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SP 01 en LCD DMM - VC 350
SP 01 en LCD DMM - VC 350
SP 01 en LCD DMM - VC 350
er
C O N T E N T S
SECTION PAGE
INTRODUCTIoN .................................................. 1
1.
SpEClFlCATl(-JN .................................................. 2
2.
6. PERFORMANCE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. EXPLODED VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 33
FEATURES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The MAX133 and MAX134 are integrating A/D converters for 3% digit
multimeters and data acquisition systems such as data loggers and weigh scales, The
A/D’s internal resolution is *40,000 counts. An extra digit is supplied as a quard digit to
allow autozero or tare of a 4000 count displayed reading to l/10 of a dispalyed count.
The conversion time is 50ms.
The MAX133 and MAX134 differ only in their microprocessor interface. The
MAX133 has a 4 bit multiplexed address/data bus while the MAX134 has 3 separate
address lines and a 4 bit bidirectional data bus. Both devices can be used with 4, 8,
and 16 bit microprocessors.
7
.
SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
The MAX133/134 provides all of the logic and counters for control of the
conversion sequence, and the external microprocessor does not have to perform any
critical timing or complex control of the MAX1 33/l 34. The MAX133/134 has range switches
for a 5 decade attenuator which uses external resistors, and has additional mode-selection
circuitry for performing voltage, current, AC or DC, ohms, and continuity measurements.
The 5 decade attenuator and mode-selection circuitry is Icontrolled by an exeternal micro-
processor via control bits written inio the MAX133/134.
The MAXl33/134 has normal mode rejection of line frequency of at least 80dB on
the voltage ranges; the microprocessor selects rejection of either 5OHz or 60Hz by setting
a MAX133/134 control bit. A two pole active filter can also be turned on by the micro-
processor, adding about 40 dB normal mode rejection above !%Hz. See the “Digital
Interface” section for details on which functions can be controlled by the external micro-
processor.
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obtain a zero-corrected reading. The zero correction that must be subtracted is determined
by the MAX133/134’s internal offsets. Since these offsets are relatively slow changing, zero
conversion readings need only be taken offen enough to track long term drifts and
temperature changes. The zero conversion reading will change slightly with a change in
common mode input voltage or reference voltage, and a new zero conversion reading
should be taken if either of these change.
Each conversion result is latched into a Conversion Register which can be read
by the microprocessor. The data format is nines complement BCD (a zero reading is
00000, a -1 reading is 99999, a -25000 reading is 75000). The nines complement form is
the most convenient BCD format since the addition of the nines complement of a number
is equivalent to subtracting that number. See “Software Notes” for simple BCD to binary
conversion algorithms.
The last digit of conversion is used for digital autozero and is usually not
displayed. Note that each count of the least significant digit of the MAXl33/134 output
corresponds to l/10 of a count if a 4000 count full scale display is used. For current
ranges with a voltage drop of only 200mV, the measured reading can be multiplied by two
by using the X2 (“times 2”) function of the MAX133/134. The X2 function reduces the RN
resistor value by a factor of two during the Integrate phase. With the X2 range, a 200mV
input voltage will result in a full ‘scale, 4000.0 measured reading Alternatively, ‘the normal
4 0 0 m V r a n g e c a n b e u s e d , w i t h t h e multiplication by two being done by the
microprocessor digitally. In this case, each count of the least Significant digit iS t/5 Of a
displayed count. A 100mV full scale voltage drop can be achieved by using both the
MAX1331134 X2 range and a digital times 2 multiplication in the microprocessor.
Each of the 20 conversions per second has a Zero Integrator phase to ensure
rapid recovery from overload, and the MAX133/134 will recover to within 2 counts one
conversion after an overload of 10 times full scale when the onboard active filter is not
used.
13
.
