LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES

General Guidelines

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Be familiar with your lab assignment before you come to the lab. Follow all written and verbal
instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ask the
instructor before proceeding.

3. No student may work in laboratory alone. The lab instructor or co-coordinator grant
exceptions on a case to case basis.

4. When first entering a laboratory, do not touch any equipment, chemicals or other materials in
the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.

5. Do not eat, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as
containers for food or beverages.

6. Smoking is not allowed in any indoor area.

7. No music allowed in the laboratory. Radio (including walkman) and other entertainment
devices are not permitted.

8. No cellular phone is allowed in this laboratory.

9. Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor. Never do anything in the
laboratory that is not called for the laboratory procedures or by your instructor. Carefully follow
all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are prohibited.

10. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times.

11. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited.

12. Always work in a well-ventilated area.

13. Bring only your laboratory instructions, worksheets and report to the work area. Other
materials (books, purses, backpacks, etc.) should be stored in the cabinet.

14. Know the locations and operation procedures of all safety equipment including the first aid
kit, eyewash station, safety shower, spill kit and fire extinguisher.

15. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the instructor
immediately of any unsafe condition you observe.

16. Label and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and use the
prescribed apparatus as directed in the laboratory instructions provided by your instructor.
17. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. You will be assigned a laboratory
station at which to work. Do not wander around the room, distract other students or interfere with
laboratory experiments or others.

18. Write your name and equipment use every time you come in to the laboratory in the log
book.

19. Defeating safety devices or using equipment in a manner other than that which is intended
will be grounds for dismissal from the lab.

Clothing

1. Safety goggles and safety jacket must be worn whenever you work in lab.

2. Gloves should be worn whenever you use chemicals that cause skin irritations or need to
handle hot equipment.

3. Mask should be worn every time you prepare the chemicals.

4. Safety shoes and hard hat should be worn at all times while in the laboratory.

5. Contact lenses should not be worn in the laboratory unless you have permission from your
instructor.

6. Dress properly during a laboratory activity.

7. Long hair, dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long
hair must be tied back and dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing must be secured.

8. Sandal, open-toed shoes, high heels or shoes with holes in the sols will not be worn in the lab.

9. Short and skirts are not permitted.

10. Instructor and laboratory assistant have a right dismiss to you from the laboratory if they
found that you are not wearing proper safety clothing.

Handling Chemicals

1. Treat chemicals with respect and understand the chemicals you are using with Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS). The MSDS are available in the analytical room.

2. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Do not touch, taste or smell
any chemical unless specifically instructed to do so.
3. Check the label on chemical bottles before removing any of the contents. Take only much
chemical are you need. Smaller amounts often work better than larger amounts.

4. Label all containers and massing papers holding dry chemicals.

5. Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.

6. Never use mouth suction to fill a pipette. Use pipette bulb or pipette filler.

7. Acids must be handled with extreme care. Always add acids slowly to water, with slow
stirring and swirling, being careful of the heat produced, particularly with sulfuric acid.

8. Handle flammable hazardous liquid over a pan to contain spills. Never dispense flammable
liquids anywhere near a flame or source of heat.

9. Never take chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.

10. Take good care when transferring acids and other chemicals from one part of the laboratory
to another. Hold them securely and in the method demonstrated by the instructor as you walk.

11. All wastes generated during the course of an experiment must be disposed of according to the
lab instructor’s directions.

12. Never mix chemicals in sink drains.

13. Sinks are to be used only for water and those solutions designated by the instructor.

14. Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter paper, and all other insoluble materials are to be
disposed of in the proper waste containers, not in the sink.

15. Checks the label of all waste containers twice before adding your chemicals waste to the
container.

16. Cracked or broken glass should be placed in the special container for “broken glass”.

17. Keep hands away from your face, eyes, mouth and body while using chemicals. Wash your
hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.

Personal Hygiene

1. Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.

2. Gloves should be removed before leaving the lab, using telephones, or entering common areas
Accidents and Injuries

1. Report any accidents (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the instructor
immediately, no matter how trivial it may appear.

2. If you or your lab partners are hurt, immediately tell to the instructor.

3. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s), immediately flush with running water from the
eyewash station for at least 20 minutes. Notify the instructor immediately.

4. Spills should be cleaned up immediately.

Handling Glassware and Equipment

1. Inserting and removing glass tubing from rubber stopper can be dangerous. Always lubricate
glassware (tubing, thistle tubes, thermometer, etc.) before attempting to insert it in a stopper.
Always protect your hands with tower or cotton gloves when inserting glass tubing into, or
removing it from a rubber stopper.

2. When removing an electrical plug from its socket, grasp the plug, not the electrical cord.

3. Hands must be completely dry before touching an electrical switch, plug or outlet.

4. Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped or cracked glassware.

