FIZIK TING 5

ELECTROMAGNETISM
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 LEARNING
STANDARD 1
4.2.1 Describe
electromagnetic
induction in (i) straight
wire (ii) solenoid
• Diagram shows a dynamo
bicycle can light up the light
when it is rotated by the tyres.
• When the conductor is moved in
the magnetic field, current is
produced. The production of
current in a conductor by
magnetic induction is known as
electromagnetic induction.
Generation of electricity!
Electromagnetic induction is the production of
current when there is a change in magnetic
field.
The change in magnetic field can occure when:
1. There is cutting of magnetic field. (relative
motion between conductor and magnet)
2. The direction of magnetic field change.
3. The magnitude of magnetic field change.

The change in direction and magnitude of

magnetic field can be produced by alternate
current, a.c.
Activity 1 Aim: To investigate electromagnetic induction
1. Electromagnetic Induction in a straight wire
Apparatus: A pair of Magnadur magnets, copper
rod and sensitive centre-zero galvanometer or
digital multimeter.

1. Hold the copper rod stationary between the

poles of the magnet. Observe the reading of
the galvanometer.
2. Move the rod quickly in Direction A. Observe
the deflection of the galvanometer.
3. Repeat step 2 for the other directions
 No deflection
Deflect to left
Deflect to right
No deflection
Deflect more
Discussion
1. What happens to the galvanometer
pointer when the wire moves up and
down across the magnetic field?
Galvanometer pointer deflects.

2. What does the deflection of the

galvanometer pointer indicate?
Current flows.
3. Based on the results of your
experiment, how an induced current
is produced?

Straigth wire moves and cuts the magnetic field

lines / flux.
4. What happens to the galvanometer
pointer when the wire is stationary
in the magnetic field. Explain your
answer.
No deflection because there in
no cutting of magnetic field.

5. What will happen to the galvanometer

pointer when the wire moves parallel
to the magnetic field? Give reason

No deflection because the direction of

the magnetic field and the movement is
parallel. No cutting of magnetic field /
flux and no induced current.
6. What will happen to the galvanometer
pointer if the wire is made stationary
but the magnets are moved upwards
and downwards? Why?
The galvanometer pointer deflects.
There is cutting of magnetic field
due to the movement of the magnet.
7. Relate the motion of the copper rod
that produces a current in it to the
direction of the magnetic field lines.
Movement of copper rod must
perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field lines.
2. Electromagnetic induction in a solenoid
Apparatus: Bar magnet, connecting
wires, sensitive centre-zero
galvanometer and solenoid
 Deflect

No deflection

Deflect in opposite
direction
deflect

No deflection

Deflection in
opposite direction
 Discussion
1. What is the deflection of the galvanometer
with the magnet and solenoid coming
closer to each other.
Deflects to one direction
2. What is the deflection of the galvanometer
with the magnet and solenoid moving
further away from each other.
Deflects to opposite direction
3. Explain how induced current is produced
in a solenoid using a magnet.

There is relative motion between the

solenoid and a magnet.
Cut the magnetic flux.
When a bar magnet is moved towards or away
from a solenoid, the turns of the solenoid cut
the magnetic field lines. (flux)
Electromagnetic induction occurs and an
e.m.f is induced across the solenoid.

A complete circuit is formed when the ends of

the solenoid are connected to a
galvanometer. The induced electromotive
force will produce an induced current in the
circuit and galvanometer pointer shows a
deflection.
4. What happens to the galvanometer pointer
when the magnet remains stationary in the
solenoid? Give reason to your answer.
Does not deflect because there is no relative motion
between magnet and solenoid.
(a) State two ways to produce an induced
current in the conductor.
A straight wire moves and cut the
magnetic flux. There is relative motion
between magnet and solenoid.

(b) Why does the galvanometer pointer

deflect?

Induced current flow causing

galvanometer pointer deflects.
Conclusion A bar magnet is moved inside a
solenoid.
A straight wire is moved in a
magnetic field.

• There is a relative motion between

• Straight wire cuts the magnetic
field lines.
• Induced current is produced in
the wire.
the magnet and solenoid.
• Cut the magnetic field.
• Induced current is produced.
• There is a change is the magnetic field.
• Cut the magnetic field.
• Induced current is produced.
An induced e.m.f is produced by the cutting of magnetic
field lines when a magnet and a conductor move towards
or away from each other.

