Numerical Differentiation

CISE301_Topic6 1
 Numerical Differentiation

 First order derivatives

 High order derivatives
 Richardson Extrapolation
 Examples

CISE301_Topic6 2
 ist order derivatives fi X) = ↑- 12 /
3 ( 9- 4)
3) ( 0- 4)
MAR
min Value slOP2= f' = * (X) = 34-1 3 ( - 35 - 4)

ก
·
/

&
↑

slope = ': ⑦ -= # ⑦
3 3x- 4)
max
↑

0=
MAX Vale
เ นล X = - 1, in
~
min
/

-
ก - +

( อ น งMi
< >

-2 !
(23:0- 24 =- 16
== อ

for%
+'
-

ห
·

↳-
~ ะ -
↑2- 2) = - 8 +24 = 16

(1,- 167 Min

ก

ไ ี าสูงส -2016) MAX

example fi X) = <2 - X+ 5
4
fix) = 344- 8x+61
↑> ( x) = 14-
4

213- 1) ix) =12x-245 +12x==12x(*-2X+1

0= 1 1 /- 23
211- 2) ⑦ =12x( X- 13 ( X- 13 = 12X( X- 13
x=1< า ก
X= 0 al
- +

⑦- เ น 0 = -
+

< " >

Min ่ X =
= ↓
&
>

&~
To
(2) = 23 - 4( + 5 = 4- 0 + 5 :
~

MiN
(2) = 1
CO, 83
อ ม ทธ์ อา
ั

<2,1) ดส
ร่
ร่
่ำ
ป็
ก่
ค่
ม่
วิ
สุ
คื
ถึ
ยุ
พั
ต่
ร่
มี
ที
ป็
ค่
ค่
Motivation
 How do you evaluate the Time Displacement

derivative of a tabulated (second) (meters)

function. 0 30.1

 How do we determine the 5 48.2

velocity and acceleration
from tabulated 10 50.0

measurements.
15 40.2

CISE301_Topic6 3
Recall
df f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 lim
dx h0 h h=xi+1-xi

Taylor Theorem :
f ( 2 ) ( x ) h 2 f ( 3) ( x ) h 3
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h    O(h 4 )
2! 3!
n
E  O(h )   real, finite C , such that : E  C h
n

E is of order h n  E is approaching zero at rate similar to h n

CISE301_Topic6 4
Three Formula
df ( x) f ( x  h)  f ( x)
Forward Difference : 
dx h

df ( x) f ( x)  f ( x  h)
Backward Difference : 
dx h

df ( x) f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
Central Difference : 
dx 2h

Which method is better? How do we judge them?

CISE301_Topic6 5
The Three Formulas

CISE301_Topic6 6
Forward/Backward Difference Formula
Forward Difference : f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h  O ( h 2 )
 f ' ( x ) h  f ( x  h)  f ( x )  O ( h 2 )
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 f ' ( x)   O ( h)
h
_______________________________________________________
Backward Difference : f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h  O ( h 2 )
 f ' ( x ) h  f ( x )  f ( x  h)  O ( h 2 )
f ( x )  f ( x  h)
 f ' ( x)   O ( h)
h

CISE301_Topic6 7
Central Difference Formula
Central Difference :
f ( 2 ) ( x ) h 2 f ( 3) ( x ) h 3 f ( 4 ) ( x ) h 4
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h     ...
2! 3! 4!
f ( 2 ) ( x ) h 2 f ( 3) ( x ) h 3 f ( 4 ) ( x ) h 4
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h     ...
2! 3! 4!
f ( 3) ( x ) h 3
f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)  2 f ' ( x ) h  2  ...
3!
f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
 f ' ( x)   O(h 2 )
2h

CISE301_Topic6 8
 1.5
/( X) = 22 Central difference
X= d= 3 1 = 0.3
f'( X) = FIXth) - FSX- HI
2H

=515 + 0.11 - <23- 8.1

258.1

forward differenc Backward differenc

f'( X) = 271.07
/2 X) = FIX+HI- FIX/ CX) ==F(X) - FIX-H
# #
or fi x) = forward + backwarol
2
== < 3 + 0.13 - ↑23/ =5 2 3) - =( 3- 8.13
% 0.2
!3 1
3:3 1.5 3 1.5 ( 3) 1,522.9)
=( ! - C =

2 22
0 0.

