Pangasinan State University

Bayambang Campus
Sci 113 – Biochemistry

Name: Alexander Patungan Pidlaoan Year/Section: BSN 1-1

CARBOHYDRATES
Module 3
Learning Activity 1
Read your e-book in Biochemistry by Campbell, et al. and compare and contrast the
succeeding terms by filling up the graphic organizers.
A. Compare and contrast the two major classes of monosaccharides.

ALDOSES KETOSES

• a sugar that contains an aldehyde • a sugar that contains a ketone

group as part of its structure group as part of its structure

• a monosaccharides or simple sugar • a monosaccharides or simple sugar

which is the building blocks of all which is the building blocks of all
carbohydrates. carbohydrates.

B. Compare and contrast enantiomers and diastereomers.

ENANTIOMERS DIASTEREOMERS
• mirror-image, nonsuperimposable • nonsuperimposable, non–mirror-
stereoisomer (e.g., d-glyceraldehyde image stereoisomers (e.g., d-
and l-glyceraldehyde) erythrose and d-threose.)

• they are stereoisomers (optical • they are stereoisomers (optical

isomers) molecules that differ from isomers) molecules that differ from
each other only in their configuration. each other only in their configuration.
 Learning Activity 2
A. Read about the Derivatives of the Monosaccharides in your e-book Biochemistry by
Campbell, et al. After studying it, fill out the concept map below.

Derivatives of the
Monosaccharides

Alditols Phosphate Esters Amino Sugar Glycosides

a compound resulted particularly important
when the carbonyl because they are the usual
intermediates in the
group of a sugar is
breakdown of
reduced to a carbohydrates to provide
hydroxyl group. Two energy and frequently
compounds of this formed by transfer of a
kind, xylitol, and phosphate group from ATP
to give the phosphorylated
sorbitol
sugar and ADP.
a compound in which
one or more sugars is
sugars with a bonded to another
substituted amino molecule and it was
group as part of its bond by glycosidic
structure bond a bond between
a sugar and another
molecule.

Acid and Lactones Glucosamine Galactosamine

Organic acids are compounds an amino sugar, a

containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) derivative of glucose.
and can be either aliphatic or aromatic. It is a component of
Lactones are cyclic esters derived from glycosaminoglycans,
organic acids. They are important in which are essential in
various biological processes, including the structure of
the biosynthesis of lipid molecules. cartilage and other
connective tissues.
An amino sugar, it is
found in
glycosphingolipids
and glycoproteins,
playing a role in cell
surface recognition
and signaling.
 B. Study the representative disaccharides in your e-book Biochemistry by Campbell, et
al. Afterwards, complete the following table.

Representative Disaccharides

Disaccharide Natural Occurrence Physiological Role Haworth Projection

Is commonly found in Serves as an essential The glucose and

Sucrose sugarcane, sugar source of energy for fructose units are
beets, and many humans and many other linked by an alpha-
fruits. It is a major organisms. It is broken 1,2-glycosidic bond,
component of table down into glucose and resulting in a six-
sugar. fructose during membered ring for
digestion and used for glucose and a five-
energy production. membered ring for
fructose.
Lactose is primarily Serves as the primary The glucose and
found in milk and carbohydrate in milk galactose units are
Lactose dairy products. It is and is broken down into linked by a beta-1,4-
often referred to as glucose and galactose glycosidic bond,
milk sugar. during digestion. forming a six-
membered ring for
both sugar units.
Produced during the Serves as an Two glucose units are
Maltose digestion of starch, intermediate in the linked by an alpha-
often found in malted breakdown of starch into 1,4-glycosidic bond,
grains like barley. glucose. It is hydrolyzed resulting in two six-
into two glucose membered rings.
molecules.
A component of Used for energy in some Two glucose units are
cellulose, a structural microorganisms, but linked by a beta-1,4-
Cellobiose polysaccharide in humans lack the enzyme glycosidic bond,
plant cell walls. needed to digest it. forming two six-
membered rings.
Found in some foods An intermediate product Two glucose units are
and is also a product in the digestion of linked by an alpha-
Isomaltose of starch digestion. starch, eventually 1,6-glycosidic bond,
yielding glucose. resulting in two six-
membered rings.
Found in some fungi, Used as an energy Two glucose units are
Trehalose plants, and source and also help linked by an alpha-
invertebrates. protect cells against 1,1-glycosidic bond,
stress. resulting in two six-
membered rings.
 Learning Activity 3
POLYSACCHARIDES
A. Read about polysaccharides in your e-book Biochemistry by Campbell, et al. and
complete the concept map.

Polysaccharides

-composed of a large number of

sugar monomers/ many saccharides

Storage Polysaccharides
-composed of a large number
of sugar monomers/ many
saccharides
Structural Polysaccharides
-composed of a large number
of sugar monomers/ many
saccharides
Glycosaminoglycans
are a type of polysaccharide based on
a repeating disaccharide in which one
of the sugars is an amino sugar and at
least one of them has a negative
charge owing to the presence of a
sulfate group or a carboxyl group.
Bacterial Cell Wall
Polysaccharides
A distinguishing feature of
prokaryotic cell walls is that
the polysaccharides are cross-
linked by peptides.

Amylose Amylopectin Cellulose Chitin Proteoglycan Peptidoglycan

A polysaccharide that
is a branched
a linear polymer is similar to cellulose, glycoproteins with an
chain polymer, A polymer of The material that
of glucose, with which is also a linear extremely high
with the branches glucose; an results from the
all the residues homopolysaccharide carbohydrate content
starting at (1 S 6) important (85%–95% by weight) cross-linking of
linked together with all the residues
linkages along the structural material and constantly being polysaccharides
by (1 S 4) bonds. linked in B- (1 S 4)
chain of (1 S 4) in plants synthesized and by peptides
glycosidic bonds.
linkages. broken down.
(e.g. N-acetyl-B-D-
glucosamine.)

Starch Glycogen Chondroitin Sulfates Keratin Sulfates Dermatan Sulfates Hyaluronic Acid

is a linear
polymers of glucose are components of is also a linear
is a branched- polysaccharide
connective tissue polysaccharide with is a component of
that play an energy- chain polymer of - composed of repeating
that sold in large repeating disaccharide the vitreous humor
storage role in d-glucose, and in disaccharide units.
quantities as over- units. The disaccharide of the eye and of
plants; -d-glucose this respect, it is Each disaccharide unit
the-counter drugs units consist of one the lubricating fluid
that occur in plant similar to the galactose and one N- consists of one D-
used to help repair of joints.
cells, usually as glucuronic acid and
amylopectin frayed or otherwise acetylglucosamine
one N-acetyl-D-
starch granules in fraction of starch. damaged cartilage, molecule.
galactosamine
the cytosol. especially in knees.
molecule.
B. Compare and contrast the Blood Groups under the ABO system.

Blood Type Makes Antibodies Can Safely Receive Can Safely Donate
Against Blood from Blood to

O A, B O O, A, B, AB

A B O, A A, AB

B A O, B B, AB

AB NONE O, A, B, AB AB