Theoretical Foundation In Nursing

Worksheet

Name: Kristine Mae M. Merhan Score: _________

Course/section: BSN-1B Date: September 26, 2021

THEORIST AND ITS THEORY

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Florence Nightingale was a nurse who helped to build and shape contemporary nursing practice and set
precedents for nurses that are still used today. Nightingale was the first nurse theorist, most known for
proposing the Environmental Theory, which changed nursing practices by requiring patients to be cared for in
sanitary conditions. She is widely considered as the matriarch of modern nursing. During the Crimean War, she
was known as "The Lady with the Lamp" because she made ward rounds during the night, providing emotional
comfort to soldiers.

Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, on May 12, 1820. Her British family belonged to the aristocracy
of society. Her father, William Shore Nightingale, a wealthy landowner who had inherited two estates— one at
Derbyshire (Leahurst) and Hampshire (Embley Park). Her mother, Frances Nightingale, came from a mercantile family
and took delight in socializing with folks of high social standing. Although her extended family was large, the immediate
family included only her and her older sister, Parthenope. Florence Nightingale grew up on the family estate near Lea
Hurst, where her father gave her a classical education that included mathematics, languages, religion, and philosophy.
Nightingale excelled in her studies while being homeschooled by her parents and tutors. She resolved to devote her life to
medical treatment for the sick when she was seventeen, resulting in a lifetime commitment to speak out, educate,
overhaul, and sanitize England's deplorable health care circumstances.

Even though her mother and sister were opposed to her chosen profession, Nightingale persevered and worked
hard to learn more about it, against society's expectations that she marry and have children.. Despite family reservations,
Nightingale was eventually able to enroll at the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth in Germany for two
weeks of training in July 1850 and again for three months in July 1851. She became the superintendent of the Hospital for
Invalid Gentlewomen in London only two years after completing her training.

When the Crimean War broke out, newspapers quickly reported on the dire shortage of competent medical
facilities for wounded British soldiers on the front lines. The war minister, Sidney Herbert, requested Nightingale to lead a
team of nurses at Turkey's military hospitals. In 1854, she led a group of 34 women to Scutari to take over the operation of
the barrack hospital, where she witnessed the appalling sanitary conditions. She returned to England in and founded the
Nightingale Nursing Training School at St Thomas' Hospital in London. After completing their training, the nurses were
dispatched to hospitals around the United Kingdom, where they introduced the concepts they had learnt and developed
nursing training based on the Nightingale model.

References: Martha Raile Aligood, Nusing Theorists and Their Works, 9th Ed.,2018
Octaviano and Balita, C & E,(2008), Theoretical foundation in Nursing The Phillipine Perspective

Prepared by: Melvin D. Cadao, RN, MAN Date Submitted: 09/26/2021

 Theoretical Foundation In Nursing
Worksheet

Florence Nightingale published Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of
the British Army, an 830-page report assessing her experience and advocating reforms for other military hospitals working
in deplorable conditions, based on her observations in the Crimea. ―Notes on Nursing,‖ one of her best-written books, was
released, detailing nursing principles. It is still in print today and has been translated into a number of different languages.
Nightingale penned a paper for a textbook in which she urged for stringent precautions aimed at killing germs, according
to her. Nurses in the American Civil War were inspired by Nightingale's efforts. The Union administration sought her
advise on how to organize field medical. Despite government opposition, her ideas inspired the United States Sanitary
Commission's volunteer group.

Florence Nightingale has received various accolades and honors in England. The Queen honored Nightingale's
efforts by bestowing an engraved brooch known as the "Nightingale Jewel" on her and awarding her a $250,000 prize
from the British government. Queen Victoria bestowed the Royal Red Cross to Nightingale in 1883. She was made a Lady
of Grace of St John's Order in 1904. She was the first woman to receive the Order of Merit in 1907. She was awarded
Honorary Freedom of the City of London the following year.

Despite her reputation as the Crimean War's heroine, Florence Nightingale died in August 1910. She appeared to
have recovered and was in high spirits, according to reports. A week later, on the evening of Friday, August 12, 1910, she
began to experience a slew of alarming symptoms. She died unexpectedly at 2 pm the following day, Saturday, August 13,
at her home in London. Respecting her last wishes, her relatives turned down a national funeral, and the ―Lady
with the Lamp‖ was laid to rest in her family’s plot at St. Margaret’s Church, East Wellow, in Hampshire,
England.

ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY

Nursing is defined as "the act of utilizing the patient's environment to support him in his recovery," according to
Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory. It entails the nurse's initiative in configuring appropriate environmental
settings for the patient's gradual restoration of health, as well as the fact that external factors associated with the patient's
surroundings have an impact on his life or biologic and physiologic processes, as well as his development. Nightingale
discussed the Environmental Theory in her book Notes on Nursing: What it is, What it is Not. The environmental theory
concentrates on the patient’s environment and the external conditions that effect disease and death. The environment
includes the external conditions and influences that modify a life which is capable of preventing or contributing to disease
or death. Her theoretical work on five essential components of environmental health—pure air, light, cleanliness, efficient
drainage, and pure water is as relevant today as it was 150 years ago.

References: Martha Raile Aligood, Nusing Theorists and Their Works, 9th Ed.,2018
Octaviano and Balita, C & E,(2008), Theoretical foundation in Nursing The Phillipine Perspective

Prepared by: Melvin D. Cadao, RN, MAN Date Submitted:09/26/2021

 Theoretical Foundation In Nursing
Worksheet

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory

Figure 1 above shows the conceptual framework of Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory. The client, the
nurse, and the major environment concepts such as health of houses, variety, bedding, light, nutrition, air, noise,
ventilation, cleanliness, and chattering hopes are in balance that is; the nurse can manipulate the environment to
compensate for the client’s response to it. The goal of the nurse is to assist the patient in staying in balance. If the
environment of a client is out of balance, the client expends unnecessary energy.

References: Martha Raile Aligood, Nusing Theorists and Their Works, 9th Ed.,2018
Octaviano and Balita, C & E,(2008), Theoretical foundation in Nursing The Phillipine Perspective

Prepared by: Melvin D. Cadao, RN, MAN Date Submitted:09/26/2021

 Theoretical Foundation In Nursing
Worksheet

METAPARADIGM IN NURSING

NURSING
―What nursing has to do… is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him‖ (Nightingale, 1859).
Nightingale stated that nursing ―ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the
proper selection and administration of diet – all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.‖ She reflected the art of
nursing in her statement that ―the art of nursing, as now practiced, seems to be expressly constituted to unmake what God
had made disease to be a reparative process.‖ Nightingale believed nursing to be a spiritual calling. She believed that
every woman, at one time life, would be a nurse in the sense that nursing is being responsible for someone else’s health.

PERSON
In Florence Nightingale’s theory, the Person, one of the elements in the four metaparadigms, is the individual receiving
care. The environmental theory focuses on the patient. The nurse should complete the task for the patient while
maintaining a controlled environment to facilitate recuperation. She maintains a passive nurse-patient connection.

HEALTH
Health is viewed as the combined result of environmental, psychological and physical factors, not just the absence of
disease (Parker, M. E., 2005). Nightingale states that ―health is not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power
we have.‖ This is consistent with our perception of health today, where one does not have to be disease free to be healthy
but to maximize their potential to be in a healthy state. Nightingale isolated 5 factors essential in securing an individual’s
health; these include pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and light (Parker, M. E., 2005).

ENVIRONMENT
The environment plays a very large and significant role in maintaining health and promoting recovery from illness. There
exist five environmental components which are all essential to an individual’s health. Nightingale stresses the physical
environment in her writing. In her theory, Nightingale’s writings reflect a community health model in which all that
surrounds human beings is considered concerning their health state. An environment that promotes health allows the
patient to retain their energy, or vital powers for use towards self-healing (Nightingale, 1860).

References: Martha Raile Aligood, Nusing Theorists and Their Works, 9th Ed.,2018
Octaviano and Balita, C & E,(2008), Theoretical foundation in Nursing The Phillipine Perspective

Prepared by: Melvin D. Cadao, RN, MAN Date Submitted:09/26/2021

 Theoretical Foundation In Nursing
Worksheet

ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY

PRACTICE
Nightingale's nursing ideals continue to be the bedrock of nursing practice today. Her theory's environmental factors are
still important components of nursing care. As nurses practice in the twenty-first century, her views remain relevant; in
fact, they have expanded in significance as a global society faces new disease control concerns. Although medical
advancements and scientific discovery have modified or invalidated some of Nightingale's rationales, many of her beliefs
have stood the test of time and technological advancements. Much of her thinking is clearly still applicable to nursing
today. Nightingale's writings continue to be mentioned throughout nursing literature, from political criticism to scholarly
study.

