COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (LECTURE)
▪ offers less chance of double
- science that studies human population with
respect to size, distribution, composition, and
change
o size – number of persons in the
population at a given time
o distribution – arrangement of the
population in the territory of the nation
in geographical, residential area, climatic
zone, etc.
o composition/structure – distribution of
a population into its various groupings
mainly by age and sex
o change – increase or decline of the total
population or its components
▪ fertility – total number of
pregnancies, abortion, and
successfully born babies
▪ mortality – total number of
deaths
▪ morbidity – number of onsets of
different illnesses or diseases
▪ migration – movement of the
people from one area to another
are
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Census
- nation-wide counting of population
- direct canvass of each person or household
- to reveal the actual count of individual in a
certain location
- used as econdary data
- territory, location, and time
- census moment – timing or boundary line when
you will conduct the actual census (midnight)
2 Systems/schemes:
➢ De jure
o Census is being done in the place of
residence
o All members of the household are being
counted
o Enumeration is done according to the
usual or legal place of residence
o Advantages:
▪ Yields information relatively
unaffected by seasonal and
other temporary movements of
people
o Disadvantages:
▪ Some persons may be omitted
from the count while some
others may be counted twice
▪ it is difficult to be sure just which
is a person’s usual or legal
residence
▪ Information collected regarding
persons away from home is
often incomplete or incorrect
➢ De facto
o enumeration is done according to the
actual place on the day of the census
o advantages:
counting
▪ gives less chance for the
omission of persons from the
count
o disadvantages:
▪ Population figures may be
inflated or deflated by tourists,
travelling salesmen, and other
transients.
▪ In areas with high migration, the
registration of vital events is
subject to distortion
Features and Characteristics
• Separate enumeration and recording of the
characteristics of each individual
• Refer to people inhabiting a well-defined
territory
• Population should be enumerated with respect
to a well-defined point in time
• Taken at regular intervals (usually every ten
years)
• Personal data collected in a census are not used
for other than statistical purposes.
• Compilation and publication of data by
geographic areas and by basic demographic
variables is an integral part of a census.
Stages of Operation
➢ Pre-enumeration – planning and preparatory
work
➢ Enumeration – field work (collection of the data)
➢ Post-enumeration – editing, coding,
compilation, tabulation, analysis, and
publication of the results
Uses
• gives complete and valid picture of the
population composition and characteristics
• serves as a sampling frame
• provides with vital statistics of the population in
terms of fertility and mortality
• utilized for planning
Surveys
- obtain specific information from part of the
population liable to be considered as
representative of the whole
- made at a given moment, in a specific territory
sporadically and without periodicity for the deep
study of a problem
- timing is important in making surveys
- to have a deep study of a problem
Registration of Vital Events
➢ Addition to population – by births or new
arrivals from outside the area
➢ Reduction to population – deaths or people
leaving the area
National Health Information System
- Can come from population-based data
(population surveys, censuses, civil registration)
 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (LECTURE)
or institution-based data (results of
administrative or operational activities)
- Major data sources within NHIS for public health
use Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance
and Response (PIDSR) – Enhanced surveillance
system that monitors notifiable diseases and
other health related events of public health
importance
o Category 1 diseases – 10 diseases:
measles, human avian influenza,
anthrax, neonatal tetanus, rabies, and
SARS etc.; epidemic prone diseases or
diseases that are targeted to be
eliminated
o Category 2 diseases – 17 diseases: acute
bloody diarrhea, cholera, dengue,
leptospirosis, malaria, typhoid and
paratyphoid fever, and pertussis etc.;
weekly reportable diseases
- The reporting is responsibility of the hospital
Specialized Information Systems within the Health
Sector
➢ Event/condition specific information and
surveillance systems
o Surveillance in post-extreme
emergencies and disasters (SPEED)
▪ detect early unusual increase
communicable and non-
communicable condition
▪ to monitor health trends for
appropriate public health action
▪ enable identification of
appropriate response to handle
emergency
