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دوره (جدول تناوبی) - ویکی - پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
دوره (جدول تناوبی) - ویکی - پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ،ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ .ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ
ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ،ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻗﺒﻠﻲﺍﺵ )ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩٴ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ( ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﮕﺎﺗﻴﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ
ﻫﺴﺘﻪٴ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ،ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ
ﭘﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ۷ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.
ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎﺕ
۱ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ
۲ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺩﻭﻡ
۳ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺳﻮﻡ
۴ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ
۵ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
۶ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺷﺸﻢ
۷ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻫﻘﺘﻢ
۸ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ
۹ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ۲ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻫﺸﺖﺗﺎﻳﻲ )ﺍﻛﺘﺖ( ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﻫﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ
)ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ( ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﺱ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ )ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ( ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻭ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ .ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ
ﺑﻪﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ )ﻫﺎﻟﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ.
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ) (Hﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ٪۷۵ﺟﺮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ [۱].ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ )ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺘﻪٴ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ
ًﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ .ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ .ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺪﺗ
ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ[۲].
ً ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ [۳].ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ [۴].ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ ،ﻟﻴﻚ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﻠﻴﻮﻡ ) (Heﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ
ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ [۵].ﻫﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ[۶].
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺩﻭﻡ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۲ ۱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
۱۰ ۹ ۸ ۷ ۶ ۵ ۴ ۳ #
Ne F O N C B Be Li ﻧﺎﻡ
. ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ. ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ۲p ﻭ۲s ﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺭﺑﻴﺘﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺮﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ
.[ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ۷].( ﺳﺒﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻛﻢﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖLi) ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ
ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺷﺪ، ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪ.( ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩBe) ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻴﻢ
Between ۱٪ and ۱۵٪ of people are sensitive to beryllium [۸]. ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥﺯﺍﻫﺎ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﺳﺖIARC ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ. ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ،ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ
[۹].called chronic beryllium disease , ﭘﻮﺳﺖand ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲand may develop an inflammatory reaction in their
B) does not occur naturally as a free element, but in compounds such as borates. It is an essential plant micronutrient, required for) ﺑﻮﺭ