EDUCATION
Beginning with St. Thomas’ Hospital and King's College Hospital in London, Nightingale's nurse training concepts
offered a uniform framework for early nurse training institutions. In 1873, three experimental nurse training institutions
were created in the United States, based on the Nightingale model New York's Bellevue Hospital, Connecticut's New
Haven Hospital, Boston's Massachusetts General Hospital. In today's nursing programs, the influence of this training
approach and many of its concepts may still be seen. Although Nightingale campaigned for nursing schools to be
independent of hospitals so that students would not be forced to work in the hospital's labor pool as part of their education,
American nursing schools were unable to achieve this independence for many years (Ashley, 1976). Even though
Nightingale (Decker & Farley, 1991) believed that the art of nursing could not be judged by licensure exams, she used
assessment procedures, such as case studies, for nursing probationers at St. Thomas's Hospital.

RESEARCH
The scientific inquiry employed in nursing research is still shaped by Nightingale's interest in statistics and scientific
inquiry. Her capacity to gather and analyze data was excellent, and her ability to express data graphically was initially
recognized in the polar diagrams, a graphical illustration style she created. The data she included in her various reports
and letters demonstrates her empirical approach to solving health-care delivery difficulties. Nightingale's concepts serve
as the foundation for research and studies, contributing to modern nursing science and practice all around the world. Her
emphasis on environment and its importance to nursing is particularly noteworthy.

References: Martha Raile Aligood, Nusing Theorists and Their Works, 9th Ed.,2018
Octaviano and Balita, C & E,(2008), Theoretical foundation in Nursing The Phillipine Perspective

Prepared by: Melvin D. Cadao, RN, MAN Date Submitted:09/26/2021

 Theoretical Foundation In Nursing
Worksheet

ANALYSIS OF THEORY

CLARITY
Nightingale's theory is simple and straightforward. It focuses on three major relationships: Environment to patient,
Nurse to environment, and Nurse to patient. She recognized the potential harmfulness of an environment and emphasized
the benefit of a good environment in preventing diseases.

SIMPLICITY
The interaction between the nurse, the patient, and the surroundings is clearly stated. There are both risks and benefits to
living in a healthy environment. The importance of environmental management in patient healing is highlighted heavily.
Manipulation of the environment in order to avoid sickness. Cooperation and collaboration are at the heart of the nurse-
patient interaction. Her treatment focuses on the patients' eating habits and food preferences, as well as providing comfort,
preventing mental distress, and conserving energy.

GENERALITY:
Since Nightingale's theories were introduced more than 150 years ago, they have been used to give general principles for
all nurses. Although some of the actions she described are no longer relevant, the universality and timelessness of her
thoughts remain applicable. The relationship concepts (nurse, patient, and environment) are still applicable in all nursing
contexts today. As a result, they satisfy the criteria of generality.

EMPIRICAL PRECISION
Nightingale's theory's concepts and relationships are stated implicitly and portrayed as facts rather than tentative, tested
statements. She employs the quantitative research method. Rather than conducting rigorous scientific study, she prefers to
rely on observation and personal experiences.

DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES
Nightingale's writings instruct nurses to behave on behalf of both the patient and the nurse. These directives cover areas
such as practice, research, and teaching. Her nursing practice principles are the most detailed. Nightingale's perspective on
humanity was consistent with her nursing theory. She believed in a creative, universal humanity that was capable of
growth and change. Nightingale's primary ideas of environmental manipulation and patient care can be utilized in modern
nursing situations. Despite some criticism, her thought and concepts are relevant to nursing's professional identity and
practice.

References: Martha Raile Aligood, Nusing Theorists and Their Works, 9th Ed.,2018
Octaviano and Balita, C & E,(2008), Theoretical foundation in Nursing The Phillipine Perspective

Prepared by: Melvin D. Cadao, RN, MAN Date Submitted:09/26/2021