5. Never use dirty glassware.

6. Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water; it may shatter.

7. Report damaged electrical equipment immediately. Look for things such as frayed cords,
exposed wires and loose connections. Do not use damaged electrical equipment.

8. If you do not understand how to use a piece of equipment, ask the instructor for help.

9. Be careful when lifting heavy objects. Lift comfortably, avoid unnecessary bending, twisting,
reaching out, and excessive weights, lift gradually and keep in good physical shape.

10. Do not transfer a glassware form one laboratory to another without permission from
instructor.
Heating Substances

1. Do not operate a hot plate by yourself. Take care that hair, clothing, and hands are a safe
distance from the hot plate at all times. Use of hot plate is only allowed in the presence of the
teacher.

2. Heated glassware remains very hot for a long time. They should be set aside in a designated
place to cool, and picked up with caution. Use tongs or heat protective gloves if necessary.

3. Never look into a container that is being heated.

4. Do not place hot apparatus directly on the laboratory desk. Always use an insulated pad.
Allow plenty of time for hot apparatus to cool before touching it.

5. If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.

Ended the Experiments

1. At the end of the laboratory sessions, you should;

- Shut-off main gas outlet

- Turn-off the water inlet

- Desk top, floor area and sink are clean

- All equipment is cool, clean and arranged

2. All equipment use should be flushed using deionized water.

 University of Luzon
College of Engineering and Architecture
CHEM111L
Chemistry for Engineers
LABORATORY MANUAL

ENGR. MARYLOU D. AUSTRIA

Table of Contents

General Chemistry Laboratory Guidelines .......................................................................... 1

Laboratory Equipment ............................................................................................................ 7

Experiment 1: Introduction to Laboratory Techniques ...................................................... 10

Experiment 2: The Law of Definite Proportions ................................................................. 17

Experiment 3: Titrations of Acid and Base ......................................................................... 24

Experiment 4: Stoichiometry: The Reaction of Iron with Copper (II) Sulfate ................ 30

Experiment 5: Molecular Weight Determination from Freezing Point Depression ........ 35

Experiment 6: Heat of Neutralization .................................................................................. 42

REPORT PREPARATION AND MARKING

Writing up experiments

Report-writing is an essential part of the engineer's craft. It is the formal means by which ideas and
information are transferred to others. You must therefore be able to write and present your information
sufficiently clear and ensure that it can be easily understood.

Experiments should be written up in the way traditionally used in scientific literature. All experiments
must be written as a full-length report. If you are at all in doubt about the style and layout of scientific
papers, go to the Library and look at academic research journals such as Combustion & Flame, Chemical
Engineering Science, etc.

Your laboratory reports must be word-processed. If you think or know that you cannot typeset
equations or graphs properly, then you should talk to a fellow student, demonstrator or your personal
tutor. Remember that the Department's computing resources are limited and that lack of access to a
computer terminal will not be accepted as a valid excuse for the late submission of a report.

What Is a Lab Report?

A lab report is a comprehensive documentation of a conducted experiment in the laboratory in

conjunction with the findings. Therefore, a lab report needs to capture the full details. Furthermore, it
should be presented in a predefined format. This enables anyone who needs to go through it and refer
to it in the future to do so quickly. Remember, a lab report has a structure that includes the title,
abstract, introduction, method, results in analysis and discussion, conclusion, and references. A
powerful introduction is likely to make you win your lab report easily.

Essential Elements of a Lab Report

Whenever you need to develop a report, whether a physics or chemistry lab report template or any
assigned report, you must familiarize yourself with varying parts of a report; these elements will guide
you when writing your report. You only need to have the content for each part. Below are some
elements of a lab report template:

The report’s title

The report’s title must specify what your entire documentation is about and what you are experimenting
on or studying. In addition, your title should explain all the environmental factors, especially those
manipulated, specific stimuli, and the measured parameters. Ideally, it would be appropriate to use
concise terms and avoid unnecessary terms to make your title length.
Abstract

You must know that the abstract summarizes your entire report and it is not lengthy. It can be
approximately 250 words. On the other hand, you can use the abstract to understand the purpose of the
research, the method used, results, and the value of your research without going through the whole
report. Published academic journals are helpful, more so when conducting library research. You can
evaluate them quickly to see if they match you’re your topic. The content of your abstract needs to
match the content of your whole report. Below is how you should write your abstract:

Commence with the background sentence to introduce your report

State the main objective of the report as well as the hypothesis

The key points must have a description of your methodology

Summarize the entire results qualitatively and quantitatively

Introduction

This also serves as the purpose of your report. First, you must commence with the issue you are
addressing. After that, generate your background information about your report. It must be easy to
understand, concise, and direct.

