Law:

(i) What happens when the magnet is pushed

away from solenoid?

………………………………………………………
(ii) What is produced on the solenoid if current
flows through it?

………………………………………………………

(iii) Pushed the magnet away from solenoid will

produce induced current. From Lenz’s law,
what will the solenoid do in order to oppose
the motion that produced the current?

………………………………………………………..

(iv) State the magnet’s polarity at the end P of

solenoid? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

(v) Base on Diagram 8.3.7, state: (a) What causes the current to be produced in
the conductors above?
Direction current: ………………………
………………………………………………………
Direction of Deflection of galvanometer: …………
………………………………………………………
(vi) Lenz’s law is an example of the Principle of
Conservation of Energy. When the magnet or (b) What is the name given to the current which
solenoid is moved against the opposing force, is produced?
work is done. State the energy change
involved. . ………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… (c) Name the law used to determine the direction

of current.
Show on Diagram the correct direction of the
induced current when the magnet is moved in the ………………………………………………………
direction shown.
Activity 4:
Aim: To study factors that affect the magnitude of
the induced current by Faraday’s Law

State Faraday’s Law:

The observations and inferences from an

experiment to investigate the factors affecting the
magnitude of the induced current in a solenoid:
 Procedure Observation and 2. Diagram shows a magnet is attached to a
inference spring.
1. Speed of movement
(a) The magnet is moved
slowly into the
solenoid of 10 turns.

(b) The magnet is moved

at a faster speed.

2. Number of turns.
(a) The magnet is moved
slowly into the What happens to the direction of the pointer
solenoid of 10 turns. as the spring vibrate?
(b) The magnet is moved
Magnet End A of End B
slowly into the
motion (North / (north / south)
solenoid of 20 turns.
south)
South pole
3. Strength of the
downward
magnetic field
South pole
(a) A magnet is moved
upward
slowly into the solenoid.
North pole
(b) 3 bar magnets together downward
is moved into the North pole
solenoid upward

3. The direction of the induced current flow is

1. Diagram shows a straight thick copper wire from X to Y as shown in diagram 8.3.11.
that is connected to a galvanometer is moved
vertically downwards in a magnetic field.

What is the direction of the motion of the wire?

(a) Mark on the wire the direction of the induced
current that flows through it. ………………………………………………………
(b) Name the rule that is used to work out the
direction of the current. Activity 5
Aim: Direct Current Generator and Alternating
………………………………………………………….. Current Generator

(c) Describe the effect on the induced current if:
(i) The wire is moved vertically upwards at a
low speed,
………………………………………………….
(ii) The wire is moved vertically upwards at a
higher speed.
………………………………………………….
(iii) The wire is held stationary in
between the poles of the magnet.
1. Current Generator
(a) What is the function of current generator?
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
(b) State the physics concept involve in the
working principal of current generator.
………………………………………………………..
(c) Name two types of current generator.

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………
2. Diagram shows the structure of a direct Diagram shows the coil is in the vertical
current generator position.

(g) Show the position of the galvanometer pointer.

(h) What can you say about the brightness of the

(a) Label the parts. bulb and the magnitude of the deflection of
the galvanometer pointer?
(b) Explain how a current generator produces
current. …………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………… (i) Explain your answer in (b).

………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

Diagram shows the coil is at the horizontal Diagram shows the coil is at the horizontal
position. The coil is rotated clock wise position but coil AB and CD change position.
direction.

(c) Show the direction of the coil AB and coil CD

(j) Show the direction of the coil AB and coil CD
AB: …………….. CD: ………………
AB: …………….. CD: ………………
(d) State the direction of the induced current in
the coil and the galvanometer. (k) State the direction of the induced current in
the coil and the galvanometer.
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
(e) Name the rule to determine the direction of
induced current. (l) What is the direction of the deflection of the
galvanometer pointer? Show the postion of
………………………………………………………… the pointer.

(f) What is the direction of the deflection of the …………………………………………………………

galvanometer pointer? Show the postion of
the pointer.

…………………………………………………………
 Diagram shows a graph induced current vs (c) State the direction of the induced current in
angle of rotation. the coil and the galvanometer.

…………………………………………………………

(d) What is the direction of the deflection of the

galvanometer pointer? Show the postion of the
pointer.

…………………………………………………………

Diagram shows the coil is in the vertical

position.

(m) Complete the graph.

(n) What can you say about the magnitude and

direction of the induced current produced?

…………………………………………………………
(e) Show the position of the galvanometer pointer.
………………………………………………………..
What can you say about the brightness of the
(o) What is the name given to the current in (n). bulb and the magnitude of the deflection of
the galvanometer pointer?
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………

3. Shows the structure of an alternate current Diagram shows the coil is at the horizontal
generator position but coil AB and CD change position.

(f) Show the direction of the coil AB and coil CD

AB: …………….. CD: ………………

(a) Label the parts on Diagram. (g) State the direction of the induced current in
Diagram shows the coil is at the horizontal the coil and the galvanometer.
position. The coil is rotated clock wise direction.
…………………………………………………………

(h) What is the direction of the deflection of the

galvanometer pointer? Show the postion of the
pointer.

…………………………………………………………

(i) What can you say about the direction of the

induced current produced?
(b) Show the direction of the coil AB and coil CD
…………………………………………………………
AB: …………….. CD: ………………
Diagram shows a graph induced current vs angle Differences
of rotation.

(j) Complete the graph.

(k) What can you say about the magnitude and

direction of the induced current produced?

…………………………………………………………
TUTORIAL 4.2
(l) What is the name given to the current in (d).
1. Diagram below shows a permanent magnet
moving towards and entering the end of a coil
…………………………………………………..
of wire connected to a sensitive
galvanometer.
Comparison between direct current generator and
alternating current generator

Direct currrent Alternating current

generator generator

Which of the following observations is correct?