In voltage measurement ranges other than 4OOmV, voltages are applied to the
pin labelecl 10M Sz through a 1 OM Q resistor. By selecting the proper shunt resistors (1 .l M
Q through 1 KQ) the input voltage will be attenuated to a 4OOmV range. The input
attenuator switch section includes analog switches to switch both the input current and to
sense the voltage on the shunt resistor. Other input switching functions select between the
output of the input attenuator and the voltage developed across the current sensing
resistors during current measurement. See Figure 3.
The 5pA input bias current of the MAXl33/134 might result in unacceptable
errors with a 10MQ input resistor on the 400mV scale, so a separate pin with a 700kS2
to 1 MS2 input resistor is used for the 400mV scale. The IOM 52 resistor used on the
higher voltage ranges does not cause appreciable error since the input leakage current is
shunted to ground through the 1 .l 1 MQ to 1 kQ attenuator shunt resistors. -
To avoid errors that might occur through coupling of high frequency, high
voltage signals from the input of the attenuator to the low level 400mV and Current inputs,
these two inputs have 10kQ switches which connect them to Common whenever they are
not selected.
The input section also includes switches to allow an external AC-DC converter
to be inserted into the signal path.
The input attenuator resistors are also used as reference resistors in the ohms
mode. Note that the IOMQ resistor must be externally paralleled with the other resistors
to get exactly 1 M 52, lOOk52, etc. The ohms source buffer input is usually-connected
directly to the external bandgap reference or to another 1.25V source. In the 4kQ through
40MQ ranges there will be a total of 1.25V across the series combination of reference
resistor, unknown resistor, and the input protection network; and the maximum voltage
across the unknown resistor at full scale will be less than 4OOmV. On the 4OOS2 range,
the ohms voltage source is a diode connected to V+ through a 2kS2 p-channel switch.
With a 3V Common voltage, this supplies approximately 2.2V across the series
combination of reference resistor, unknown resistor, and input protection network. This
higher voltage is used on ths 4CQQ range to compensate for the decrease in reference
voltage caused by the input protection network. The MAX133/134 are designed to operate
with PTC protection resistors of 2kQ or less.
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A 1kQ reference resistor is used for the 4OOQ full scale, a IOkSZ reference for
a 4kQ full scale, etc. A IOMQ reference resistor is used for both the 4M 52 full scale and
the 40MQ full scale. To get the correct results in the ohms measurement or R/2 mode,
the conversion result must be multiplied by two either digitally by the microprocessor or by
using the X2 range. except on the 40MQ scale. The 40MQ range has the same
reference resistor as the 4M Q range but a times 10 scale factor Is obtained by not
multiplying by 2, and by activating the S5 tunction. If the times 2 multiplication is
performed by the microprocessor, the Read Zero offset ot the MAX133/134 in the ohrns
mode wiil be Just a few counts, and will be nearly independent of the value of the
unknown rssistor being measured. If the MAX1 33/134 X2 mode is used to multiply by 2,
then frequent Read Zero readings should be taken. since the read zero offset is inversely
proportional to the reference voltage, and the reference voltage varies as the resistance of
the unknown resistor varies. -
Since the input protection PTC resistor shown in Figure 4 reduces the reference
and input voltage, particularly on the 4OOQ scale, the PTC resistance should be as low
as is possible while maintaining the desired level of protection. Greater than 2kQ PTC
resistancs will increase the noise lsvel ot meaourements on the 4OOQ range.
Since the MAX133/134 does not use a reference capacitor, the only limit on the
response time in the ohms mode is the active filter. Even when the active filter is turned
off, RFILTER! is still connected, and the input voltage must charge the filter capacitors. This
will generally be noticed only on the 4MQ and 40M 52 ranges.
16
.
4) ACTIVE FILTER
The 2 pole active filter circuit is shown in Figure 5. The opamp’s offset hss no
effect on the DC accuracy since the opamp is only AC coupled and the DC signal path
is only through the passive 1 MQ resistor. Note that the active filter will limit the speed of
response of the MAX133/134 to input voltage changes, and for that reason it may be
desirable to disconnect the input filter during autoranging. Since the source impedance at
the filter input varies with the input attsnuator selected, the response time will be slower
on the 4V range.