Similarly, it must entail a short review of the previous literature. However, this must be relevant to the
explanation and problem you are addressing. The last sentence of your introduction is the purpose
statement, which defines the question your experiment answers. You must know that the introduction
is the foundation of your report, and you need to use varying resource materials.

Methodology and material

This element includes the apparatus, equipment, materials, and experimental design you used to
succeed in your experiment. It proves the methodology you used to analyze and gather your data,
including the entire control type.

Besides, it ensures that the information you write is detailed to enable anyone to replicate your
experiment comfortably. Since you have conducted all the procedures, you must note these parts in the
past tense. Here are several tips you need to implement:
Use a first active person voice or passive voice in the description

State your reference as well as the entire methodology that you have adapted from your other sources

Indicate all the maps, photographs, and illustrations, more so if you are needed to describe your
experiment setup

Describe the procedures you altered in comparison to the procedures you used in your reference

Finding and results

Under this section, you need to write down your relevant data without any interpretation or even
conclusions. Additionally, this section can provide a structure when written well and organized,
especially for the next part of the report.

Ensure that you document your entire findings in the order of your observation from the first step of
your experiment. Use complete sentences for easy understanding. Similarly, you can also opt to use
tables, diagrams that support your results, making them easier to understand.

Use numerical and worded data in your result description. Ensure that you use appropriate
terminologies.

Use past tense to describe your findings

Comprehensive results or calculations can be added to your report to act as an appendix

Discussion

Here you must discuss all your findings and results. You can explain how your research varies from the
one conducted previously in the same field. Explain more about your results and what it means.

Describe the emerged relations and patterns

Discuss your observation, results, and how is related to the objective of your experiment

Compare your results to the other published literature and the theoretical behavior

Supplement your interpretation with varying references

Ensure you are descriptive to enable your discussion to be easy to understand by your readers
You can reject or accept your written hypothesis, followed by an explanation using the experiment
findings

Conclusion

This is the last part of your lab report template. The conclusion needs to feature short sentences to
restate the primary results and indicate the importance of your field of study.

Tables and other figures

They are usually added to the report to stand in for complicated data. Here are several guidelines for
you:

Tables are tables, while relevant items such as graphs, maps, and diagrams are figures

Number your entire figures and tables for easy location when referred in your rest text

The figure and tables must have their titles that are self-explanatory for easy understanding

References

Communicate specifically and clearly

Evaluate research objectively and methodically

Explore varying theoretical explanation

Apply essential statistics, which enables them to test their hypothesis

Review written works and related literature for formulated hypothesis justification

Develop a hypothesis addressing a particular stimulus or problem

Conduct a scientific research

Beaker Erlenmeyer Flask

Graduated Cylinder Thermometer

Pisette Burette
 Test Tube Condenser

Volumetric Flask Funnel

Test Tube Rack Test Tube Holder

Crucible Weighing Boat

Balance Clamp

Lab Stand Bunsen Burner

Hood Goggles

Gloves
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Experiment 1 Introduction to Laboratory Techniques

Purpose: To reinforce the understanding of some common laboratory concepts and techniques while
gaining knowledge in data treatment by reporting. In the first part of the experiment, potassium
permanganate solution (solid KMnO4 dissolved in water) will be separated into its constituents by
distillation, and in the second part, determination of the solubility of a pure substance in a given
liquid,or, in the case of two liquids, and the miscibility tests will be done. To reinforce the understanding
of some common laboratory concepts and techniques while gaining knowledge in data treatment by
reporting. In the first part of the experiment, potassium permanganate solution (solid KMnO4 dissolved
in water) will be separated into its constituents by distillation, and in the second part, determination of
the solubility of a pure substance in a given liquid or in the case of two liquids, and the miscibility tests
will be done.

Pre-laboratory Work

Before the experiment in the laboratory, you should be able to answer these questions.

1) List five physical properties.

2) What are the differences between physical and chemical changes?

3) Define solubility and discuss the factors affecting solubility.

4) What is density? How do you calculate it?

Theory

Separation of Substances

All material things which have mass and occupy space in universe referred to as matter. Every substance
has a large number of physical and chemical properties. Physical properties are the characteristics of a
substance that can be seen without changing the composition of it. Common physical properties include
color, smell, taste, solubility, density, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, melting and boiling
points. When a physical change is observed, the substance retains its chemical identity, but loses only its
appearance. For example, when ice is melted, only a change of the state occurs, no new substance is
formed.

On the other hand, chemical properties represent the changes in the composition of a substance when it
reacts with other substances or decomposing into new other pure substances. Chemical properties
include decomposition by heating, and reactions of the substance with water, oxygen, acids, and bases.
When chemical changes are observed, new substances are formed that have totally different properties
and compositions considering to starting material. For example, when methane, the main component of
natural gas, burns by reacting with oxygen in the air, carbon dioxide and water are formed as the new
products.