cell wall strength and development, cell division, seed and fruit development, sugar transport and hormone development,[۱۰][۱۱] though
.high levels are toxic
[ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪٴ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ۱۳]،[ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ۱۲] ﻫﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ،( ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﮔﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪٴ ﺟﺮﻡ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥC) ﻛﺮﺑﻦ
s, those essential for ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁﻟﻲAll [۱۶][۱۵].ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒC-C [ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ۱۴].ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ
life, contain at least one atom of carbon; [۱۵][۱۶] combined with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, carbon is the basis of
[۱۶].every important biological compound
gas, N۲, which makes up ۷۸٪ of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential component ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺍﺗﻤﻲN) is found mainly as mostly inert) ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ
.of proteins and therefore of life
O) comprising ۲۱٪ of the atmosphere and is required for respiration by all (or nearly all) animals, as well as being the principal) ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ
.Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe, and oxygen compounds dominate the Earth's crust . ﺁﺏcomponent of
.F) is the most reactive element in its non-ionized state, and so is never found that way in nature) ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ
.( ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺌﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩNe) ﻧﺌﻮﻥ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺳﻮﻡ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۲ ۱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۱۲ ۱۱ #
Ar Cl S P Si Al Mg Na ﻧﺎﻡ
are all essential to basic geology and ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻥAll but the noble gas . ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭAll period three elements occur in nature and have at least one
.biology
.(table salt) ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪIt is present in Earth's oceans in large quantities in the form of . ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲNa) is an) ﺳﺪﻳﻢ
. ﺳﺒﺰﻳﻨﻪMagnesium ions are found in . ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻛﻲMg) is an) ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ
.Al) is a poor metal. It is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust) ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ
. ﻣﺎﺳﻪis the principal constituent of ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ. ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪmaking it the principal component in many , ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎIt is a . ﺷﺒﻪﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕSi) is a) ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ
.essential to DNA. It is highly reactive, and as such is never found in nature as a free element ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎP) is a) ﻓﺴﻔﺮ
. ﻣﺘﻴﻮﻧﻴﻦand ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺌﻴﻦ:It is found in two amino acids . ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎS) is a) ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ
.It is used as a disinfectant, especially in swimming pools . ﻫﺎﻟﻮﮊﻥCl) is a) ﻛﻠﺮ
making it almost entirely nonreactive. Incandescent lamps are often filled with noble gases such as argon in order , ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﺠﻴﺐAr) is a) ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻥ
.to preserve the filaments at high temperatures
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۱۲ ۱۱ ۱۰ ۹ ۸ ۷ ۶ ۵ ۴ ۳ ۲ ۱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
۳۶ ۳۵ ۳۴ ۳۳ ۳۲ ۳۱ ۳۰ ۲۹ ۲۸ ۲۷ ۲۶ ۲۵ ۲۴ ۲۳ ۲۲ ۲۱ ۲۰ ۱۹ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ
Kr Br Se As Ge Ga Zn Cu Ni Co Fe Mn Cr V Ti Sc Ca K ﻧﺎﻡ
These include . ﻓﻠﺰ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪwith the lighter ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺩﻱand is the first period in the , ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢand ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢPeriod ۴ includes the biologically essential elements
the heaviest element forged in main-sequence stars and a principal component of the earth, as well as other important metals such as ,ﺁﻫﻦ