A. The magnetic field passing through the coil
is unchanged.
B. The induced current passes through the
galvanometer in the direction from P to Q.
C. The induced current passes through the
galvanometer in the direction from Q to P.
D. The heat energy produced in the coil is
Similarities more than the work done to move the
magnet.
2. Diagram below shows the arrangement of a 5. The diagram shows a coil of wire placed next to
solenoid and a magnet. a magnet. The galvanometer pointer deflects
when the magnet is pushed into the coil.

Which of the following statement is not a
method to produce induced e.m.f. in the
solenoid?
A. The magnet is pulled out of the solenoid.
B. The solenoid is moved towards the
magnet.
C. The magnet is moved into the solenoid
D. The magnet and the solenoid are moved
at the same velocity.
Which action will increase the deflection of
the galvanometer pointer?
A. The magnetic pole is reversed.
B. The number of turns of coils is increased.
C. The coil is made from insulated wire
D. The magnet is pushed slowly into the coil.
6. Diagram below shows a square coil rotating
at a steady speed in a magnetic field.

3. Which diagram below shows the correct

direction of the induced current in the coil
when the bar magnet is moved in the
direction shown?

Which graph shows the fluctuation in the

current flowing through the lamp starting with
the coil being in the horizontal position?

4. The diagram shows a magnet oscillating in a

solenoid.
Which of these actions will not increase the
deflection of the galvanometer pointer?
A. Reversing the polarity of the magnet.
B. Increasing the number of turns in the
solenoid
C. Decreasing the diameter of the solenoid
D. Increasing the oscillation speed of the
magnet
7. Diagram below shows a direct current
generator. Part of the coil XY, rotates
clockwise.

Which of the following XY position of the coil

which does not produce induced current?
 10. Diagram 30 shows a magnet which is
released from a height and enters a coil which
is connected to a galvanometer.

8. Diagram 24 shows an experiment to induce

current in a magnetic field.
The deflection of the pointer of the
galvanometer increases when
A. The polarity of the magnet increases
B. The turns of the coil is set further apart
C. The cross-section area of the wire
increases
D. The magnet is released from a higher
position.

11. Diagram 28 shows an electric generator.

Which movement of the copper rod induces
the maximum current?

Direction Velocity
A Downward Low
B Horizontal Low
C Downward High Which graph shows the correct output
D Horizontal High between voltage and time when the coil starts
to rotate?
9. Diagram 24 shows a conductor placed
between two magnets.

Which action produces an induced e.m.f. in

the conductor? 12. Diagram shows the process of producing an
A. Moving the conductor along WV induced current in a wire.
B. Moving the conductor along PQ
C. Moving the conductor along XY
D. Moving the conductor and the magnet
together along PQ

This process is explained by

A. Hooke’s law
B. Fleming’s right hand rule
C. Newton’s third law
D. Right hand grip rule
13. Diagram shows a current c) Diagram 10.3 shows a simple d.c. generator.
is induced when a
magnet moves towards a
coil.
The magnitude of current
increases when the
A. relative motion is
reduced.
B. number of turns of
coil is reduced
C. magnitude of magnetic strength is reduced
D. the resistance of the coil wire is reduced

Paper 2
Explain the working principle of the d.c. generator.
1. Section B SPM 2015
[3 marks]
Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show a bar
magnet is dropped into two different coils from
2. Section B: SPM 2016
the same height.
Diagram 10.1 shows a position of the magnets
before being released into the identical coils.
Diagram 10.2 shows the maximum deflection of
the pointer of the galvanometer when the magnets
enter the coils. The deflection of the pointer is
due to the flow of induced current in the coil.

Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2

a) Name the physical quantity that is measured

by galvanometer.
[1 mark]

b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

(i) compare th strength of magnetic field of
the bar magnet, the number of turns of the
coil, and the size of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer. [3 marks]

(ii) state the relationship between the number

of turns of the coil with the size of
deflection of the galvanometer pointer and
the number of turns of the coil with the rate
of change of magnetic flux to make a
deduction regarding the relationship
between the rate of change of magnetic flux
and the magnitude of induced current.
(a) What is the meaning of induced current?
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2.
Compare the height of the magnet released
and the size of the deflection of the
galvanometer. [2 marks]

(c) State the relationship between

(i) the height of the magnet released and the
velocity of the magnet when it enters the coil.
(ii) the height of the magnet released and the
size of the deflection of the galvanometer.
(iii) the velocity of the magnet and the
magnitude of induced current when it
enters the coil.
[3 markah]
(d) Diagram 10.3 shows the structure of a bicycle (b) Diagram 10.4 shows the structure of a direct
dynamo. current generator.

Explain how the dynamo works to produce

current to light up the headlamp of the bicycle.
[4 marks]

3. Section B
Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show a wire and
coil that are connected to a zero centred
The generator produces a small direct
galvanometer. Both wire and coil are moved
current. Suggest modifications that can be
downwards between two magnadur magnets with
made to the structure of the generator in
opposite polarity.
Diagram 10.4, so that it can produce a high
alternating current (a.c). State and explain
the modifications based on the
characteristics of the magnet and wire, and
the type of ring.
[10 marks]

Diagram 10.1 / Rajah 10.1

Diagram 10.2 / Rajah 10.2

(a) Based on Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

(i) Compare and contrast the direction of
motion, the number of turns of wire and
coil, and the magnitude of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer.
(ii) Relate the magnitude of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer with the number of
turns to make a deduction regarding the
relationship between the current induced
and the number of turns of wire.
Name the physics concept involved.
[6 marks]