In other words, while physical changes are reversible, chemical changes are irreversible (not reversible).

Solutions

When a solid is mixed with a liquid and dissolves in that liquid, the resultant mixture formed is called a
solution. This liquid solution may contain no visible solid particles and it may be colorless or have a
characteristic color. Solutions are homogenous mixtures. When a solution forms, it can be stated that
"The solid dissolves in the liquid" or "The solid is soluble in the liquid". The constituents of a solution are
solute (minor fraction), and solvent (major fraction)

Solubility and Miscibility

Solubility can be defined as the amount of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular
solvent. The maximum amount of a particular substance that can be dissolved in 100 mL of pure water
at a particular reference temperature is known as percent solubility. When a solid dissolves in a liquid, it
is said to be soluble in that liquid. If the solid does not dissolve, then it is insoluble.

Miscibility is taken into account when two liquids are mixed. If this mixture is completely uniform in
appearance, in this case the liquids are said to be miscible. If individual layers are formed when they are
poured together, then these two liquids are not miscible at all, i.e. they are immiscible.

Density
Density is simply defined as “mass per unit volume”. If you wonder how dense a material is, you have to
know the mass and volume of it. Then, you can easily find the density of the substance by using this
formula: ρ = m / V

The unit of the density is g / mL or g / cm3.

In Part A, water will be separated from potassium permanganate by distillation. When the potassium
permanganate solution is heated, water vapor will be driven off first, because the boiling point of
potassium permanganate is much higher than that of water.

In Part B, The behavior of two substances on a solvent will be tested. For these two chemicals, solubility
in water will be examined. For the dissolving one, solubility amount will be found. Then, miscibility of
some liquids will be tested.

In Part C, Density of water will be measured in two different ways. Then, the density of an unknown
solid will be calculated.

Materials

Potassium permanganate Diethyl ether 50 mL beakers

(KMnO4)
Starch Ethyl alcohol Balance

Sodium carbonate Bunsen burner Graduated cylinder

(Na2CO3)

Distilled water One holed rubber stopper Ring, clamp

Any solid particle Boiling chips

Procedure Part A: Separation by Distillation

1. Pour 30 mL potassium permanganate solution (solid KMnO4 dissolved in water) into a 100 mL round
bottom flask. Add some boiling chips into the flask to make solution boil calmly.

2. Set a simple distillation apparatus by inserting the short end of the glass tubing acting as condenser in
a one- holed rubber stopper.

3. Ask your assistant how to use the Bunsen burner. Light it and adjust until you have a small and
continous hot flame.

4. Heat the KMnO4 solution and observe the hot solvent vapors of the solution are cooled and dripped
into the test tube. Continue distillation process until about 10 mL of liquid have distilled over. Observe
the differences in color between the distillate and the original solution; write these observations on your
data sheet.

Procedure 1 Procedure 2

Procedure 3 Procedure 4
Part B: Identifying Substances by Their Properties

B.1. Solubility in Water

1. Take clean two test tubes and fill them with 20 ml of water.

2. Take small amount (approximately half of a pea) of sodium carbonate; Na2CO3, and starch and
place them into test tubes that contain water. Shake the tubes gently and observe whether or
not the substances dissolve. Some substances dissolve slowly, in this case set the test tube aside
for few minutes and examine again. Are the compounds soluble or insoluble? Record your
observations.

B.2. Miscibility
1. Take clean two test tubes and fill half of them with water.

2. Now, to the first tube, put some amount of alcohol and to the second one, put diethyl ether.
Shake the test tubes gently or mix the contents with stirring rod. Observe what happened. Which
one is miscible, record your observations on your data sheet.

Part C: Density Measurement

C.1. Density of Water

1. Now take a clean and dry graduate cylinder and weigh it. Then put 20 mL water in it and weigh again
to find the mass of water. Carry out the density calculation and find the density of water.
C.2. Density of a Solid

1. Take an irregular shape solid from your assistant and weigh it.

2. To find volume of the solid, put it into graduated cylinder that contains 20 ml water in the previous
part and calculate the volume of the solid according to increase in the water level. Carry out the density
calculation to find the density of the solid material.
DATA SHEET
Introductory to Laboratory Techniques
Student's Name : _____________________________ Date: _________________________
Laboratory Section/Group No : __________________

A. Separation by Distillation:

i. What was the color of the original (KMnO4) solution?

ii. What is the color of the distillate which is collected in the test tube?

iii. Why did we collect water as distillate in test tube? (Hint: Consider the boiling point