Resolução dos exercícios do livro P.

Atkins, Princípios de
Química, 5a edição
Prof. Gerd Bruno da Rocha - DQ - UFPB

Capítulo 9 - Equilíbrios Físicos

V ≔ 3.0 m ⋅ 3.0 m ⋅ 2.5 m V = 22.5 m 3

gm
M_Hg ≔ 200.59 ―― T ≔ (25 + 298.15) K p_v ≔ 0.227 Pa
mol
p_v ⋅ V
n ≔ ――― n = 0.001901 mol m ≔ n ⋅ M_Hg m = 0.381 gm
R⋅T

T1 ≔ ((-28 + 273.15)) K p1 ≔ 17 ⋅ 10 3 Pa p2 ≔ 101325 Pa

J
∆Hvap ≔ 23.77 ⋅ 10 3 ――
mol
-1
⎛ 1 R ⎛ p2 ⎞⎞
T2 ≔ ⎜―― - ――― ⋅ ln ⎜―⎟⎟ T2 = 289.459 K
⎝ T1 ∆Hvap ⎝ p1 ⎠⎠

T1 ≔ ((-111.95 + 273.15)) K T2 ≔ ((-83.6 + 273.15)) K p1 ≔ 35 torr

p2 ≔ 253 torr
⎛ p2 ⎞
-RR ⋅ ln ⎜―⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠
∆Hvap ≔ ――――
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜―― - ―― ⎟ J
⎝ T2 T1 ⎠ ∆Hvap = ⎛⎝1.773 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ――
mol
 pext ≔ 1 atm

-1
⎛ 1 R ⎛ pext ⎞⎞
Teb ≔ ⎜―― - ――― ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟⎟ Teb = 210.096 K
⎝ T1 ∆Hvap ⎝ p1 ⎠⎠

∆Hvap J
∆Svap ≔ ――― ∆Svap = 84.37 ―――
Teb K ⋅ mol

Tstd ≔ 298.15 K
J
∆Gvap ≔ ∆Hvap - Tstd ⋅ ∆Svap ∆Gvap = -7.429 ⋅ 10 3 ――
mol

a) T = 2.4K

b) cerca de 10 atm

c) 5.3 a 5.5 K

d) não

a)
mol
kH_O2 ≔ 1.3 ⋅ 10 -3 ――― p_O2 ≔ 50 ⋅ 10 3 Pa p_O2 = 0.493 atm
L ⋅ atm

mol
s_O2 ≔ kH_O2 ⋅ p_O2 s_O2 = ⎛⎝6.415 ⋅ 10 -4⎞⎠ ――
L
b)
mol
kH_CO2 ≔ 2.3 ⋅ 10 -2 ――― p_CO2 ≔ 500 torr p_CO2 = 0.658 atm
L ⋅ atm

mol
s_CO2 ≔ kH_CO2 ⋅ p_CO2 s_CO2 = 0.01513 ――
L
 T ≔ ((20 + 273.15)) K
p_CO2 ≔ 3.60 atm

mol mol
kH_CO2 ≔ 2.3 ⋅ 10 -2 ――― s_CO2 ≔ kH_CO2 ⋅ p_CO2 s_CO2 = 0.0828 ――
L ⋅ atm L
gm
V ≔ 0.420 L M_CO2 ≔ 44.0 ――
mol
n_CO2 ≔ s_CO2 ⋅ V n = 0.0019 mol m ≔ n ⋅ M_CO2 m = 0.08364 gm

