Glucose —> 2 Lactic Acid + Energy (no

LESSON 4: oxygen involve)

CONCEPT OF RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
- The process of breaking down
organic molecules through the
process of oxidation in order to
release energy in each cell
Aerobic Respiration
- Process of breaking down food
using oxygen which releases
large amount of energy
- Produces 38 ATP
STAGES:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. ETC
C6H12O6 + 602 → 6c02 + 6h20 + energy
Lactobacillus - organism in yogurt that
undergoes lactic fermentation
pre suri dq nalagay ung iba potangina
tinatawag aq ee
Alcoholic Fermentation
- NADH transfers its electrons to
acetaldehyde producing ethanol
Glucose —> 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + Energy
(No oxygen involved)
Yeast - organism in alcoholic
fermentation
HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
- biological system responsible for
gas exchange

OTHER FUNCTIONS
Anaerobic Respiration
1. essential for inhalation and
- The process of breaking down
exhalation or breathing
food molecules in the absence
2. internal respiration allows
of oxygen that releases lesser
oxygen and CO2 to be exchanged
amount of energy
between cells and blood vessels
- Mainly used by microorganisms
(systemic circulation allows
internal respiration to happen)
FERMENTATION
3. air vibrates the vocal cords that
- process of breaking down sugar
creates sounds through
molecules in absence of oxygen
phonation
● arytenoids allows
Lactic Fermentation
movement through vocal
- NADH transfers its electrons
cords
directly to pyruvate, generating
4. acid-base balance can be
lactate as byproduct
maintained by removing CO2
from the body
 ● pH means power of
Hydrogen
5. Pulmonary Defense Mechanism ALVEOLI
through air conditioning, olfaction and - air sacs inside the lungs where
filtering gas exchange occurs
● air conditioning - body
wants warm and moist air
● olfaction - can detect
harmful chemical/
substances
GENETICS
- study of heredity and variation
● filtering - trap foreign
particles in air
Chromosomes
- rod like structure made up of DNA
COMPONENTS OF THE that contains the hereditary
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM information

NOSE Gene
- prominent structure in face - small segment of the DNA in
which serves as the entrance chromosome
point of the air
- ● Gene Locus - location of the gene

TRACHEA Alleles
- also known as the windpipe - gene variation
- main passageway of air to lungs
- supported by c-shaped rings of Types of Trait:
cartilages (to support and keep
the lumen of the trachea open ● Dominant
- shown in heterozygous and
homozygous dominant allele
BRONCHI
- Common trait being expressed;
- extension of trachea that
masks the recessive trait
shuttles air to and from the
lungs
● Recessive
- masked by dominant allele,
BRONCHIOLES
concealed
- smaller branches from bronchi
- shown in homozygous recessive
that enter in each lungs and is
connected to each air sacs
Phenotype
- physical appearance of an organism
LUNGS
based on its genotype
- air-filled organs that contains
numerous air sacs responsible
for gas exchange
Genotype NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
- genetic composition
Ex. 1. Incomplete Dominance
XY (genotype) - male (phenotype) - One allele is not completely
XX - female dominant over another
- Results to an intermediate
phenotype
Gregor Mendel
- Australian monk; Father of Ex. Red carnation x White carnation = Pink
Genetics carnation (intermediate phenotype)
- experimented using pisum sativum
(pea plant) 2. Codominance
- Both alleles are simultaneously
expressed in the heterozygote
Branches of Genetics - Both alleles are dominant
● Mendelian
- branch of genetics that deals with 3. Multiple Alleles
concepts by Gregor Mendel - A gene with more than two allele for
a trait
● Non-mendelian - There is a hierarchy of the
dominance of traits
Laws of Mendelian Genetics
1. Law of Segregation Ex. Blood types:
- allele pairs will separate to form
gametes (sex cells) 1. A - IA IA or IA i
2. B - IB IB or IB i
2. Law of Independent Assortment 3. AB - IA IB
- alleles will be sorted to genotypes 4. O - ii
independently

3. Law of Dominance ● Humans have 23 pairs of

- only one trait from the parent will homologous chromosomes”
appear ○ 22 pairs are autosomal
chromosomes
Monohybrid Cross ○ 1 pair is sex chromosomes
- Cross between to organisms with a (the last pair)
single characteristic

Problem solving: 4. Sex-Linked Traits

● Given - Traits that are controlled by
● (allele and trait) the genes found in the sex
● Parental generation chromosomes (X and Y)
● Law of segregation (punnett square)
● Filial generation
● Box your final answer
Sex Linked disorders in humans:

1. Hemophilia
2. Color blindness
[x linked and recessive]

● Males are more likely to inherit

sex-linked traits that female