o Online National Electronic Injury
Surveillance System (ONEISS)
▪ Information about all type of
injuries and accidents
▪ Open wounds, car accidents,
burns, contact with sharp
objects, fall, suicide, drowning,
abuses
o Phil. Malaria Information System
(PhilMIS)
▪ To provide information in a
computerized form needed for
planning implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation of
malaria control program
▪ To standardize the collection of
malaria data using the same
reporting and recording forms in
malaria endemic provinces
▪ To achieve quality malaria data
and to easily retrieve malaria
indicators required for program
management and those needed
by funding agencies and
stakeholders
▪ To avoid the delay in generating
the required information
through prompt reporting
system
➢ Disease Registries
o Cancer Registry
o HIV/AIDS Registry
DEMOGRAPHY
Population Distribution
- Indicators:
o Population density
▪ measured by determining the
number of people per square
kilometer or square mile of land
area
▪ measure of the intensity of land
use and crowding
▪ can be greatly affected by the
level of economic development
of an area
▪ current population of the
Philippines as of February 20,
2022: 111,962,498
▪ Philippines population is
equivalent to 1.41% of the total
world’s population
▪ Philippines is ranked 13th in the
list of most populated country in
the world
▪ Total land area of the Philippines
in relation to the population
density: 298,170 km2
▪ Population density per squared
meters: 368 or 952 people per
miles squared
▪ 47.5% of the population is
accounted in the urban area
(around 52 million)
o Crowding index/Occupancy rate
▪ WHO definition: situation in
which more people are living
within a single dwelling than
there is space for
▪ number of usual residents in a
dwelling divided by the number
of rooms in the dwelling
▪ crowding & overcrowding are
often used interchangeably to
refer to the same condition
▪ newborn infants are not
included
▪ kitchen and bathrooms are not
included
Population Composition
➢ Sex Composition
o compares the number of males to the
number of females in the population
o
represents the number of males for
every 1, 000 females in the population
➢ Age Composition
o Median Age
▪ divides the population into two
equal parts
▪ if the median age is 19 years old,
it means half of the population
belongs to 19 years and above,
while the other half belongs to
ages below 19 years old
▪ Philippines: 25.7 years old
 COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (LECTURE)

o Dependency Ratio ▪ Natural Decrease – the birth

▪ compares the number of rate is not enough to keep up
economically dependent with with the stable death rate.
the economically productive Population declining
group in the population
▪ unproductive group – DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
economically dependent are ➢ Pre-Transitional
those who belong to the 0-14 o known as expansive (type I)
and 65 above age groups o characterized by high mortality and high
▪ productive group – considered fertility, with low (moderate) population
to be economically productive growth (young population)
are those within the 15-64 age o shown by the triangular, broad-based
group pattern reflecting the high birth rates,
▪ represents the number of over a long period of time
economically dependent for o Transitional
every 100 economically ▪ known as expansive (type II)
productive ▪ characterized by high birth rate
➢ Age and Sex Composition and reduced death rate, with
o graphical presentation of the age and high (rapid) growth rate (young
sex composition of the population → population)
POPULATION PYRAMID ▪ drop in the death rate is usually
brought by improved medical
care following socio-economic
development
▪ shape of the population pyramid
is triangular characterizing a
developing society
o Post-Transitional
▪ known as stationary (type III)
▪ characterized by low birth and
death rates with stable,
moderate growth rate
▪ narrow based pyramid and
steeper sides
▪ indicates advanced or
developed countries
▪ life expectancy is higher and a
o 3 Types of Population Pyramid high proportion of the
▪ Expansive – depicts population population survives in to the old
that have larger percentage of age (old population)
people in younger age group
(usually in the third world
countries)
▪ Constrictive – they are
constricted at the bottom; lower
percentage of younger people;
shows declining birth rate
▪ Stationary – equal proportion of
the population and each age
group; stable population
o 5 stages of Population Pyramid
▪ High Fluctuating – Birth Rate
and Death rate are both high.
Population growth is slow and
fluctuating.
▪ Early Expanding – Birth Rate
remains high. Death Rate is
falling. Population begins to rise
steadily.
▪ Late Expanding – Birth Rate
starts to fall. Death Rate
continues to fall. Population
rising.
▪ Low Fluctuating – Birth Rate and
Death Rate both low. Population
steady.