.Almost all have biological roles . ﺭﻭﻱand , ﻣﺲ, ﻧﻴﻜﻞ,ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۱۲ ۱۱ ۱۰ ۹ ۸ ۷ ۶ ۵ ۴ ۳ ۲ ۱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
From left to right, aqueous solutions of:
۵۴ ۵۳ ۵۲ ۵۱ ۵۰ ۴۹ ۴۸ ۴۷ ۴۶ ۴۵ ۴۴ ۴۳ ۴۲ ۴۱ ۴۰ ۳۹ ۳۸ ۳۷ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ
Co(NO۳)۲ (red); K۲Cr۲O۷ (orange);
Xe I Te Sb Sn In Cd Ag Pd Rh Ru Tc Mo Nb Zr Y Sr Rb ﻧﺎﻡ K۲CrO۴ (yellow); NiCl۲ (green); CuSO۴
.((blue); KMnO۴ (purple
۶ ﺩﻭﺭﻩa , )ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ. ﻳﺪand ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻥ,Period ۵ contains the heaviest few elements that have biological roles
.the lightest exclusively radioactive element , ﺗﻜﻨﺴﻴﻢis the only heavier element that has a biological role.) It includes ,ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﺷﺸﻢ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۱۲ ۱۱ ۱۰ ۹ ۸ ۷ ۶ ۵ ۴ (Lanthanides) ۳ ۲ ۱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
۸۶ ۸۵ ۸۴ ۸۳ ۸۲ ۸۱ ۸۰ ۷۹ ۷۸ ۷۷ ۷۶ ۷۵ ۷۴ ۷۳ ۷۲ ۷۱ ۷۰ ۶۹ ۶۸ ۶۷ ۶۶ ۶۵ ۶۴ ۶۳ ۶۲ ۶۱ ۶۰ ۵۹ ۵۸ ۵۷ ۵۶ ۵۵ #
Rn At Po Bi Pb Tl Hg Au Pt Ir Os Re W Ta Hf Lu Yb Tm Er Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Pm Nd Pr Ce La Ba Cs ﻧﺎﻡ
with the lanthanides (also known as the rare earth elements), and includes the heaviest , ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲPeriod ۶ is the first period to include the
.are largely inert ﻃﻼand ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻦstable elements. Many of these heavy metals are toxic and some are radioactive, but
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻫﻘﺘﻢ
۱۸ ۱۷ ۱۶ ۱۵ ۱۴ ۱۳ ۱۲ ۱۱ ۱۰ ۹ ۸ ۷ ۶ ۵ ۴ ( )ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻴﺪﻫﺎ۳ ۲ ۱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
۱۱۸ ۱۱۷ ۱۱۶ ۱۱۵ ۱۱۴ ۱۱۳ ۱۱۲ ۱۱۱ ۱۱۰ ۱۰۹ ۱۰۸ ۱۰۷ ۱۰۶ ۱۰۵ ۱۰۴ ۱۰۳ ۱۰۲ ۱۰۱ ۱۰۰ ۹۹ ۹۸ ۹۷ ۹۶ ۹۵ ۹۴ ۹۳ ۹۲ ۹۱ ۹۰ ۸۹ ۸۸ ۸۷ #
Uuo Uus Uuh Uup Uuq Uut Cn Rg Ds Mt Hs Bh Sg Db Rf Lr No Md Fm Es Cf Bk Cm Am Pu Np U Pa Th Ac Ra Fr ﻧﺎﻡ
All of the subsequent . ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﻢ,This period contains the heaviest element which occurs naturally on earth . ﻭﺍﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱAll elements of period ۷ are
are now available in tonne quantities, most are ( ﭘﻠﻮﺗﻮﻧﻴﻢ.elements in the period have been synthesized artificially. Whilst some of these (e.g
extremely rare, having only been prepared in microgram amounts or less. Some of the later elements have only ever been identified in
.laboratories in quantities of a few atoms at a time
Although the rarity of many of these elements means that experimental results are not very extensive, periodic and group trends in behaviour
do show typical properties of Groups ۱ and ۲ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻢand ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻢappear to be less well defined for period ۷ than for other periods. Whilst
Initial studies suggest Group ۱۴ . ﻻﻧﺘﺎﻧﻴﺪﻫﺎdisplay a much greater variety of behaviour and oxidation states than the ﺁﻛﺘﻴﻨﻴﺪﻫﺎrespectively, the
probably is not a noble gas.[۱۷] These ﺁﻥﺍﻥﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮﻡappears to be a noble gas instead of a poor metal, and group ۱۸ element ﺁﻥﺍﻥﻛﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡelement
peculiarities of period ۷ may be due to a variety of factors, including a large degree of spin-orbit coupling and relativistic effects, ultimately
. ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢcaused by the very high positive electrical charge from their massive
ﺩﻭﺭﻩٴ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ
No element of the eighth period has yet been synthesized. A g-block is predicted. It is not clear if all elements predicted for the eighth period
.are in fact physically possible. There may therefore be no ninth period
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
۱. Palmer, David (November ۱۳, ۱۹۹۷). "Hydrogen in the Universe". NASA. Retrieved ۲۰۰۸-۰۲-۰۵.
۲. "hydrogen". Encyclopædia Britannica. ۲۰۰۸.
۳. "Helium: physical properties". WebElements. Retrieved ۲۰۰۸-۰۷-۱۵.
۴. "Helium: geological information". WebElements. Retrieved ۲۰۰۸-۰۷-۱۵.
۵. Cox, Tony (۱۹۹۰-۰۲-۰۳). "Origin of the chemical elements". New Scientist. Retrieved ۲۰۰۸-۰۷-۱۵.
۶. "Helium supply deflated: production shortages mean some industries and partygoers must squeak by.". Houston Chronicle. ۲۰۰۶-۱۱-۰۵.
۷. Lithium (http://www.webelements.com/lithium/) at WebElements.
۸. "IARC Monograph, Volume ۵۸". International Agency for Research on Cancer. ۱۹۹۳. Retrieved ۲۰۰۸-۰۹-۱۸.