/(4) = 191.357
='(x) = 258.77
ร่
 +(4) = XIUX

*1= 1 , h = 0.3

="(X) = /( XI- 13 - If SX1) + FINIth/

#2

+11- 0.13- 2 5213 + =( 1 +0.7

20.15

="(X) = 1.08 17
The Three Formula (Revisited)
df ( x) f ( x  h)  f ( x)
Forward Difference :   O ( h)
dx h

df ( x) f ( x)  f ( x  h)
Backward Difference:   O ( h)
dx h

df ( x) f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
Central Difference :   O(h 2 )
dx 2h

Forward and backward difference formulas are comparable in accuracy.

Central difference formula is expected to give a better answer.

CISE301_Topic6 9
Higher Order Formulas
f ( 2) ( x)h 2 f (3) ( x)h3 f ( 4) ( x)h 4
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h     ...
2! 3! 4!
f ( 2) ( x)h 2 f (3) ( x)h 3 f ( 4) ( x)h 4
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  f ' ( x ) h     ...
2! 3! 4!
f ( 2) ( x)h 2 f ( 4) ( x ) h 4
f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)  2 f ( x )  2 2  ...
2! 4!
f ( x  h)  2 f ( x )  f ( x  h)
 f ( 2) ( x)  2
 O ( h 2
)
h

f ( 4) ( )h 2
Error  
12
CISE301_Topic6 10
Other Higher Order Formulas
f ( x  h)  2 f ( x)  f ( x  h)
f ( 2) ( x ) 
h2
f ( x  2h )  2 f ( x  h )  2 f ( x  h )  f ( x  2h )
f ( 3) ( x ) 
2h 3
f ( x  2h )  4 f ( x  h )  6 f ( x )  4 f ( x  h )  f ( x  2h )
f ( 4) ( x ) 
h4

Central Formulas with Error  O ( h 2 )

Other formulas for f ( 2) ( x ), f ( 3) ( x )... are also possible.
You can use Taylor Theorem to prove them and obtain the error order.

CISE301_Topic6 11
Example
 Use forward, backward and centered difference
approximations to estimate the first derivate of:
f(x) = –0.1x4 – 0.15x3 – 0.5x2 – 0.25x + 1.2
at x = 0.5 using step size h = 0.5 and h = 0.25
 Note that the derivate can be obtained directly:
f’(x) = –0.4x3 – 0.45x2 – 1.0x – 0.25
The true value of f’(0.5) = -0.9125
 In this example, the function and its derivate
are known. However, in general, only tabulated
data might be given.
CISE301_Topic6 12
Solution with Step Size = 0.5
 f(0.5) = 0.925, f(0) = 1.2, f(1.0) = 0.2
45 8.5 +0.5) = /( 13
 Forward Divided Difference:
FIXTH) - FI X / A
f’(0.5)  (0.2 – 0.925)/0.5 = -1.45
|t| = |(-0.9125+1.45)/-0.9125| = 58.9%
 Backward Divided Difference:
f’(0.5)  (0.925 – 1.2)/0.5 = -0.55
|t| = |(-0.9125+0.55)/-0.9125| = 39.7%
 Centered Divided Difference:
f’(0.5)  (0.2 – 1.2)/1.0 = -1.0
|t| = |(-0.9125+1.0)/-0.9125| = 9.6%
CISE301_Topic6 13
Solution with Step Size = 0.25
 f(0.5)=0.925, f(0.25)=1.1035, f(0.75)=0.6363
 Forward Divided Difference:
f’(0.5)  (0.6363 – 0.925)/0.25 = -1.155
|t| = |(-0.9125+1.155)/-0.9125| = 26.5%
 Backward Divided Difference:
f’(0.5)  (0.925 – 1.1035)/0.25 = -0.714
|t| = |(-0.9125+0.714)/-0.9125| = 21.7%
 Centered Divided Difference:
f’(0.5)  (0.6363 – 1.1035)/0.5 = -0.934
|t| = |(-0.9125+0.934)/-0.9125| = 2.4%
CISE301_Topic6 14
Discussion
 For both the Forward and Backward difference,
the error is O(h)
 Halving the step size h approximately halves the
error of the Forward and Backward differences
 The Centered difference approximation is more
accurate than the Forward and Backward
differences because the error is O(h2)
 Halving the step size h approximately quarters
the error of the Centered difference.