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an induced

e.m.f in a conductor when there is a relative motion between
the conductor and a magnetic field or when the conductor is in
a changing magnetic field.
 LEARNING
STANDARD 3
4.2.3 Determine the
direction of induced
current
(i) Straight wire
(ii) Solenoid
Determine the direction of induced current
Activity 2 Aim: To indicate the direction of the induced current in a straight wire

Fleming’s right-hand rule

Force
Magnetic field

Induced current
Activity 2 Aim: To indicate the direction of the induced current in a straight wire
2. Underline the correct answer to show the direction of the induced current
(a) Moving the wire upwards: [ PQ / QP]
(b) Moving the wire downwards: [ PQ / QP]

3. Underline the correct answer

(a) Moving the wire upwards:[ PQ / QP]
(b) Moving the wire downwards [ PQ / QP]
4. Determine the poles at P and Q
P: South Q: North
Activity 3 Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current in a
solenoid by Lenz’s law

Lenz’s Law: the induced current always flow in a

direction that opposes the change of magnetic flux
that causes it.
Imbas semula
When current flows in a solenoid, magnetic
filed is produced around it.
Current flows from positive to negative
terminal.
The solenoid becomes magnet.
Use the right hand grip rule to determine
the polarity of magnet on the solenoid.
Activity 3 Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current in a solenoid b
(a) Magnet is moved towards the solenoid
(i) What happens when the magnet is
pushed towards solenoid?

Cut the magnetic flux,

galvanometer pointer deflects and
induced current is produced.
(ii) What is produced on the solenoid if current flows through it?
Solenoid becomes electromagnet.
(iii) Pushed the magnet towards solenoid will produce
induced current. From Lenz’s law, what will the
solenoid do in order to oppose the motion that produced
the current?

Solenoid must push out the magnet.

Activity 3 Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current in a solenoid b
(iv) State the magnet’s polarity at the end
P of solenoid? Explain your answer.

P becomes the north pole so as to

oppose the motion of the magnet
from entering the solenoid

(v) State:
Direction of current: From A to B
Direction of deflection of galvanometer: To the left
1. Kutub utara ditolak mendekati solenoid
2. Solenoid menjadi electromagnet.
3. Arah arus aruhan hasilkan kutub utara di hujung solenoid supaya
magnet pada solenoid menolak magnet kekal keluar – ikut Hukum
Lenz.
Activity 3 Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current in a solenoid b
(b) Magnet is moved away from the solenoid
(i) What happens when the magnet is
pushed away from the solenoid?

Cut the magnetic flux,

galvanometer pointer deflects and
induced current is produced.
(ii) What is produced on the solenoid if current flow through it?
Solenoid becomes electromagnet.
(iii) Pushed the magnet away from solenoid will produce
induced current. From Lenz’s law what will the solenoid
do in order to oppose the motion that produced the
current?
Solenoid must pull back the magnet into it.
Activity 3 Aim: Indicate the direction of the induced current in a solenoid b
(iv) State the magnet’s polarity at the end
P of the solenoid? Explain.
P becomes the south poles so as to
oppose the motion.

(v) State:
Direction of current: From B to A
Direction of deflection of right
galvanometer:

(vi) Lenz’s law is an example of the Principle of Conservation of Energy.

When the magnet or solenoid is moved against the opposing force, work
is done. State the energy change involved.
kinetic energy → magnetic energy → electrical energy
(a) What causes the current to be produced
in the conductors above?
Magnet moves into the solenoid and there is
cutting of magnetic flux.
(b) What is the name given to the current
which is produced?

Induced current

(c) Name the law used to determine the

direction of current.

Lenz’s law
 LEARNING
STANDARD 2
4.2.2 Explain factors that
effect the magnitude
of induced current.
Activity 4 Aim: To study factors that affect the magnitude of the
induced current by Faraday’s Law

Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of

induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the
rate of cutting of magnetic flux.
For the relative motion of a
straight wire and magnet, the
induced e.m.f increases when:
• the speed of relative motion
increases.
• The strength of the
magnetic field increases
For the relative motion of a
solenoid and magnet, the
induced e.m.f increases when:
• the speed of relative motion
increases.
• The number of turns of the
solenoid increases.
• The strength of the
magnetic field increases.
The observations and inferences from an experiment
to investigate the factors affecting the magnitude of
the induced current in a solenoid.