a)
gm
m_NaCl ≔ 25 gm m_H2O ≔ 500 gm M_NaCl ≔ 58.44 ――
mol

m_NaCl
―――
M_NaCl mol
b_NaCl ≔ ―――― b_NaCl = 0.856 ――
m_H2O kg

b)
mol gm
m_H2O ≔ 345 gm b_NaOH ≔ 0.18 ―― M_NaOH ≔ 39.997 ――
kg mol

n_NaOH ≔ b_NaOH ⋅ m_H2O n_NaOH = 0.062 mol

m_NaOH ≔ n_NaOH ⋅ M_NaOH m_NaOH = 2.483814 gm

c)
gm
m_ureia ≔ 0.978 gm m_H2O ≔ 285 gm M_ureia ≔ 60.06 ――
mol

m_ureia
―――
M_ureia mol
b_ureia ≔ ―――― b_ureia = 0.057136 ――
m_H2O kg
 gm gm
ρ_sol ≔ 1.043 ―― vamos assumir 100g da solução M_solu ≔ 212.27 ――
cm 3 mol
m_solu ≔ 5 gm m_H2O ≔ 95 gm

a)
m_solu
―――
M_solu mol
b_sol ≔ ――― b_sol = 0.248 ――
m_H2O kg

b)
vamos assumir 1L da solução V_sol ≔ 1 L m_sol ≔ ρ_sol ⋅ V_sol

m_sol = ⎛⎝1.043 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ gm m_solu ≔ 0.05 ⋅ m_sol m_solu = 52.15 gm

m_solu n_solu
n_solu ≔ ――― n_solu = 0.246 mol c_sol ≔ ―――
M_solu V_sol

mol
c_sol = 0.246 ――
L

a)
gm x_sal mol
x_sal ≔ 0.012 M_H2O ≔ 18 ―― b_sol ≔ ――― b_sol = 0.667 ――
mol M_H2O kg

gm
b) M_NaOH ≔ 39.997 ―― m_H2O ≔ 325 gm
mol
m_NaOH ≔ 6.75 gm

m_NaOH
――――
M_NaOH mol
b_sol ≔ ―――― b_sol = 0.519 ――
m_H2O kg

c)
mol gm
c_sol ≔ 15 ―― ρ_sol ≔ 1.0745 ――
L mL
vamos assumir 1L da solução V_sol ≔ 1 L
 m_sol ≔ ρ_sol ⋅ V_sol m_sol = 1.075 kg
gm
n_HCl ≔ V_sol ⋅ c_sol n_HCl = 15 mol M_HCl ≔ 36.5 ――
mol
m_HCl ≔ n_HCl ⋅ M_HCl m_HCl = 0.548 kg

m_H2O ≔ m_sol - m_HCl m_H2O = 0.527 kg

n_HCl mol
b_sol ≔ ――― b_sol = 28.463 ――
m_H2O kg

a)
p_v_solv_puro_100C ≔ 760 torr x_soluto ≔ 0.1 x_solvente ≔ 1 - x_soluto

p_v_solv_soluc ≔ p_v_solv_puro_100C ⋅ x_solvente

p_v_solv_soluc = 684 torr

gm mol
b) M_H2O ≔ 18 ―― bi ≔ 0.1 ―― x_soluto ≔ bi ⋅ M_H2O
mol kg
x_solvente ≔ 1 - x_soluto p_v_solv_soluc ≔ p_v_solv_puro_100C ⋅ x_solvente

p_v_solv_soluc = 758.632 torr x_solvente = 0.998 x_soluto = 0.0018

p_v_ben_puro ≔ 94.6 torr T ≔ ((25 + 273.15)) K n_ben ≔ 0.30 mol

p_v_ben_sol ≔ 75.0 torr ∆p_v ≔ p_v_ben_puro - p_v_ben_sol

∆p_v = 19.6 torr

∆p_v
x_soluto ≔ ――――― x_soluto = 0.207
p_v_ben_puro

n_ben ⋅ x_soluto
n_soluto ≔ ―――――― n_soluto = 0.078 mol
1 - x_soluto
 T ≔ ((26 + 273.15)) K

m_soluto ≔ 8.05 gm

m_ben ≔ 100 gm p_v_ben_puro ≔ 100 torr p_v_ben_sol ≔ 94.8 torr

∆p_v
∆p_v ≔ p_v_ben_puro - p_v_ben_sol x_soluto ≔ ――――― x_soluto = 0.052
p_v_ben_puro
gm
x_ben ≔ 1 - x_soluto x_ben = 0.948 M_ben ≔ ((6 ⋅ 12 + 6 ⋅ 1)) ――
mol
gm m_ben
M_ben = 78 ―― n_ben ≔ ――― n_ben = 1.282 mol
mol M_ben

