Group 8 - Experiment 3 - Batch Liquid Reactor

CEB 2072 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB II
JANUARY 2023 SEMESTER
EXPERIMENT 3: BATCH LIQUID REACTOR
GROUP 8
NAME STUDENT ID
NORMAN MIKHAIL BIN RIZA NOR AZRIN 20000611
SIM YONG QING 20000633
WAN NORAINI BINTI WAN ISMAIL 20000643
AINUR ATHIRAH BINTI ABD AZIZ 20000646
ALYA FIRZANA BINTI FAKHRUL ANWAR 20000661
KEE YU ZHENG 20000592
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 14th Feb 2023

LECTURER: DR MUHAMMAD AYOUB
LAB INSTRUCTOR: MR ZAEEM AMAN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS
JAN 2023
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPIC PAGE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study 3
1.2 Objectives 4
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Materials and Apparatus 5-7
2.3 Experimental Procedure 8-10
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS & CONCLUSION
Part A: Calibration Curve for Conversion vs Conductivity 11-12
Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate

12-20
and Sodium Hydroxide
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 21
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES 22
CHAPTER 6: APPENDIX 23-25
2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY
Reactors provide a means for forming raw materials into desired products under chemical
change, which is a crucial part of most industrial chemical processes. Batch reactors are widely
used in process industries and are preferred in laboratories and pharmaceutical plants. A batch
reactor has an agitator and a heat transfer coil. There are several advantages that a batch reactor
has over other reactors in such industries. Since batch reactors are simple to operate and allow
for simultaneous testing of multiple parameters, they are perfect for labs. In addition, batch
reactors are mainly used for relatively slow reactions that need a long period of time to
complete.
A batch reactor is commonly used for smaller operations such as testing new chemicals or
for processes that are difficult to convert into continuous ones (Fogler, 2006). Batch reactors
also offer higher conversion per unit volume than other reactors (Ahmad et al., 2013). Typically,
batch reactors are operated with constant volume and are operated isothermally. Thus, the
interpretation of results is easier since there is little auxiliary equipment required. Ethyl Acetate
and Sodium Hydroxide were used in this experiment to study and analyze the saponification
reaction and to prepare a conversion versus conductivity calibration curve. Free hydroxide ions
break esters between fatty acids and glycerol of triglycerides during saponification, resulting
in free fatty acids and glycerol. Alkaline conditions are required for saponification (Bursalt,
Ertunc & Akay,2006). There are many applications for sodium ethanol, a product of the
saponification process. In the textile industry, it is used to remove insoluble calcium salts, and
in the paint industry to enhance colors. In this process, the liquid phase is homogeneous, so
batch reactors are ideal (Abdalla Ahmed, 2015).
A batch reactor does not have either a feed stream and an exit stream. Therefore, the rate
of reaction is defined as:
1 dNA
rA =A dt
where V is the unit volume, dt is the unit time and dNA is the moles of A which appears by the
reaction. From this equation, we can conclude that if A is the reaction product, the rate becomes
positive whereas if A is the consumed reactant, the rate is negative.
3
1.2 OBJECTIVES
• To prepare a calibration curve for conversion versus conductivity.
• To study the batch saponification reaction between Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide
4
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 MATERIAL AND APPRATUS
MATERIAL
No Material
1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
2 Sodium Acetate
3 Ethyl Acetate
4 Distillation water
5 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Table 2.1.1: Material used during experiment
APPRATUS
No Equipment Description
• A reactor consists of a
glass vessel with top and
bottom plate made of
stainless steel.
• The reactor is vacuum
1 Batch liquid reactor insulated by an outer
glass jacket.
• The reactor comes with a
cooling coil, a 1.0 kW
heater, a temperature
sensor and stirrer system.
• For each liquid reactant,
a 20-L feed tank, a pump,
a needle valve, and a
2 Feed tank system
flow meter are provided.
• Each reactant is pumped
from the feed tank to the
5
appropriate inlet port at