CISE301_Topic6 15
Richardson Extrapolation
f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
Central Difference : f ' ( x)   O(h 2 )
2h

Can we get a better formula?

Hold f ( x) and x fixed :

f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
 ( h) 
2h
 (h)  f ' ( x)  a2 h 2  a4 h 4  a6 h 6  ...

CISE301_Topic6 16
Richardson Extrapolation
Hold f ( x ) and x fixed :
f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
 (h) 
2h
 ( h )  f ' ( x )  a2h 2  a4h 4  a6h 6  ...
2 4 6
h h h h
 ( )  f ' ( x )  a2    a4    a6    ...
2 2 2 2
Use two derivate
h 3 4 15
 ( h )  4 ( )  3 f ' ( x )  a4h  a6h 6  ... estimates to
2 4 16 compute a third,
4 1
 f ' ( x )   ( h / 2)   ( h )  O ( h 4 ) more accurate
3 3 approximation

CISE301_Topic6 17
Richardson Extrapolation Example
 Use the function:

f(x) = –0.1x4 – 0.15x3 – 0.5x2 – 0.25x + 1.2

Starting with h1 = 0.5 and h2 = 0.25, compute

an improved estimate of f’(0.5) using
Richardson Extrapolation

 Recall the true value of f’(0.5) = -0.9125

CISE301_Topic6 18
Solution
 The first-derivative estimates can be computed
with centered differences as:
f (0.5  h )  f (0.5  h )
 (h)  at x  0.5
2h
f (1)  f (0) 0.2  1.2
 (0.5)    1.0, |  t |  9.6%
1 1
f (0.75)  f (0.25)
 (0.25)   0.934375, |  t |  2.4%
0.5
The improved estimate can be obtained by applying :
4 1 4 1
f ' (0.5)   ( h / 2)   ( h )  ( 0.934375)  ( 1)  0.9125
3 3 3 3
Which produces the exact result for this example
CISE301_Topic6 19
 หา ากลา งโด ยใ
Introduction to interpolatio Lagrange Polynomial Interporation FUNCTION อเ
↳หาFUNCTION ระห า ง ด2 function using Polynomidh
create interpolation
·
( A - $ ใน งไ ไง ↑
T
+

f2+ =

/
~ ↓

· (O 1 1 ·

·
2 15 > fits =? ↳
flt) =?
= · (O
~

Mid- Point
:

18 ง +

7
(
ว
ห บน ta578 Te mp. U

*** &:
of data
1=# Point
t
Temp

40 (
LagranQY: By
+5
=term iteratio

· K= PRODUCT notation
Degree Of Poly = D- 1
0.15 ?C iteration counter
1 70 ( T

2 100 '
~

<42,
y?) ( 413433 Blogger es- 1 = <
ล บ =จ น.
ดข

(x1, 411 T= FIX

%
บวก งแ 5=1 ง
>+ 5 = >
· อ าล้มว ่า
↓ ่

K= ↳ ①: 3 -

%·
FIX) = < X- XL32X- /3)
T= / 1 +... . . . .
<* 1- ↓2) ( X1- 13/
:

Degree 1 ี2 อ น (K 2
ค่
ยั
้ำ
จุ
ต่
ก้
จุ
ย่
ำ
ตั้
ก็
นั
ดั
ว่
มี
ถึ
ต่
นื
 24 Order Lagrange Polynomial :
=
=2 ระ
K= ↳ &: 3 K= 3
K= 1 K= & K= 2

T= Fi X) = < X- X13( X- XS) / 1 + ( X- 41(( /3) 12 + ( X- DIS ( - DI

X-
4) 3
<* 1 - ↓2) ( X1- 13/ <X2- 11) ( X2- 13/
(X5- 11) ( X3- X2)

· า า FIX) = x1 ค ตอบเ นขาแ นอน แ า j = R (X-X1) -> CX1-X1) = 8 ท ใ FI

1st order Lagrange polynomial
⑤ 3) + 10 ( X- 2)
f( X) =- 5 ( X-
example: Find the Output Of X = 2.2 JC X) = 5X- 5

for the following data set using Lagrange 32.2) = 5 ( 2.11 - 5

%
*

Lagrandpa: &Little
↑( 2.2) = 6
*1 25h=c
โจทย์ภา
x2 5 18 Degree = K =j

order > & แทน ดในสมการ > ③ แทน X = 2.