Small deflection
Small current Small deflection
Small current
Big deflection
Big current Big deflection
Big current
Small deflection
Small current

Big deflection
Big current
Exercise 1
1. Diagram shows a straight thick copper wire that is
connected to a galvanometer is moved vertically
downwards in a magnetic field.
(a) Mark on the wire the direction of the
induced current that flows through it.
(b) Name the rule that is used to work out the
Fleming’s right hand rule
direction of the current.
(c) Describe the effect on the induced current if:
(i) The wire is moved vertically upwards Opposite direction of current and
at a low speed smaller current.

(ii) The wire is moved vertically upwards

Larger current
at a higher speed.
(iii) The wire is held stationary in
No current flows
between the poles of the magnet.
2. Diagram shows a magnet is
attached to a spring. What
happens to the direction of the
pointer as the spring vibrate?

South North
North South

North South
South North
3. The direction of the induced current flow
is from X to Y. What is the direction of the
motion of the wire?

Upward, M
 LEARNING
STANDARD 4
4.2.4 Design a direct
current and
alternating current
generator
Activity 5 Aim: Direct current Generator and Alternating Current Generator.

DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR

(a) What is the function of current generator?
A device to convert mechanical / kinetic
energy to electrical energy
(b) State the physics concept involve in
the working principla of current
generator.
Electromagnetic induction
(c) Name two types of current generator.
Direct current generator
Altenate current generator
 DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR
2. Diagram shows the structure of a direct current generator.
(a) Label the parts.

Coil

Permanent magnet

commutator

Carbon brushes
(b) Explain how a current generator produces
current.

• The Coil is rotated in clockwise direction.

• There is cutting of magnetic field lines.
• Induced current is produced.
The coil rotate in
clockwise direction, AB
upward and CD downward
Fleming right hand rule: current flows
from ABCD
3. The coil is at the horizontal position. The coil is
rotated clock wise direction.

P Q

(a) Show the direction of the coil: (c) Name the rule to determine the
direction of the induced current
AB: upward CD: downward
Fleming’s right hand rule
(b) State the direction of
(f) What is the direction of the deflection
the induced current.
of the galvanometer pointer?
A→B→C→D→Q→P→A To the right
The coil is in the vertical position.
(g) Show the position of the galvanometer pointer.

(h) What can you say about the brightness of the Bulb lights off.
bulb and the magnitude of the deflection of the No deflection
galvanometer pointer?
(i) Explain you answer (h).
Coil vertical position: sides AB, CD parallel with magnetic field.
No cutting of magnetic field.
No induced current
The coil is at the horizontal position but coil
AB and CD change position.

P Q

(a) Show the direction of the coil

AB: downward CD: upward
(b) State the direction of (f) What is the direction of the deflection
the induced current of the galvanometer pointer?
D→C→B→A→Q→P→D kanan
 1st half cycle
The induced current flows in the coil
opposite direction.
1st half cycle: A to B C to D
2nd half cycle: B to A D to C
Direction of induced current: ABCD
Galvanometer pointer: right
Commutator reverse the direction of
current in the coil for ever half rotation.

2nd half cycle

Purpose: the direction of current in
the output circuit or galvanometer
always the same ie from Q to P.
The direction of induced
current always equal (Q → P)
Direction of induced current: DCBA
Galvanometer pointer: right
Diagram shows a graph induced current vs angle of rotation
(m) Complete the graph.
The induced current is Zero when the
coil is at the vertical positon. Magnetic
field and movement of the coil is
parallel. No cutting of magnetic flux.

The induced current is

maximum when the coil is at
the horizontal position.
Direction of magnetic field is
perpendicular with
movement of the coil
(n) What can you say about the magnitude and Magnitude arus berubah.
direction of the induced current produced? Arah tidak berubah
(o) What is the name given to the current in (n)? Arus terus
 ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR
3. Diagram shows the structure of
an alternate current generator
(a) Label the parts on Diagram.
Both ends of the coil are connected
to two slip rings which will rotate
together with the coil.

Coil

N S Permanent
magnet

Carbon
Each slip ring always touches
brushes
Slip rings the same carbon brushes.
1
Slip ring 1: coil AB
Slip ring 2: coil CD
2
 S
N

Slip ring 1: coil AB

Slip ring 2: coil CD
The coil rotate clockwise,
AB downward dan CD
upward
Use Fleming’s right-hand rule:
Current flows ABCD
The coil is at the horizontal position. The coil is
rotated clockwise direction.