The 32kHz clock is used internally as the clock for the sequence and
measurement counters. The 32kHz clock is also divided down to 2048Hz and 4096Hz for
driving a beeper. The beeper output swings from V+ to V- and can directly drive
piezoelectric beepers. Two controi bits set by the microprocessor select the frequency
(2048 or 4096 Hz) of the beeper and turn it on or off. Since the beeper is controlled by
the microprocessor, it can be used for both continuity indication and for an audible
operator feedback signal for peak hold or range changes.
6) POWER SUPPLY:
COMMON, DIGITAL GROUND, LOW BATTERY DETECTOR-
Both the MAX133 and MAX134 can operate from either a nominal 9V battery or
a +5V supply. The maximum power supply current in DC voltage and DC current modes
is 250& with a typical operating current of lOOti.
Analog Common is derived from a zener and is nominally 3.OV below V+. For
lowest cost applications the Common voltage, with a tempco of SOppm/‘C, may be usable
as a reference. In most applications, a bandgap reference wiil be connected to Common,
with a pullup resistor to V+, and a voitage divider connected across the bandgap
reference to generate the 545mV (60Hz operation) or 655 (50 Hz ope ation) reference
voitage. In a battery powered meter, the Analog Common pin is used as the system
ground reference point.
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COMPONENT SELECTION
1) INTEGRATION RESISTORS
For an accurate times 2 multication in the X2 mode, the two RINT resistors must
be exactly equal. If the X2 mode is not needed, then connect a 604kQ RJNTI between
Buffer Out1 and the integration capacitor CM, and leave Buffer Out2 open. The value of
both RINTI and RINT2 is nirmally 301 kS2 for a 545mV or 655mV reference. This sets the
integratoe output current to 2@ during the Deintegrate phase. If the reference voltage is
different, scale the R INT resistors proportionately.
-
1) INTEGRATION CAPACITOR
The normal value for the integration capacitor is 4.7nF. This value, in
combination with the integrator output currsnt and the clock frequency sets the integrator
swing to about 3V for the voltsge ranges when RIMI = RINQ = 301 kS2 and the clock
frequency is 32,768Hz. While the same integrator swing can be achieved with other values
of capacitors by changing the value of RINT, lower values of CINT may introduce more
noise through increased pickup ot noise and 50/60Hz signals. Excessiveiy high values ot
Clm will also cause noise problems by reducing the integrator swing to unacceptably low
values, causing the comparator noise to dominate the conversion errors. Large values of
GIN wili also cause linea-ity errors since the settling time of the internal times 10 circuitry
is affected by the value of CWT.
The dielectric absorption of the integration capacitor directly aftects the integral
Ilnearity, and high quslity polypropylene capacitors aie recommended. PO&carbonate and
polystyrene capacitors may give satisfactory performance in less demanding applications,
while the fourth choice, polyester (MylarTM), will cause about 0.1% integral non-linearity.
The RC time constant of the active filter components sets the rolloff frequency
of the filter. The etfective value of the RFILTE&Figure 5) is the sum of its value plus the
source impedance driving the filter. In the 30V range for example, the effective source
impedance is the 101 kQ resistor in the attenuator. In the 3V range, the sffective source
impedance is 1 MS2. This variable source impedance will alter the tilter characteristics
samewhat as the different voltage ranges are selscted. The effect of the different source
impedances can be minimized by increasing the value of the filter resistors while
decreasing the value of the tiltsr capacitors proportionately. This, however, will increase the
offset error caused by the A/D input leakage current flowing through the filter resistors. For
-
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most applications. filter resistor values between 1 M Q and 3MQ are optimal.
