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R6 Primer
R6 Primer
R6 Primer
WHITE PAPER
3G Release 6
A Primer
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© Copyright Hughes Software Systems, 2004
All information included in this document is under a licence agreement. This publication and its contents
are proprietary to Hughes Software Systems. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as
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of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
2
Abbreviations
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3G Release 6
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. IMS "Phase 2" 6
3. Push to talk over Cellular 8
4. Wireless LAN/UMTS Inter-working 9
5. Packet switched streaming services 10
6. End-to-end bit rate adaptation 11
7. Quality metrics 11
8. Reliable streaming 11
9. Digital Rights Management 11
10. New codecs 12
11. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 12
12. Broadcast mode 12
12.1. Multicast mode 12
12.2. Network sharing 13
12.3. Presence 14
13. Conclusion 15
14. References 15
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Feb 2004
WHITE PAPER
Fig1: R6 Architecture
WHITE PAPER
IP Multimedia Networks
Legacy mobile
PSTN signalling Networks
Mb Mb PSTN
BGCF CSCF
PSTN Mm
Mk Mk
Mw
C, D,
Mj BGCF Gc, Gr
Mi
Cx
IMS- MGCF HSS
MGW Mg
CSCF
Mn
Mr Dx SLF
Mb Mw
Mb Mb Mb Gq IM Subsystem
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3G Release 6
established without the need to dial a dedicated mobile users send voice messages over data
number: for example, selection of emergency session networks.
from the menu, linkage to a vehicle air-bag trigger,
etc.
The call connection is almost instantaneous and
The feature addresses the normal case where the
the receiver doesn't have to answer the call. Push-to-
mobile equipment contains a valid USIM, and also the
talk is what it sounds like: instead of dialing a number
case where no USIM is fitted. The main focus is on
to start a conversation with a friend, users just select
SIP emergency sessions and related packet bearers.
someone from their buddy list, push a button on the
handset, speak, and their voice is instantly heard by
3. Push to talk over Cellular the recipient. Like a walkie-talkie, push-to-talk is uni-
directional, so callers can't talk over each other and
Push to talk over Cellular (PoC) introduces a new
must wait their turn to speak (Half Duplex).
real-time direct one-to-one and one-to-many voice
communication service in the cellular network. It lets
B SS
SG SN
M SC
S IP
P ro x y
S IP
R e g is t r a r
G G SN
Is
P re s e n c e
IM S C o r e (C S C F /H S S ) S e rv e r
Ips
If
Ipl
PoC G LM S
S e rv e r
Ik
In te r n e t
PoC W eb C u rre n t S c o p e
C lie n t
8
The main elements of PoC solution are billion by 2008. Push to talk cellular subscribers
! PoC enabled terminals (PoC Client with SIP and expected to be 2.3 million in 2003 are expected to
RTP implementation on handset) reach 340 million by 2008.
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3G Release 6
WLAN provides a higher bandwidth (11 Mbps) at networks such as GPRS and WCDMA in order to
a much cheaper cost. With data rates between 11-54 provide seamless handover, e.g. a user’s device will
Mbit/s, a wireless LAN can replace wired LAN continue to work without loosing data while moving
networks; most major notebook vendors are between a 3G network and a WLAN network. Thus
embedding wireless LAN functionality in their laptops. users can get high Internet access rates from a WLAN
In addition to notebooks and traditional PDAs, several wherever available, while retaining connectivity (albeit
vendors have announced mobile phones supporting at a slower rate) as they move to a GRPS or WCDMA
both wireless LAN and cellular access. Data security is network.
