Urolithiasis

It's a dangerous disease recorded in all animal species and

human especially dog and castrated male of ruminant ,
character by urethral obstruction with complete retention of
urine which lead to filling and swelling of urinary bladder and
finally the urethral perforation and rupture of urinary bladder
occur .

Etiology :
The source of urolith is from precipitates the urinary solutes (
especially inorganic ) as crystal or amphorous depositions which
need for longer time .
The precipitates accumulated around of nidus which either
sloughing cells or any necrotic cells .
Factors enhanced the urolith conformation :-
1 – Conformation the nidus :
The probality of nidus conformation increase in :
A – Infection in any part of urinary tract .
B – Vit . A . deficiency .
C – Give animals high doses of oestrogens ( 20% of urolithiasis
recorded due to intake 30 mg / stilbestrol hormone )
2 – Precipitation the solutes :
The urine in nature as fluid with high concentration of solutes
which normally don't precipitate due to found the protective
colloids mechanism which convert the urine to gel like .

The factors causes to precipitate the urinary solutes :

 A – pH
The high alkaline pH of urine stimulate the conformation of
urolith which contain salts of Ca and P .
B – Degree of solutes concentration and density in urine .
of concentration and density enhanced the precipitate the
salts which occur in :
1 – Deprivation animals ( repeated ) from water .
2 – Excessive losing of body fluid as in sever sweating ,
diarrhea .
3 – Drinking a water which contain high percentage of Ca salts
as from water have different levels of salts .
4 – Metabolic defects
5 – Excessive intake vit . D. and diet rich in oxalic acid which
they are increase Ca concentration in urine .

Clinical signs : depend on urolith location

1 – If calculi present in urinary bladder caused cystitis which
accompanied by specific clinical signs of cystitis .
– rectal palpation exhibited a calculi in bladder .
2 – If calculi in urethra caused urethral obstruction ( commonly
in castrated small bull ) with severe abdominal pain ( animal
kicking ground and abdomen by posterior hands and swishing of
tail ) and animal suffering of dysuria ) .
- Urethra and bladder swelling and filling by urine and
palpation of urethra caused to animal sever pain ( Rectal
exam ) .
Diagnosis : -
1 – case history 2 – clinical signs
3 – urine exam :
- The urine contain : - RBCs , epithelial cells , crystals and
sand deposition .
4 – blood exam : BUN .
5-X-rays and ultra –sonic apparatus.

Treatment :
1 – Surgical Operation
2 – Destructive urolith drugs with give muscular relaxants as
Aminopromazine help in urine excretion .
3 – Advised to slaughter animals if diagnosis confirm
urolithiasis .