The RC time constant sets the filter roiloff frequency. A low rollott frequency
improves the normal mode rejection, but at the expense of a longer settling time in
response to input voltage step changes. Another consideration when an LCO bargraph is
used is aliasing. If the bargraph is updated at 20 times per second and there is a 19Hz
component in the signal being measured, the beat frequency of 1Hz will appear on the
LCD bargraph dispisy. To avoid aliasing effects, the filter time constant is normally set to
less than 10Hz. A 3Hz roiloff (RC = 4Oms) further reducss the aliasing effects and
-
increases normal mode rsjection while still maintaining an acceptable transient response
with fast varying signals.
Dielectric absorption in the filter capacitors will create a smail, long time constant
settling error; therefore polypropylene capacitors are recommended.
The oscillator capacitor connectsd to Osc Out is typically lOpF, but should be
adjusted to optimize perlormance with the chosen crystal. If overtone oscillations are
observed, then increase the value ot the oscillator capacitor. It on the other hsnd, the
oscillator has start-up problems. then reduce or eliminate the oscillator capacitor. Keep the
stray capacitance across the crystal to a minimum since excessive stray capecitance will
prevent oscillation.
4) ATTENUATOR NETWORK
The attenuator network and the associated range selection switches are shown
in Figure 3. If the resistance of the internal range selection switches were OQ , then the
theoretically ideal values for the attenuator network would be 10M Q, l.llllMQ, lOl.lOlk
Q, lO.OlkQ a n d l.OOOlkQ.
20
5) INPUT ATTENUATOR COMPENSATION CAPACITORS
The input attenuator is often compensated with low value capacitors to maintain
a constant attenuation ratio over a wide bandwith. The value of the compensation
capacitors should be as low as practical, otherwise the 10M 52, pin will be driven above
V+ or below V- when high frequency, high voltage signals are applied to the attenuator
input, causing gross conversion errors.
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5. FUNCTIONAL CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The input voltage is first put through the voltage divider(Fig. A), where the division
ratio is selected by the range selector switch. The maximum output voltage from the
voltage divider is 200mV DC/AC. If the function switch is set to ACV, the output from the
voltage divider is switched to the AC/DC convet-ter(Fig. B). The output of the AC/DC
converter is the RMS of the AC input. The DC voltage is then applied to pins 38 and 39
of the MAX133/134 and is compared with the 1OOmV reference voltage applied to pins 43
and 44. The MAX133/134 then computes the resultant voltage and displays it by driving
the LCD display.
A ratio technique is used. When the function switch is set to OHM, a series circuit
is formed by the internal reference voltage, the selected reference resistor and the
resistance to be measured. The ratio of the two resistors is equal to the ratio of their
respective voltage drops. Since the value of the reference resistor is known, the
MAX133/134 A/D converter calcurates the value of the unknown resistor as follows;
RI VDl
-_=- (RX) (vD~)=(R~) nmx)
Rx VDx
(Rl) (VDX)
Rx=
VDl
22
.
The diode under test is connected to the A/D converter and the forward voltage
drop is measured. Multivibrator is operated when the input resistance is less than 30 ohm
and frequency of 2kHz is applied to the buzzer through a buffer to sound.
This circuit consist in CPU, TR, Capacitance, and battery on PCB. If no reading
was about 15 minutes. Power has turn off automatically.
23
.
This circuit is for the display of capacitance value by measuring the charging/
discharging period of the unknown capacitor by the TR Q2, U3 and U8 which are
controlled by CPU.
This circuit displays the frequency value by the internal counter of Ul during
measuring the AC Voltage. The signal comes in, goes through the same divider as the
attenuator and the amplitude is to be fitted th the input of Ul via U3.
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. 7. CALIBRATION
1. DCV calibration
2. ACV calibration
3. A calibration
1. ti Calibration
2. mA Calibration
3. Capacitance calibration
-.