based on 802.1x EAP (Extensible Authentication
Protocol) as well as TKIP (Temporary Key Integrity 5. Packet switched
Protocol) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for
encryption at the air interface. The flip side of WLAN
streaming services
is that the range of coverage provided is just 100 Streaming is a method of transferring data with
meters. real-time characteristics so that the recipient can start
viewing the presentation before the entire contents
WLAN/UMTS interworking solution aims to merge
have been received. Transparent end-to-end packet
the best of WLAN and UMTS in the consumer interest,
switched streaming service (PSS) is a specification
by providing higher data rate through WLAN and large
that defines a framework for an interoperable
coverage area through UMTS. Target users shall have
streaming service in 3GPP mobile networks. The
dual-mode devices. The basic concept of WLAN-UMTS
framework reuses work done by organizations like
interworking is to authenticate, account and bill users
IETF, W3C, ISO and ITU. Some notable new features
while enabling them to roam freely across WLANs and
are as follows:
cellular networks. This is achieved by reusing the
same billing, authentication and roaming mechanisms
that are available in cellular networks. Such solutions
can also be interworked with packet data based
S treaming
Client
Content
Content Servers
Cache
UMTS
GERAN Cor e Network
Gb
Gi
SGSN GG SN
IP Network
Iups
UTRAN
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5.3. Reliable streaming
5.1. End-to-end bit rate adaptation
Reliable streaming means the streaming with
End to End bit-rate adaptation enables the
reliable transport so that all the media is delivered to
streaming session to adapt to varying network
the receiver. It can be seen as an intermediate form
conditions. This is important as PSS could be
between streaming and download:
potentially used in networks with very difference
capabilities (WCDMA, EDGE, GPRS, QOS with
guaranteed bit-rate or best effort). In addition, the ! Delivers all the media without losses (download)
smooth operation of intra and especially inter-system ! Client can start viewing the presentation before
handovers can potentially benefit from bit-rate
the entire contents have been transmitted
adaptation. In the current suggested mechanism, the
(streaming)
streaming server is mainly responsible for adapting
the sampling (stream bit-rate) and transmission rate.
The client is responsible for providing the necessary
However, this is achieved by compromising real-
feedback to the server. The goal is to keep the
time, uninterrupted playback and favoring lossless
client pre-decoder buffer sufficiently full so that
reception even if it causes more interruptions.
no gaps occur in the audio or video playback.
Therefore, reliable streaming is not particularly
suitable for live streams.
Ideally, bit-rate adaptation can ensure smooth
and uninterrupted stream reception in most network
conditions. However, it also means that the audio Several mechanisms for live streams have been
and/or video quality of the stream can change during proposed: Progressive download (over HTTP), RTSP
reception. It also requires that the same content is tunneling (RTP interleaved with RTSP over TCP) and
available at several bit-rates, or that the server is able resend mechanism. Currently, the relatively simple
to “thin” the stream (for example, by only transmitting progressive download has been selected.
the key frames). The suggested implementation also
makes the streaming server more complex. Currently,
such techniques are implemented in fixed line
5.4. Digital Rights Management
Internet.
Services and capabilities specified by 3GPP allow
“content” (data, text, audio, video, etc.) to be
5.2. Quality metrics delivered by streaming or downloading, and played or
stored for future use on the mobile. Delivery methods
may include forwarding onward from the device. It is
Quality metrics serve to enable the PSS servers to
essential to create a solution that will respect the
receive client generated quality metrics, which could
intellectual property rights of the content owners.
be used to determine the quality of the client
experience and monitor the service for improvements. The objective is to specify a framework that will
The proposed metrics include information such as the support an interoperable, uniform, high-volume
number of corruptions, lost packets, gaps in the market for the distribution of protected content.
reception etc. Quality metrics are not intended to be Expression and enforcement of rights and rules -
used for billing purposes. digital rights management - is an essential component
of this distribution capability. In order for protected
distribution of content to be acceptable to consumers,
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3G Release 6
it must be transparent and non-intrusive, however users attached to the network may wish to receive
security of downloadable and or streaming content these messages then the user shall be able to
must be preserved, i.e. it must not be possible to enable/disable the reception of these broadcast
“play” unauthorized copies. service on his UE. The broadcast mode differs from
the multicast mode in that there is no specific
5.5. New codecs requirement to activate or subscribe to the MBMS in
The H.263 (MPEG-4 AVC) video codec is being broadcast mode. It is expected that charging data for
considered for PSS Rel-6. Lately, Microsoft also the end user will not be generated for this mode. The
proposed the Windows Media 9 video codec for this reception of the traffic in the broadcast mode is not
purpose. A madatory audio codec is also being guaranteed. The receiver may be able to
considered. The current audio codec contenders in the recognize data loss.