↓

solution: 0 หา
3 : 1, K = 2 5 = 2, K=
①
Fi XL = ( X- XL) + (X- /1)
y
+ 2

<x1- 12 X1- 11

② JCX) = X- 3
(5) +
X- 2
(10
2 3- 2
ถ้
ำ
ชุ
ป็
น่
ต่
ถ้
2 order Language Polynomial
example: Find the Output Of X = =2.5

for the following data set using Lagrange

Y
*
↓ ! 4

↓ ·

↓ 7 1ป

1= 3 , 1-1= 2 IP order ( agrange

nd
solution: 0 หา2 Order > & แทน ดในสมการ > ③ แทน X = 1.
①Fix) = < X- 123 ( X- 3) y 1
+
14- 11) ( X- 13/
↑ +
2x- 11) ( X- /2)
↑3
(X1- X2)( /1- &3) (12- 11) ( X2- X3) <x5- 113 ( 43 - /25

Q FTRS = <X- 33 ( X- 7) ( 4) + LX- 13/ X- 7) ( 8) + ( X- 13 /X--3) ( 18)

(1- 3) ( 1- 7) (3- 1)( 3- 7) 17- 1) ( 7- 3)

f( X) = - 0.25X'+ 34 + 1.25

⑤32.53 =- 8.25 7 1.5 3 ( 2.5) +1.25

(2.5) = 7.1875
ชุ
 sut order Lagrage polynomial f 2x3 = 0.25 - 1.50334 + 57 + 8.33

example: Find the Output Of X= 3 ③ F(3)= 0.25 2 30- 1.5833735+5 ( 3) + 0.33

for the following data set using Lagrange 5 ( 3) = 7.833
Y
↓
่

1
พ นา มล บ
Lagrandpai: +it
4

2 f
( Degree (

prefer
4
1

5 17
1= 4 M-1= 3 : gu Lagrang

rd
solution: 0 ทา5 Order > & แทน ดในสมการ > ③ แทน X =
① X- 133 ( X- 14 )
FIX) = < X- X7( <X- 135( X- /4) x 1 + ( X- X13( ↑

/1- /23 ( X1- X3)( X1- A4) ( 42- AIS ( X1- /3) ( X2- X4)

+ (x- X1(( X- X23( X- /43

4 5+ (X- 4177X- XL( 2X- /3)
↑ 4

(x3- /1) ( X3- /2) ( X3- 14 ( X4- 113 ( X4- XL ( X4- 13/

②FIX = ( X- 133 X- 4) ( X- 5) X- 133X- 4) ( X- 53

(4) + ( 7)
1- 23 1- 43 1- 5 (2- 13 2- 4) ( - 5

+ (X- 13 ( X- 23 ( X- 5) ( 11) + X- 13( - 2) ( X- 4)

(17)
24- 1) ( 4- 2) 14- 5 (5- 135- 23/ 5- 43
ดั
ที่
หุ
ำ
ชุ
 Divided - Difference Interpolation Example: 1st order
↳การ หา ผล า งขอ งพ น fiCX) Or P1( X) = FO+50,1) X- 10

: rex) = curve fitting

สปส. พ นาม (divideddifference

Polynomidl * junction อ งผ่าน ด

· ·

=......"
⑧
FO = x O

Newton's Polynomial > ไว ก า Lagrang 40 - - -

58.1
TI'()
t
↑

~
↑data &- 1 = su Order %o x

· 2) P1( X) = 41 = YO + 50,12X- XO)

what is Fi x)?
·

58
#
at X1: P1 <x1) = ↑1
+
4ธ
> + CSS Divided YO, 41. . . . , YK
sp P1 (X1)=X1=Y 0 +58.7 ( X1 - NO)
* Difference

Newton's
ntt- order
Polynomidl
:Fixs : /str. ... An
=
3 tex- x :s 58,1 = 41 - y8
x 1 - X8

4 = จ น วนจ ด ↓

divided - S 40,
difference
↳ AXVe
จุ
ต้
จุ
ว่
หุ
ข้
ต่
ทั
หุ
ำ
 and order ·order

fo +
(

10) + fi, 23/ X- 10) ( X- 11/

PICX) = FO, 13 <X-
↓ ↓
1st order
/ ↓
2 order

st ra
Y 1 order ↳" order 3 order

↓
x
4) I +
* +
41 - y8
58.73 = 50.332 = 51, 23 - F S0, 1 4)