the reactor top plate.
• The water bath system
consists of a 25-L tank,
2x2.0kW cartridge
3 Water bath
heaters, temperature
sensor and controller,
and a circulation pump.
• A 50-L rectangular tank
made of stainless steel is
4 Product/Waste tank provided for collecting
the product or waste
before being discharged.
• The control panel
consists of all the
necessary electrical
components for
controlling the
operations of the unit.
5 Control Panel • Components mounted on

the panel door are all
labelled for convenience.
• The control panel also
houses the necessary
modules for data
acquisition system.
• The Data Acquisition
System consists of a
personal computer, ADC
6 Data Acquisition System modules and
instrumentations for
measuring the process
parameters.
6
• A temperature sensor and

temperature transmitter
with 4 to 20 mA output
7 Temperature Sensor
signal are provided to
measure the reaction
temperature.
• A conductivity sensor
with controller is
provided for monitoring
the reaction conversion.
• All analogue signals
from the sensors will be
8 Conductivity Meter
converted by the ADC
modules into digital
signals before being sent
to the personal computer
for display and
manipulation.
7
2.3 EXPERIMRNTAL PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Figure 2.3.1: The experimental setup of Batch Liquid Reactor

Part A: Preparation of the calibration curve for Conversion vs. Conductivity.
1. The following solutions is prepared and the conductivity values for each of them is
determined by following the steps below.
Solutions
1-L of 0.05M NaO
1-L of 0.075M NaOH + 1-L of 0.025M Sodium Acetate
1-L of 0.05M Sodium Acetate
2. To start the experimental procedure, the main switch, Pump P1 and Pump P2 were switched
on to let the feed enter into the reactor.
3. After the glass reactor was filled until 2 litres volume, the Pump P1 and Pump P2 were
switched off.
8
4. Then, the stirrer switch was turned on and it was set to 50rpm stirring speed.
5. The values of the conductivity values are recorded at 60 seconds interval in a table.12
readings were recorded in the table.
6. After the readings are obtained, the reactor is drained and flushed using deionized water.
7. Steps (2) till (5) were repeated with different solutions that had been prepared earlier.
8. The conductivity values for each of the stated solutions were recorded in the table below.
Conversion Conductivity
Solutions
[%] [mS/cm]
0.00 1-L of 0.05M NaOH 20.08
1-L of 0.075M NaOH + 1-L of 0.025M Sodium
0.25 14.73
Acetate
0.50 11.32
Acetate
0.75 9.03
Acetate
1.00 1-L of 0.05M Sodium Acetate 7.89
9. The slope and y-axis intercept from the plot of conversion vs conductivity was determined.
Reactants Preparation
1. 1 litre of 0.25 M standard HCl and 1 litre of 0.1 M standard NaOH were prepared.
2. 0.1 M NaOH solution was prepared in feed tank T1 and 0.1 M Ethyl acetate in feed tank
T2.
3. The concentration of our 0.1 M NaOH solution was confirmed by titrating a small amount
of it with standard 0.25 M HCl using phenolphthalein as indicator.
4. The concentration of the ethyl acetate solution was ensured using the following procedure:
5. First, 0.1 M NaOH solution was added to a sample of ethyl acetate solution such that the
0.1 M NaOH solution is in excess to ensure all of the ethyl acetate reacted. This mixture
was let to react overnight. Then, the amount of unreacted NaOH was determined by direct
titration with standard 0.25 M HCl. The ethyl acetate real concentration was recorded.
9
Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide.