lower bit-rate (12-32 kbps) range are aacPlus (MPEG-
4 HE-AAC) and extended AMR-WB. The current audio
6.2. Multicast mode
codec contenders in the higher bit-rate range (>
32kbps) range are aacplus and MPEG-4 AAC. In the multicast mode there is the possibility for
the network to selectively transmit to cells within the
multicast service area which contain members of a
6. Multimedia multicast group.
Broadcast/Multicast
Unlike the broadcast mode, the multicast mode
Service (MBMS) generally requires a subscription to the multicast
subscription group and then the user joining the
MBMS provides an unidirectional point to corresponding multicast group. The subscription and
multipoint bearer service in which data is transmitted group joining may be made by the PLMN operator,
from a single source entity to multiple recipients. It is the user or a third party on their behalf (e.g.
anticipated that other services will use these bearer company). Unlike the broadcast mode, it is expected
capabilities. There are two modes of operation: that charging data for the end user will be generated
for this mode.
The multicast/broadcast mode allows the
unidirectional point-to-multipoint transmission of The BM-SC is an MBMS data source. MBMS data
multimedia data (e.g. text, audio, picture, video) from may be scheduled in the BM-SC, e.g. for transmission
a single source point to a multicast group in a to the user every hour. It offers interfaces over that
multicast/broadcast service area. The content provider can request data delivery to users.
multicast/broadcast mode is intended to efficiently use
radio/network resources e.g. data is transmitted over
a common radio channel. Data is transmitted in the
multicast/broadcast service area as defined by the
network
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Content
Provider
Gi
Gn/Gp Gi
Mutlicast /
Broadcast
SGSN GGSN Source
Iu Gi
Content
UE UTRAN BM-SC Provider
Uu
PDN
Fig5: MBMS Interfaces
cost. 3G operators can share networks at various
levels.
3GPP has not standardized specific end user
services using MBMS. Some of the typical end user At the most basic level, 3G operators can share
applications using MBBS include reliable text antenna sites. Such a sharing would typically involve
distribution for local news, text and text with low the sharing of antenna space, equipment housing,
quality video for local area information, video and and power supply equipment, and could include the
audio distribution in a local area, stereo audio sharing of the site premises equipment, including
distribution and software download for UE software antenna, transmission and transmission management
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3G Release 6
In another arrangement, 3G operators share the allows operators, who don’t have the license, to
core network, while maintaining separate radio access provide 3G services.
networks.
8. Presence
9. HSS Initiatives
HSS became the first protocol stack vendor to
market 3GPP Release 5 compliant software
RAN Operator A RAN Operator B components for 2.5G and 3G networks. This
reaffirmed our commitment to comply with evolving
standards, thus giving the Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) significant 'time-to-market'
advantage while allowing them to focus on their core
Each 3G operator should visualize his needs competency. HSS has been keeping up with the fast
(short term and long term) before choosing an
emerging changes and up-gradations in the 3GPP
infrastructure sharing solution. Site sharing &
specifications with respect to Release 6.
Geographical split can be viewed as long term
solutions while UTRAN sharing or CN sharing are HSS has carried out study in the field of MBMS.
short-term solutions. Network sharing also We published a paper on UTRAN Architecture for
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS). This
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paper describes the key requirements and overall switched streaming service 3GPP TS 26.233
working of a MBMS service. It also lists possible V5.0.0
UTRAN architectures at various interfaces for this 2. Technical Specification Group Services and
service.
System Aspects; Network architecture 3GPP TS
HSS has initiated the development of a W-GSN. 23.002
This solution lets cellular operators build a complete 3. “Interface UMTS Release 6 and Circuit Switched
WLAN network with roaming capabilities amongst
(CS) Networks” Artemios Andreou, Nigel Linge &
sites and with its own / other cellular networks. The
Nigel Holland
network built can either cooperate or compete with
local cellular networks based on commercial 4. “Packet Switched Streaming Service White Paper”
considerations. Each WLAN site would have one W- TeliaSonera Finland MediaLab.
GSN controlling multiple access points. The number of
subscribers registered at any one time in each site will
not exceed a few thousand. This makes it possible to
reuse HSS’ GSN-Lite (a Linux PC based combined
SGSN and GGSN) as a W-GSN node. This solution
uses standard cellular authentication.
10. Conclusion
11. References
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