* 4) * 1- xU
12 - XO 51, 2, 3 - fi, le L
f1, 2 = ↑2- / 50,1,2,3 =
XL +( 43 - X 8
x- /
#1. 2, 3 ) = /2.3 - 5102
52,3 3 =
↑
↓ 43 - +(
* 3- /2 * - Xl

* แทน ่าไ ต ตามเ นข อง

ส้
ล่
ค่
order Divided difference ENUMPLE : 2nd order Divided difference Example:
Find the Output Of the Following discrete
Find the Output Of the Following discrete
data set for an Input of X= 2 Using divide
↓
% ↑ data set for an Input of X= 2 Using divide
difference Y
1 41 ·
* ↓
difference
ก=2
-
4
· 40 - · /( 4) = ? st 11 -
↳ 1= 3

↑
&
>x Order &- 1 = 1
41 -
order- 1 = 2nd
↓ /
⑧
S ·
*ข + fIX) = !
Y-
fiLX) = 1 50 + 50,1 ( - NO) 7 5
> ~

* Y 1st order
↓ is ↓
1 ( * Y It order 24 order
4
·
<28,13: O: 1
( 258,13:6- 2 = 2

3 6 3- 1 f20,1,2 = -
35 -
X- 1) ( fiC X) =
fiCX) =
3+( ↳ 5
f1, 1 = 5- 6

7-S
="I
7

== 0.37

>2) = 3 +
13-
1 =+ 33- 5)
5
FILX) = 50 + <50,73 ( - 10) + 50,1,2 (X- 10
(X- X13
↳
FLIX) = 2 +/ X- 13 - 0.575 X- 13 ( X- 3)

รา32) =
FCX) =
Ex 0.575X +
=55 =
1 52 ( X) = - 3.5 X- 1.3 25
ist order Newto
FLL 2) = - 0.379( 2) + 3.5( 7) - 1.175 = 4.575
Interpolating Polynomial!
 Introduction to spline Interpolation ( ประมาณ า วนผ ↑Order - Quadratic spline
Splin interpolation
... 5 ใ

",
function อเน
ใน การค น 1st order- linear sprin ↑order- cubicsplines
↑
isplines
↑
· n- 1 splineS ~
· n-
~
· ·
=order of polynOmial 4 1- ① · ↓ -

① ·

~
↑ ↑

M=* data- 1
4- 4-
f( X)
·
·
· &OMGin ·
·

not smort · SMOOTH

# 7) · ·

4) 4)
->
* +
ป ค อม
&
↓o is x
->
↓ is x

↓ 40 งหม
> PACK) = AR. ↑" + ... + &น

in อ งใ
· Lagrange + divided
always result in the
wil

same PrCX)!
#data = จ นวน ด
· ญห าขอ ล Lagrange+dividedon-
x2)
~

17 +
↳↑ Polyhomial order = 4 erro
LOCal - · Ph( XL lower Poly Order
used subsection

...
PRCX) : 4 Poly order

~
⑧

of the o

in tead LOCA 610bd

/ ~ -x" · * Of Data Point S · of data set = * Of data used

-
!
<LOC9
I erro ↑

used to Find PRIX) are · Asingle ( USUALLY) high order

ใช ้ อ
Less than Or egUAS to olba polynomial.
Global InterP.
· Made up of Many lower
ใช้ท จตในการ
ก Order POLYS.
use All Data ·Points supplied
ค่
ต่
ต้
ทุ
มู
ปั
ข้
ส่
น้
ทั
ำ
ช้
ำ
จุ
ชั
 Linear splines
จาก - x 1 = MCX-41) * หา าสมการ เฉพาะเ นตร ง
Y

~
*ท โจท สถ
42 - PICN PICX) = / 1 + 42 - 11 ( X- X1) ; <13X = XL
PICXS · าไ ภ าพ ไ ่ อ ง ด เส
43 - ·
* 1- Xi

↑ PLC X) = / 2 + 43 - /2 ( X- 12); 12 < X > X 3

>X
is in i
X3 - XI
P 4 ( X) = 10 + 1 4- 10 2X- 9)
Linear splines Find
Example: Using 11 - 9