1. To begin a batch reaction experiment, pump P2 was switched on and 1 litre of the 0.1
M Ethyl acetate was started to pump into the reactor. Stop pump P2.
2. Pump P1 was switched on and 1 litre of the 0.1 M NaOH was started to pump into the
reactor as quickly as possible. Pump P1 was stopped and valve V1 was closed
simultaneously when the reaction volume reaches 2 litres. The stirrer was switched on
and the speed was set up at about 200 rpm. The timer was started immediately.
3. Record the conductivity values at 1 minute interval in an appropriate table.
4. Drain the reactor and flush with de-ionized water.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with different stirrer speed of 50, 100, 150, 200 RPM.
6. Switch off all switches when you are finished with the experiment. Drain off all liquid
from the reactor.
10
CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Part A: Calibration Curve for Conversion vs Conductivity
Graph of Conductivity (mS/cm) against Conversion(%)

25
Conductivity, (mS/cm)
20
y = -12.032x + 18.626
R² = 0.9323
15
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Conversion (%)
Figure 3A.1: Graph of conductivity (mS/cm) against conversion (%)
In this sub-experiment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl acetate are saponified to
create sodium acetate in a liquid batch reactor. The liquid batch reactor's saponification process
is used to study the connection between conductivity and conversion. Five solutions with
varying sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate concentrations are displayed on a calibration
curve. The graph is clearly depicted as descending linearly in Figure 3A.1 because to the R2
square value of 0.9323, which is very close to 1. The graph's y-intercept is 18.626 mS/cm,
while the slope is -12.032 mS/cm. Because the calibration curve has a negative slope, it can be
demonstrated that the conductivity is inversely proportional to the conversion. This is due to
the fact that when sodium hydroxide is converted into more sodium acetate, the concentration
of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solutions keeps dropping. In other words, when conversion rises,
fewer hydroxide ions (OH-) are present in the solutions, which lowers their concentration and
lowers the concentration of OH- throughout the experiment, lowering conductivity as well. The
calibration curve's linear equation is depicted as follows.
𝑦 = −12.032𝑥 + 18.626
Where,
11
y is the conductivity (mS/cm)