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SCAL3504I Calibration
7. mV Calibration
2. V calibration
3. Temp calibration
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SCAL350-IV Calibration
I. Resistance calibration
2. Capacitance calibration
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7-2. Software Calibration for 35OA Calibration Proccdurc
SC,4L360-I Calibration
1, D C V Caiibraiion
i ! Press ‘CAL ‘CNd’ b!l:t~~~. h4?&.; :;~rt? t<: scjund bccL\ t?: DIMM, If ~C)LI arc n o t a b l e t o h e a t
b e e p Sound, press ‘CAi- ON’ button agaIn.
2) Se: t h e f u n c t i o n swi?ch to the DCni V range.
31 I n p u t 200.0mV to CGM ant We. ana want untii drspiay IS stabiiized.
4) Press ‘GK’ buttc:,n. ?;iat:c s;J~:;’ :c:: s~jrc; tc s(:ij;~d beep ai DMM, if you afe no? ab;e in
2. ACV Callbratton
1) Press ‘CAL ON’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘CAL ON’ button again.
21 Set the function switch to V, and press blue button to se? ACV.
3) Input 2V60Hz to COM and ‘\//.!‘J. wait tintil display is stabilized.
41 Press ‘OK’ buttcn. Make sutc ?c\ sourid beep sour~.I at DMM. if you are not a b l e to
hear beep sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
5) Press ‘END CAL’ butfGn and make sure to sound beep at DMM.
3. OHM Calibration
1) Press ‘CAL ON’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘CAL ON’ button again. -
2) Set the function switch to the OHM(Q) range.
3) input 200~2 to COM and V/Q, and wait until display is stabilized.
4) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear beep
sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
5) Input 2kSZ to COM and V/Q, and wait until display is stabilized.
6) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear beep
sound, press ‘OK’ button.
7) Input 20kQ to COM and V/Q, and wait until display is stabilized.
8) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear beep
sound, press ‘OK’ button.
9) Input 200k.Q to COM and V/Q, wait until display is stabilized.
10) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OK’ button.
11) Input 2MQ to COM and V/Q, and wait until display is stabilized.
12) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not-able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OK’ button.
13) Input 20M/Q to COM and V/Q, and wait until display is stabilized.
14) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OK’ button.
15) Press ‘END CAL’ button and make sure to sound beep at DMM.
4. CAPllND Calibration
1) Press “CAL ON’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘CAL ON’button again.
2) Set the function switch to the CAP/L range.
3) Input 500.0nF to COM and CAP, and wait display is stabilized.
4) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear beep
sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
5) Input 5O.OuF to COM and CAP, and wait until display is stabilized.
6) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able-to hear beep
sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
7) Press yellow button too set IND function.
8) Input 10H to COM and L, wait until display is stabilized.
9) Press ‘OK’ button. Make to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear beep
sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
10) Press ‘END CAL’ and make sure to sound beep at DMM.
31
5. Current Calibration
1) Press ‘CAL ON’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are nofable to hear
beep sound, press ‘CAL ON’ button again.
2) Set the function switch to the uA range.
3) Adjust RI9 and set the display to +OCQl - 000.5.
4) Press ‘OFFSET’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OFFSET’ button again.
5) Input 2.0OOmA to COM and uA/mA, and wait until display is stbilized.
6) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
7) Input 200uA to COM and uA/mA, and wait display is stabilized,
8) Press ‘GAIN’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘GAIN’ button again.
9) Set the function switch to the mA range.
10) Input 200mA to COM and uA/mA, wait until display is stabilized.
11) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
12) Set the function switch to the A range.
13) Input 1 OA to COM and A, wait until display is stabilized.
14) Press ‘OK’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘OK’ button again.
15) Press ‘END CAL’ button and make sure to sound beep at DMM.
6. Temperature Calibration
1) Press ‘CAL ON’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘CAL ON’ button again.
2) Set the function switch to the A range and press Yellow button.
3) Set a room temperature pressing with arrows A and V buttons.
4) Press ‘TMP’ button. Make sure to sound beep at DMM, if you are not able to hear
beep sound, press ‘TMP’ button again.
5) Press ‘END CAL’ button and make sure to sound beep at DMM.
32