A. the Desessary iterpolation FUNCTION PRIX) =

B. the Output At X = 23 5 and 18 ·14- 2; 93 /->1

↓ 4
A. D- 1 = 5 spline S P5( X) = 14 + 41 - 14 ( X- 12/
I
· il 528UAtiOn 28- 12

17 6
P19X) = 2 + 8- 2 ( X- 13
↓ เ P5( X) = 17x- 16.5
19 10
PCCX) = 1.2 X + 0.0 ; 1. X -> 6
·
1
14 / PLCX) = 0 + 6- 8 ( X- 6 1)
28 4)
7 -6 1 = 1: P1 1) = 3.
PL( X) = - 2X + 10; 6.3XX7
1 = 5: P115) = 6.8
PS( X) = 6 + 10 - 6 ( X- 7)
1 = 10:P4( 10) = 11.35
9- 7
PSLX) = 2 X- 8; 7XX-> &
ม่
ถ้
ที
ที่
ส้
ม่
ต้
คิ
 Quadratic spline solving for Quadratic Interpolation:

·
P( XI) =
↑
General <**
order: PICX) = diX'+ bix + ci

4) - -
~
·
·
PolyHOMidI
diabi, CI = SURKRONUS / spline generated
> +
↓

P1000( X) = 91000X+ 61000X + C 100 2splines ท = # Of splines

<11, ~ (
x3,43
+

PILX) = DIX'+ DIX+G

x · &

& *1 · PICX #Of URKMOWUS:

PCX) < X2,42)
~
·

=SUnknown p Usplines
· PLC X) = 93*+b2X+( 7
1 spline
>*
# 7) =34 UnKnOWRS
Quadralic spline
P1SX) = 91X+b1X+(1 I splines
Issues with Linear
~
splines
P2( X) = 92X"+b1X+( 2
& S12) = 6 UnKHONUS
· :หา+
ใ Quadrati 3 เกิด อ ดพลาดน
· ①ส า างสมกา รจา กจ ุด
ุ

·
212)
P1( /1) = X1 PL( X2) = /2

> / P1 ( XL) = ↑2 P2( X31 = 43

& 4 equatio

>Lequation /spline > CH eqUAtiOR

ช้
ข้
ร้
ผิ
 ②หา สมการ จาก จด ท นเ
I

PCL >Function เ ากันเพร าะ

&
PICX)
·
d PICXS = PPICX)
<X 2,41)
#

1/
( n- 1 equation
⑤ความโ ง วงแ รกเ ป

dipicxs =
ที่
ช่
ต้
ต่
ค้
ท่
 8 given In equatio
PICX1) = /1 = 2 = &1 ( 15 + b111 +(
/
31

เพราะต ง XI มแค่ 2 = 11511+

=

P1LX
&15361+01
·
PI( X() = 4) = 3 = 9

ตรง ขา P2 (XL) = D2 = 3 = 992+36L + 6

(X19Y 4 (
EXAMPIC

~
PICX), PC(X)
↑
p3( X 3 UnKnOWUS =

PLCX3) = 1 3 = 9 = 152 +562 +62

PC (X) · 2X3,43/ 3 splines
PulX)
·( XI, 17 SD = 3 ( 3) = 9 UAKHOWUS
>
⑧ SONV ④ Plug
solution step: * Brite Out ↓ Our
>Q Identify /
>
in X- InputS
UnknownS
general polynomials UnknownS

8 polyhomials to finds
S
9 Unknown
need 9 equation to solve 9 UMKHONS
P1CX) = alX" + beXt ( /

PLLX) = &IN+b2X + C 2 PSI /3) = ↑3 = 9 = 25d3 + 5 3 + Os

PSIX) = 934'+b3X + 03 P3( /4) = ↑ 4 = 10 = 64a9+Obs + (3

มี
รั
 3.2 D- 1 efYATIOR
อ นไ ป ป ตร ง3 g Unknown /

8 P1LX) = OPILKS
01
=
3) Plin
X= / X= =
#

↓x

inequation -> Degaution 11 )

A2DPHILX + >2
if ( 914'+DIXICI) = 12 =
&( X = XI

D- 1 = 3- 1 = c efaction
(91X+b11 29 LX + b21X = /
x = x2 =
5 F" CPI(XJ) =
bl
2 92 ( 3) +
(MICS)+61 =