(a) Show the direction of the coil: Slip ring X: AB

Slip ring Y: CD
AB: upwards CD: downwards
(b) State the direction of the (f) What is the direction of the deflection
induced current in the coil of the galvanometer pointer?
A→B→C→D→Y→P→Q→X→A left
Bulb lights up very bright. The deflection
of the galvanometer pointer is the largest.

At horizontal position, the sides AB &

CD cut the magnetic flux at right
angles. Maximum induced current is
produced.
The coil is in the vertical position.
(g) Show the position of the galvanometer pointer.

(h) What can you say about the brightness of the Bulb lights off.
bulb and the magnitude of the deflection of the No deflection of the
galvanometer pointer? galvanometer pointer.
(i) Explain your answer.
When the coil in a vertical position, the sides AB and CD move
parallel with the magnetic field lines. There is no cutting of
magnetic flux. No induced current is produced
The coil is at the horizontal position but coil AB and CD change position.

(h) What is the direction of

(f) Show the direction of the coil right
the deflection of the
AB: downward CD: upward galvanometer pointer?
(g) State the direction of (i) What can you say about the direction
the induced current of the induced current produced?
D→C→B→A→X→Q→P→Y→D Opposite
The coil is at the horizontal position but coil AB and CD change position.

• Bulb lights up very bright. The deflection of

the galvanometer pointer is the largest.
• At horizontal position, the sides AB & CD
cut the magnetic flux at right angles.
Maximum induced current is produced.
 1st half rotation 2nd half rotation

Current flows: Current flows:

A→B→C→D→Y→P→Q→X→A D→C→B→A→X→Q→P→Y→D
Deflection of galvanometer left Deflection of galvanometer: right
(i) What can you say about the direction of the induced current produced?
Direction of current reversed Deflection of galvanometer opposite
Slip rings cause the change of Induced current
direction of the current in the has two directions
generator.
Diagram shows a graph induced current vs angle of rotation.
(m) Complete the graph. The induced current is Zero when the
coil is at the vertical positon. Magnetic
field and movement of the coil is
parallel. No cutting of magnetic flux.

The induced current is

maximum when the coil is at
the horizontal position.
Direction of magnetic field is
perpendicular with
movement of the coil

(n) What can you say about the magnitude and Magnitude and direction
direction of the induced current produced? of current changes.
(o) What is the name given to the current in (n)?
Alternating current, ac
Comparison: Direct current generator & Alternating current generator
TUTORIAL 4.2
 • The strength of magnetic field is the
same.
• The number of turns: 10.2 > 10.1
• The size of deflection: 10.2 > 10.1

Current
• The higher the number of turns, the
higher the size of the galvanometer
deflection.
• The larger the number of turns of the
coil, the larger the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
• The rate of change of magnetic flux is
directly proportional to the magnitude
of induced current.
• Rotate the coil
• The coil cuts the magnetic
field lines / flux
• Produce induced current.
 • Induced current is the current
produced when there is cutting
or change of magnetic field lines.
• The height of magnet 10.1(b) > 10.1(a)
• The deflection of galvanometer pointer
10.2(b) > 10.2(a)
• The higher the magnet, the faster the magnet.
• The higher the magnet, the larger the
deflection of the galvanometer pointer.
• The larger the speed of the magnet, the larger
the induced current.
• The tyre rotate the knob of the dynamo.
• The magnet rotates in the coil.
• Cut the magnetic flux.
• Produced induced current
• Same direction
• Number of turns: 10.2 > 10.1
• Galvanometer pointer: 10.2 > 10.1
• The deflection of the galvanometer
pointer is directly proportional to the
number of turns
• Induced current is directly proportional
to the number of turns
• Faraday’s law
M1: more magnet / strong magnet
/ powerful magnet
M2: strong Magnetic field
M3: curve magnet.
M4: Radial magnetic field /
concentrate magnetic field
M5: Thick wire
M6: Low resistance
M7: more turns wire
M8: cut more flux
M9: copper wire
M10: low resistance
M11: slip ring
M12: direction of current change.
• The needle will point to where the current
is coming from.