CE-409: Steel Structures

Lecture No. 10
Bending Members

By:

Dr. Muhammad Fahad

Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 1

Lecture Contents

• Introduction
• Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment
• Stability
• Classification of Shapes
• Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
• Bending Strength of Non-Compact Shapes
• Shear Strength
• Deflection
• Design of Beams
• Bearing Plates
• Design Charts
• Examples

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 2

Introduction

Introduction

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 3

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 4

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 5

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 6

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 7

Introduction (Cont.)

Floor slab spans between

secondary beam

Secondary beams span

between primary beams

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 8

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 9

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 10

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 11

Introduction (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 12

Flexure Strength

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 13

Flexure Strength (Cont.)

Where,
𝑓𝑏 = maximum computed bending stress
𝐹𝑏 = allowable bending stress

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 14

Professor Gregory Wilson Lecture
Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 38

Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 39

Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 40

Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 41

Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment (Cont.)

𝑀𝑝 /My

∅ /∅𝑦∅

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 42

Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 43

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 44

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 45

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 46

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 47

Stability

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 48

49
Stability (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 50

Stability (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 51

Stability (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 52

Stability (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 53

Classification of Shapes

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 54

Classification of Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 55

Classification of Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 56

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes

For compact shapes, 2 failure modes are expected

1. Reaching Mp and becoming fully plastic, or
2. Lateral torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or inelastically.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 57

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

• The web criterion is met by all standard I and C shapes listed in the Manual for Fy ≤ 65
ksi; therefore, in most cases only the flange ratio needs to be checked
• Built-up welded I shapes can have non-compact or slender webs.
• Most shapes will also satisfy the flange requirement and will therefore be classified as
compact.
• The non-compact shapes are identified in the dimensions and properties table with a
footnote (footnote f).
• Note that compression members have different criteria than flexural members, so a shape
could be compact for flexure but slender for compression.
• As discussed in Chapter 4, shapes with slender compression elements are identified with
a footnote (footnote c).

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 58

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

The moment strength of compact shapes is a function of the unbraced length, Lb, defined
as the distance between points of lateral support, or bracing. In this book, we indicate points
of lateral support with an “×,” as shown in Figure 5.12. The relationship between the
nominal strength, Mn, and the unbraced length is shown in Figure 5.13. If the unbraced
length is no greater than Lp, to be defined presently, the beam is considered to have full
lateral support, and Mn = Mp. If Lb is greater than Lp but less than or equal to the
parameter Lr, the strength is based on inelastic LTB. If Lb is greater than Lr, the strength is
based on elastic LTB.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 59

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 60

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 61

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 62

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 63

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 64

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 65

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 66

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 67

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 68

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 69

𝑪𝒃 (Non-Uniform Bending Factor)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 70

71
Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 72

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 73

𝑪𝒃 (Non-Uniform Bending Factor)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 74

𝑪𝒃 (Non-Uniform Bending Factor)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 75

Bending Strength of Non-Compact Shapes

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 76

Bending Strength of Non-Compact Shapes(Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 77

Bending Strength of Non-Compact Shapes (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 78

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 79

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 80

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 81

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 82

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 83

Shear Strength
Basic Concept of Shear Stress

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 84

Shear Strength
Shearing Stress Distribution for a W shape

• Superimposed on the
actual distribution is
the average stress in
the web, V/Aw, which
does not differ much
from the maximum
web stress.
• Clearly, the web will
completely yield long
before the flanges
begin to yield. Because
of this, yielding of the
web represents one of
the shear limit states.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 85

Shear Strength

Taking the shear yield stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress,
we can write the equation for the stress in the web at failure as

where Aw = area of the web. The nominal strength

corresponding to this limit state is therefore

(5.8)(

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 86

Shear Strength

(5.7)(

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 87

Shear Strength

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 88

Shear Strength

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 89

Shear Strength

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 90

Shear Strength

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 91

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 92

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 93

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 94

Deflection
• In addition to being safe, a structure must be serviceable. A serviceable structure is one
that performs satisfactorily, not causing any discomfort or perceptions of unsafety for the
occupants or users of the structure.
• For a beam, being serviceable usually means that the deformations, primarily the vertical
sag, or deflection, must be limited.
• Excessive deflection is usually an indication of a very flexible beam, which can lead to
problems with vibrations.
• The deflection itself can cause problems if elements attached to the beam can be
damaged by small distortions. In addition, users of the structure may view large
deflections negatively and wrongly assume that the structure is unsafe.
• For the common case of a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam such as that in
Figure 5.22, the maximum vertical deflection is

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 95

Deflection (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 96

Deflection (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 97

Deflection (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 98

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 99

Beam Design

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 100

Beam Design (Cont.)
Design Steps

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 101

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 102

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 103

104
105
106
107
108
Beam Design Charts

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 109

Beam Design Charts(Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 110

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 111

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 112

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 113

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 114

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 115

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 116

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 117

Beam Design Charts (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 118

Example

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 119

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 120

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 121

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 122

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 123

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 124

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 125

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 126

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 127

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 128

Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 129

130
Example (Cont.)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 131