=641+61 - 692- b2

·PCIX) /1 x = As = #PS(X) / x= x

0 = 1042 + 62- 10 43 - bs

3.3
&(CPICAIS &(PICX)) 1 x = 11 = <MAt b1/
=

X = 11
x = Al
⑤

oiflix)) ( x= x1=

201 = 0
ย้
ดู
 1 1 100000 0 al 2

9 1000.00 b &

3 10 09 01 3
·0
000255 100
=

9 9
0000 25 5 ว
⑥ ห
00000064 0 1
C 18
6 1 0- 6 -100 a
·
·0 6 10 10 - 10 - 1 0 b ·
2000.00000.0 8 ·

↓ 5
A

x< 3
PICX) = 04
D: 1<
+0.5X +1.5

PCL 4) = 1.25 ↑2 - FX +11.75

D: 3 3= 5

1.72X" + 13.72x- 61.56 D: 5 1 x< &

PS( X) = -

X = 2 ใช้PILXS PIC() = 1.

X= 4 ใ PICXI P2 (4) ==4.7

X= 7 ใ PSCXS P3 (7) =13.1

ช้
ช้
 Cubic splin
Y

~
interpolatin
P1( X FUNCTION X B

(
PICX): XA-> X =
⑧
( Fi X) =
P2( X): XB >>X < X (
#

sto order- cubic spline H= # Of spIIRE

ic > *
o

&A is เ น FUNCTION
- อเ อ งและ
!
#Of UNKNOWRS:
Pl
PICKS PICX) = PICX
<Unknowns , Aspline = <D WhKNOWRS
PY S X) = ↑"23 X) splin
sut
total <n equation
·Each PhCX) will be order polynomidh
⑨หา สมการ จาก ดภายใ
PICX) = diX+b1x+ CIX + &1 P"1 CX2) = P" 2 ( XL)
PLCX = &2X+b2X+ CLX + &l
& 4 ( 2) = 8UnknOWRS
n- 1 equation
star > end ④ความโ วงแรกแ และโ ง
หา UnknownS > PHUNKNOWU >แก้สมกา เ น/
4 4n equation ี " (X1) =
②หา สมการ จาก ด อเน
①หา สมการ จาก จด อม 9 PCX2) = P2( XI P" ( /5) =
P1CX1 = / : PLXL) = Y / -

P13X2 = / ↳ P2( X3) = 4 S

M- 1 equation NO tural cubic spline

In equation -
ที่
จุ
นื่
ช่
จุ
ข้
ป็
ป็
ต่
ต่
ค้
สุ
ค้
 @ H- 1 eqUATION
Pi XL) = P 23
3414 + 261X+/1 = 393"+262X + ( 2
547( 3) +161 ( 3) +21 = 39255)+262 ( 3) +C

-2791- 661- 01 +1792+66) +C2 = ↑

P'3CX3) = P's ( X3(

#Of URKUON15: 12 PHKHONUS n = # Of splinC -7592- 1061- (2+75d3+1063 + C5 = 0
12 78UATION S
4 Unknown
x nspline = PHUMKHONUS P "Pl
· · x4 2eqVatIOn
spline
4 -1 = 3 SPIIRC = /
Nav ↑
P
③ - 1eqUntion

PICX) = dIX'+ b1x + GX + dl picx() = 23 2)

P2 < X) = 9LX" + b2X" + ( 2X + &2 -1091- 2b1+1092+162 =
95X+b34" + ( 3X + ↓3
①In equations PS( X) = PI ( X3) = P's ( 13/
P1 /1) = / 1 = 2 = 91 + b1+ (1 +
-3892- 262 +30d3 + 1b3 = /
d

P19/2) = 1 L = 3 : 271 +9bl + 377 + dl 29qUATiUR

P2( X) = 41 = 3 : 172 + 92+5 ( +&2
④ Pl < XI) =
PICX) = Y 3 = 9 = 12592 + 2562 +522 + Pl
691+261 =↑
P3( X3) = 4 3 = 9 = 153 + 1563 + 55 + d5 2 equatio
&S
↑" < X4) =
P3 ( X4) = 44 = 10 = 51293 + 64b3 + 0 2 3 +
409S+165 =
6 equatiO
A
0.1995X3- 0.59864' + 0.3X + 2.0986; 1 = $ ->

{
3
fiX) = -0.3728 / + 4.554 - 15.15 3 x +17.5526; 3 >X= 5

0.115543- 2.7791x + 21.469 X-

43.485; 5 = x -> ·

B. P1 ( 1.5 ) = 1.87 ↓

P2 ( 4) = 5.92

P347): 10.58