x is the conversion (%)
Slope or gradient of the curve = -12.032 mS/cm
y-intercept of the curve = 18.626 mS/cm
Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide
For experiment B, the batch saponification reaction of ethyl acetate and sodium
hydroxide has been executed. Based on the calibration curve that was plotted in experiment A,
we use the linear equation order to find the value of the conversion. The value of conductivity
is given in the lab manual and the equation to find the conversion is below:
y= -12.032x + 18.626
After determining the value of conversion, we used the initial concentration of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), CAo, of 0.1M to compute the value of concentration, CA. Furthermore, the
0th, 1st, and 2nd order graphs were plotted using the integral method. Using the method, we
can determine the kind of order depending on the graph's best linear fit. The graph will display
CA vs time for the 0th order, ln (CAo/CA) vs. time for the 1st order, and 1/CA vs time for the 2nd
order. The outcomes and discussions for each stirrer speed 50, 100, 150, and 200 rpm are listed
in the appendix.
a) 200rpm
Figure 3.1B: Graph of CA vs time (zero order, 200rpm)
12
Figure 3.2B: Graph of CA0/CA vs time (first order, 200rpm)
Figure 3.3B: Graph of 1/CA vs time (second order, 200rpm)
Three graphs have been plotted for 200 rpm stirrer speed. Based on the three graphs
(Figure 3.1B,figure 3.2B,figure 3.3B) , for zero order, the graph CA vs time has an inverse
trendline with the value of R2 of 0.9001 Next, for first order graph which is ln CAO/CA vs time,
the graph also has a decreasing but more more stable trendline with the value of R 2 of 0.9106.
Lastly, for second order graph which is 1/CA vs. time, the graph has an increasing trendline
with the value of R 2 of 0.9356.
13
Based on theory, if the value of R2 is large or close to 1, the graph is considered having
a perfect fit. At the same time, it relates to the type of order we would like to determine as the
highest value of R2 will be chosen as the type of order. Based on the three graphs plotted for
200 rpm stirrer speed, it is observed that all three graph have different R2 value. The closest
value of R2 to 1 is the second order graph which have 0.9356 value of R2 . Therefore, the type
of reaction will be the second order.
After determining the type of order, which is second order, we can find the rate constant
value, k by taking it from the graphs that we have plotted. The slope of the second order graph
indicates the value of rate constant, k. Thus, the value obtained from the graph is 0.674 dm𝟑
mol x min.
b) 150rpm
14
Figure 3.5B: Graph of CA0/CA vs time (first order, 150rpm)
For 150 rpm stirrer speed, three graphs have been plotted (Figure 3.4B, Figure 3.5B,
Figure 3.6B). Based on the three graphs, for zero order, the graph CA vs time has a decreasing
trendline with the value of R2 of 0.7381. Next, for first order graph which is ln CAO/CA vs. time,
the graph also has an decreasing trendline with more stable with the value of R2 of 0.7819.
15
Lastly, for second order graph which is 1/CA vs. time, the graph has an increasing trendline
with the value of R2 of 0.9696.
150 rpm stirrer speed, the second order has the highest R2 value and we can conclude that it is
second order reaction.
mol x min.
c) 100rpm
16
Figure 3.8B: Graph of CAo/CA vs time (first order, 100rpm)
trendline with the value of R2 of –0.006. Next, for first order graph which is ln CAO/CA vs time,
the graph also has an decreasing trendline with the value of R2 of 0.8676. Lastly, for second
17
order graph which is 1/CA vs time, the graph has an increasing trendline with the value of R2
of 0.9818.
100 rpm stirrer speed, the second order has the highest R2 value which is 0.9818 and it is the
closest to 1. therefore, we can conclude that it is second order reaction.
mol x min.
d) 50rpm
18
Figure 3.11B: Graph of CAo/CA vs time (first order, 50rpm)
Figure 3.12B: Graph of 1/CAvs time (second order, 50rpm)
trendline with the value of R2 of 0.8858. Next, for first order graph which is ln CAO/CA vs. time,
the graph also has an decreasing trendline with the value of R2 of 0.9057. Lastly, for second
order graph which is 1/CA vs time, the graph has an increasing trendline with the value of R2
of 0.9917.
19
100 rpm stirrer speed, the second order has the highest R2 value which is 0.9917 and it is the
closest to 1. therefore, we can conclude that it is second order reaction.
mol x min .
20
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS
This experiment is split into two parts. At the first stage, the calibration curve for the
graph of conversion against conductivity must be prepared. Sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate
are saponified in a batch process in the second stage. The first stage is carried out with the same
stirrer speed and different amounts of Sodium Hydroxide and Ethyl Acetate. The derived
equation on the graph, y=-12.032x + 18.626, shows that the graph proves an increasing trend
for conversion but a decreasing trend for conductivity. Thus, conversion is inversely
proportional to the conductivity. The low concentration of NaOH, a strong base, creates
hydroxide ions, thus resulting into a reduced conductivity value and a poor capacity to transmit
electricity.
Before getting deeper into part B, there is a big chance that our result might differ from
the results from different groups. The reason behind this is because the accuracy of ethyl acetate
and sodium hydroxide mass could differ. The error can be avoided by properly locate the
chemicals into the container without spilling it around the container. For part B, we are
investigating the relationship between the sped of stirrer (200, 150, 100, 50) RPM and the
conductivity. As we can see in the graphs, all graphs following the best fit line is second order,
as shown by maximum R2 values that are near to 1, thus indicating the trend of the graph to be
upward. So, we can conclude that the higher the speed of the stirrer (RPM), the higher the
conductivity. This means that the speed of the stirrer and conductivity is directly proportional.
The reason behind this is because when the solution moves in a higher speed, the particles in
the solution will have higher chances to collide with other particles thus create friction. Since
we know that the friction is a type of energy (heat), thus the conductivity of the solution
increases.
Certain errors may occur as a result of distinct experimental weaknesses, resulting in