n_ben
n_tot ≔ ――― n_tot = 1.352 mol n_solu ≔ n_tot - n_ben n_solu = 0.070323 mol
x_ben

m_solu gm
M_solu ≔ ――― M_solu = 741.573 ――
n_solu mol

m_solu ≔ 1.14 gm

m_canf ≔ 100 gm
T_cong_canf_sol ≔ ((176.9 + 273.15)) K
T_cong_canf_pura ≔ (179.8 + 273.15) K
-1
k_c_canf ≔ 39.7 K ⋅ kg ⋅ mol

∆T ≔ T_cong_canf_pura - T_cong_canf_sol ∆T = 2.9 K

∆T mol gm
bi ≔ ―――― bi = 0.073048 ―― M_canf ≔ 152.23 ――
k_c_canf kg mol

m_canf
n_canf ≔ ―――
x_solu ≔ M_canf ⋅ bi x_solu = 0.011 M_canf

n_canf = 0.657 mol x_canf ≔ 1 - x_solu x_canf = 0.989

n_canf
n_tot ≔ ――― n_tot = 0.664 mol n_solu ≔ n_tot - n_canf
x_canf
m_solu gm
n_solu = 0.007387 mol M_solu ≔ ――― M_solu = 154.327 ――
n_solu mol
 gm
M_solv ≔ 18.015 ――
mol
gm
M_solu ≔ 120.36 ――
mol

Vamos assumir 100g de solução m_solu ≔ 1 gm m_solv ≔ 99 gm

m_solu
n_solu ≔ ――― n_solu = 0.008308 mol
M_solu

m_solv
n_solv ≔ ――― n_solv = 5.49542 mol
M_solv
∆T ≔ 0.192 K k_c_H2O ≔ 1.86 K ⋅ kg ⋅ mol -1

n_solu mol
bi ≔ ――― bi = 0.084 ―― ∆T_teor ≔ k_c_H2O ⋅ bi
m_solv kg
∆T_teor = 0.156 K
∆T
i ≔ ―――= 1.23 q≔2
∆T_teor
i-1
MgSO4 --> Mg(2+) + SO4(-2) α ≔ ―― α = 0.23
q-1
α ⋅ 100 = 23 %

7.5
q≔2 α ≔ ――
100
mol
bi ≔ 0.1 ―― k_c_H2O ≔ 1.86 K ⋅ kg ⋅ mol -1 i ≔ 1 + α ⋅ ((q - 1))
kg
∆T ≔ i ⋅ k_c_H2O ⋅ bi T_c_agua_pura ≔ 273.15 K

T_c_agua_sol ≔ T_c_agua_pura - ∆T

T_c_agua_sol = 272.95 K

gm
M_man ≔ 180.156 ――
mol
gm
M_solv ≔ 18.015 ――
mol
mg kg
conc ≔ 180 ―― conc = 180 ――
mL m3 T ≔ ((25 + 273.15) K
conc mol
c_m ≔ ――― c_m = 0.999 ―― p_osm ≔ c_m ⋅ R ⋅ T
M_man L
p_osm = 24.444 atm
 m_poly ≔ 0.4 gm
V_sol ≔ 1 L
T ≔ ((27 + 273.15)) K
p_osm ≔ 3.74 torr
p_osm mol
c_m ≔ ――― c_m = ⎛⎝1.998 ⋅ 10 -4⎞⎠ ―― n_poly ≔ V_sol ⋅ c_m
R⋅T L

m_poly
n_poly = ⎛⎝1.998 ⋅ 10 -4⎞⎠ mol M_poly ≔ ―――
n_poly

gm
M_poly = ⎛⎝2.002 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ――
mol

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