۹. Information (http://www.chronicberylliumdisease.com/medical/med_bediseases.htm#cbd) about chronic beryllium disease.
۱۰. "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition" (PDF). U.S. Borax Inc. Archived from the original on ۲۰۰۳-۰۸-۱۸.
۱۱. Blevins, Dale G.; Lukaszewski, Krystyna M. (۱۹۹۸). "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
۴۹: ۴۸۱–۵۰۰. doi:۱۰.۱۱۴۶/annurev.arplant.۴۹.۱.۴۸۱ Check |doi= value (help). PMID ۱۵۰۱۲۲۴۳.
۱۲. Ten most abundant elements in the universe, taken from The Top ۱۰ of Everything, ۲۰۰۶, Russell Ash, page ۱۰. Retrieved October ۱۵, ۲۰۰۸.
(http://plymouthlibrary.org/faqelements.htm)
۱۳. Chang, Raymond (۲۰۰۷). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. p. ۵۲. ISBN ۰-۰۷-۱۱۰۵۹۵-۶.
۱۴. Freitas Jr., Robert A. (۱۹۹۹). Nanomedicine,. Landes Bioscience. Tables ۳-۱ & ۳-۲. ISBN ۱۵۷۰۵۹۶۸۰۸.
۱۵. "Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons". Purdue University. Retrieved ۲۰۰۸-۰۳-۲۳.
۱۶. Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.
۱۷. See references in the articles ﺁﻥﺍﻥﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮﻡ,ﻓﻠﺮﻭﻭﻳﻮﻡ
Wikipedia contributors, "Period (periodic table)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Period_(periodic_table)&oldid=۴۴۶۷۳۱۸۵۴ (accessed September ۲, ۲۰۱۱).
ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ
( • ﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻴﺪﻫﺎExtension beyond the ۷th period (Pyykkö model • compact) • Extended form, large (Pyykkö model ﻓﺮﻡ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ
Metals and nonmetals • Maximum valences • Electron configurations • Electronegativities • Allen scale electronegativities •
Atomic weights • Dietary elements • Nutritional elements • Metalloid border • • • ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﺷﻤﻴﺖCrystal structure ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ
Electron affinities
ﻧﻤﺎﺩ • ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ )ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ( • ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖﻫﺎ • ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ • ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪٴ
• • ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺫﻭﺏ • ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﻮﺵ • ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ • ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﮔﺪﺍﺧﺖ • ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭElectron affinities • ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ • ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ
• ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﮕﺎﺗﻴﻮﻱ • ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﺶ • ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ • ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ
• ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﻳﺶElastic properties
• ( )ﻛﺎﻟﻜﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ۱۶ • ( )ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ۱۵ • ( )ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ۱۴ • ( )ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﻮﺭ۱۳ • ۱۲ • ۱۱ • ۱۰ • ۹ • ۸ • ۷ • ۶ • ۵ • ۴ • ۳ • ( )ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ۲ • ( )ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ۱
ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ
( )ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ۱۸ • ( )ﻫﺎﻟﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ۱۷
PGMs) •) ﺳﻮﭘﺮﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻴﺪﻫﺎ • ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺏ • ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻦ-ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎ • ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎ • ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ • ﺷﺒﻪﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ • ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎ • ﻻﻧﺘﺎﻧﻴﺪﻫﺎ • ﺁﻛﺘﻴﻨﻴﺪﻫﺎ • ﺳﻮﭘﺮﺁﻛﺘﻴﻨﺪﻫﺎ • ﺍﻛﺎ
ﺩﺳﺖﺑﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ
• ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺮﮔﺪﺍﺯPost-transition metals
۸•۷•۶•۵•۴•۳•۲•۱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ
(Name etymology (places • scientists • ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ • ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ
Systematic element name) • Groups of elements • Trivial name • • ﺩﻣﻴﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ • ﺁﻳﻮﭘﺎﻙ )ﻧﺎﻡﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
Chemical elements in East Asian languages