incorrect results. The conductivity sensors could be defective, causing inaccurate data
collection and distorting the results. As a result, after each experiment, the equipment should
be inspected and sanitised to reduce data collection errors. If there is no time constraint in the
experiment session, a few attempts can be made to obtain the fewest errors and the average
value can be used as the experimental data.
21
CHAPTER 5:REFERENCES
1. A comparative study of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate ... - IJCCE. (n.d.). Retrieved
February 15, 2023, from
https://www.ijcce.ac.ir/article_6743_b025a67f3916fddf87907acef52c9741.pdf
2. Ahmed, A. M. A. (n.d.). Saponification: A comparative kinetic study in a batch reactor.
CORE. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://core.ac.uk/outputs/71675705
3. Author links open overlay panelNihal Bursali a, a, b, AbstractThe purpose of this study
was to determine the effective operating parameters and the optimum operating conditions
of a batch saponification process in the frame of the process improvement. Full two-level
factorial and face-centered central compos, Montgomery, D. C., Carr, J. M., Lind, E. E.,
Xu, C.-P., & Anderson, M. J. (2006, March 30). Process Improvement Approach to the
saponification reaction by using statistical experimental design. Chemical Engineering and
Processing: Process Intensification. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0255270106000730
4. Comparative study of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate using ... - IJCCE. (n.d.). Retrieved
https://www.ijcce.ac.ir/article_6743_b025a67f3916fddf87907acef52c9741.pdf
5. Fogler, H. S. (n.d.). Elements of chemical reaction engineering. Google Books. Retrieved
https://books.google.com/books/about/Elements_of_Chemical_Reaction_Engineerin.html
?id=xuHFGWkuxJsC
22
CHAPTER 6: APPENDIX
Part A: Calibration curve for Conversion vs Conductivity
Conductivity Conversion (X)
20.08 0
14.73 0.25
11.32 0.5
9.03 0.75
7.89 1
Table of the data for Conductivity and Conversion
Graph of conductivity (mS/cm) against conversion(%)

25
Conductivity, (mS/cm)
20
y = -12.032x + 18.626
R² = 0.9323
15
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Conversion (%)
Graph of Conductivity vs Conversion
23
Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide

CONDUCTIVITY CONVERSION 0th ODER 1st ORDER 2nd ORDER
(CA) (ln(CA0/CA) (1/CA)
18.06 0.047041 0.095296 0.979503 10.49363
16.72 0.158411 0.084159 0.930319 11.88228
15.95 0.222407 0.077759 0.901512 12.8602
15.36 0.271443 0.072856 0.879093 13.72576
14.96 0.304688 0.069531 0.863692 14.38202
14.58 0.33627 0.066373 0.84889 15.06637
14.33 0.357048 0.064295 0.839052 15.55326
14.11 0.375332 0.062467 0.830323 16.00852
13.95 0.38863 0.061137 0.823929 16.35672
13.74 0.406084 0.059392 0.815478 16.83739
13.5 0.426031 0.057397 0.80573 17.42253
13.48 0.427693 0.057231 0.804913 17.47313
12.36 0.520778 0.047922 0.757884 20.86715
Table of the data for 200 rpm
CONDUCTIVITY CONVERSIO 0th ODER 1st ORDER 2nd ORDER

N (CA) (ln(CA0/CA) (1/CA)
20.07 -0.12001 0.112001 1.051772 8.928465
15.95 0.222407 0.077759 0.901512 12.8602
14.49 0.34375 0.065625 0.845358 15.2381
13.59 0.418551 0.058145 0.809397 17.1984
12.9 0.475898 0.05241 0.780894 19.08024
12.4 0.517453 0.048255 0.759612 20.72339
12.01 0.549867 0.045013 0.742578 22.21566
11.67 0.578125 0.042188 0.72737 23.7037
11.42 0.598903 0.04011 0.715947 24.93162
11.14 0.622174 0.037783 0.702885 26.46722
10.97 0.636303 0.03637 0.694801 27.49543
10.82 0.64877 0.035123 0.687565 28.47137
10.63 0.664561 0.033544 0.678248 29.81169
10.53 0.672872 0.032713 0.673272 30.56911
24

20.08 -0.12084 0.112084 1.052128 8.921845
20.08 -0.12084 0.112084 1.052128 8.921845
16.81 0.150931 0.084907 0.933657 11.7776
15.39 0.268949 0.073105 0.880241 13.67894
14.36 0.354555 0.064545 0.840237 15.49318
13.56 0.421044 0.057896 0.808176 17.27247
13.06 0.4626 0.05374 0.787586 18.6081
12.62 0.499169 0.050083 0.769048 19.96681
12.25 0.52992 0.047008 0.753109 21.27298
11.96 0.554023 0.044598 0.740364 22.42266
11.71 0.574801 0.04252 0.729178 23.51837
11.49 0.593085 0.040691 0.719168 24.57516
11.34 0.605552 0.039445 0.712246 25.35188

20.08 -0.12084 0.112084 1.052128 8.921845
17.01 0.134309 0.086569 0.941055 11.55146
16.21 0.200798 0.07992 0.911292 12.51248
15.66 0.246509 0.075349 0.890534 13.27156
15.03 0.29887 0.070113 0.8664 14.26268
14.38 0.352892 0.064711 0.841026 15.45338
13.81 0.400266 0.059973 0.818303 16.67406
13.3 0.442653 0.055735 0.797528 17.94214
12.91 0.475066 0.052493 0.781314 19.05003
12.64 0.497507 0.050249 0.7699 19.90076
12.27 0.528258 0.047174 0.75398 21.19803
12.07 0.54488 0.045512 0.745226 21.97224
25

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CEB 2072 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB II

CEB 2072 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB II

JANUARY 2023 SEMESTER

EXPERIMENT 3: BATCH LIQUID REACTOR

NORMAN MIKHAIL BIN RIZA NOR AZRIN 20000611

SIM YONG QING 20000633

WAN NORAINI BINTI WAN ISMAIL 20000643

AINUR ATHIRAH BINTI ABD AZIZ 20000646

ALYA FIRZANA BINTI FAKHRUL ANWAR 20000661

KEE YU ZHENG 20000592

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 14th Feb 2023

1.1 Background Study 3

2.1 Materials and Apparatus 5-7

2.3 Experimental Procedure 8-10

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS & CONCLUSION

Part A: Calibration Curve for Conversion vs Conductivity 11-12

Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate

CHAPTER 6: APPENDIX 23-25

Table 2.1.1: Material used during experiment

appropriate inlet port at

5 Control Panel • Components mounted on

• A temperature sensor and

2.3 EXPERIMRNTAL PROCEDURE

Figure 2.3.1: The experimental setup of Batch Liquid Reactor

Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide.

CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Graph of Conductivity (mS/cm) against Conversion(%)

Figure 3A.1: Graph of conductivity (mS/cm) against conversion (%)

y is the conductivity (mS/cm)

Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide

Figure 3.1B: Graph of CA vs time (zero order, 200rpm)

Figure 3.2B: Graph of CA0/CA vs time (first order, 200rpm)

Figure 3.3B: Graph of 1/CA vs time (second order, 200rpm)

Figure 3.4B: Graph of CA vs time (zero order, 150rpm)

Figure 3.5B: Graph of CA0/CA vs time (first order, 150rpm)

Figure 3.6B: Graph of 1/CA vs time (second order, 150rpm)

Figure 3.7B: Graph of CA vs time (zero order, 100rpm)

Figure 3.8B: Graph of CAo/CA vs time (first order, 100rpm)

Figure 3.9B: Graph of 1/CA vs time (second order, 100rpm)

Figure 3.10B: Graph of CA vs time (zero order, 50rpm)

Figure 3.11B: Graph of CAo/CA vs time (first order, 50rpm)

Figure 3.12B: Graph of 1/CAvs time (second order, 50rpm)

Certain errors may occur as a result of distinct experimental weaknesses, resulting in

Graph of conductivity (mS/cm) against conversion(%)

Graph of Conductivity vs Conversion

Part B: Batch Saponification Reaction of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide

CONDUCTIVITY CONVERSIO 0th ODER 1st ORDER 2nd ORDER

CONDUCTIVITY CONVERSION 0th ODER 1st ORDER 2nd ORDER

CONDUCTIVITY CONVERSION 0th ODER 1st ORDER 2nd ORDER

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