TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

1ST SEMESTER AY 2021

1. Title: Module 3 in Music 101

Instructor: RHODA M. LAMAYO, LPT, MAED Students: BEED 3A, BEED 3B Subject: Teaching Music in Elementary Grade

2. Overview
This MODULE deals with the educational foundations of Music as it applies to teaching and learning in the elementary grades. It contains materials and lessons which student
can grasp easily with deeper understanding in Music. Likewise to refresh their minds on this subject area which can be of great help to their learning process.
This module has two parts wherein Part One includes specific details of their knowledge in understanding the elements of Music which specifically focus on Dynamics and
Melody. For Dynamics, it includes the crescendo, decrescendo, piano, forte, mezzo, etc. For Melody, it includes pitch, theme, conjunct and disconjunct.
Part Two is consist of Assessment and Performance Tests which will measure their deeper understanding of what is discussed. They will be given a series of written and
practical assessment of various facts related to this topic.
The author wishes and prays that prospective teachers and already teachers in the service will benefit much from this unpretentious material. They will be much guided by
heart to learn and appreciate Music at its best. God bless you.

Topic: CONCEPTS OF MUSIC

3. General Objectives: This module presents two of the Elements of Music which is Dynamics and Melody.

3.1 Specific objectives: At the end of this presentation, the students are expected to:
1. Define Dynamics and Melody.
2. Discuss the different dynamics and their symbols.
3. Analyses and demonstrates concept about melody and other elements in composition especially using major keys ( C,F and G)

4. Discussions
1. Melody
A. Definition
Melody is a succession of tones arranged carefully to give us an interesting and pleasing sound. A melody is a collection of musical tones that are grouped together as a
single entity. Most compositions consist of multiple melodies working in conjunction with one another. In a rock band, the vocalist, guitarist, keyboardist, and bassist are all
playing melodies on their respective instruments. Even the drummer is playing one.

How Is Melody Used in Music?

Melody is used by every musical instrument. For example:
 Solo vocalists use melody when they sing the main theme of a song.
 Choral vocalists sing melodies as a group. Some choruses sing the same notes in unison, like in the traditions of ancient Greece. Others choruses, like those in a church
choir, sing harmonized melody lines that follow a set chord progression.
 Percussion instruments play melodies, too, but their melodies are far more centered on rhythmic durations than pitch. However, all audible drums do have pitches, and
sometimes these precise pitches are notated in sheet music. Classical music is full of pitched percussion: look no further than the timpani passages of the German
composer Gustav Mahler or the mallet instruments in the avant grade twentieth century music of French composer Pierre Boulez.
Characteristics of Melody:
1.Pitch — The highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the frequency (rate of vibration).
Try to sing this song in the key of F and key of G.
 Now. Let’s look back.
A. Ledger Line ( - ) - The small horizontal line written above or below the staff.

B. Sharp (#) - Raise pitch by half step when placed before a note.

C. Flat (b) - Lowers the pitch by half step when placed before a note.

D. Range - The direction and tonal movement of the melody. It maybe ascending or descending in steps or skips.

E. Natural Sign ( ) - Cancels the effect of the sharp or flat and restores its pitch to its original tone.

2. Interval—The distance and relationship between two pitches. It could be harmonic or melodic.

3.Range—The distance between the lowest and highest tones of a melody, an instrument, or a voice. (narrow, medium or wide)

4.Shape—The direction a melody takes as it turns upward or downward, or remains static.

The shape or contour of a melody
A melody that stays on the same pitch gets boring pretty quickly. As the melody progresses, the pitches may go up or down slowly or quickly. One can picture a line that goes
up steeply when the melody suddenly jumps to a much higher note, or that goes down slowly when the melody gently falls. Such a line gives the contour or shape of the melodic
line. You can often get a good idea of the shape of this line by looking at the melody as it is written on the staff, but you can also hear it as you listen to the music.
 The melody of this phrase is an arch shape.

5. Phrase—As in language, a unit of meaning within a larger structure; thus, a melody may be divided into component phrases. Melo dies are often described as being made up of
phrases. A musical phrase is actually a lot like a grammatical phrase. A phrase in a sentence (for example, “into the deep, dark forest” or “under that heavy book”) is a group of words
that make sense together and express a definite idea, but the phrase is not a complete sentence by itself.

In English, we have phrases which are not complete sentences. “Because it does not contain all the letters”
This isn't considered a sentence because it's not a complete thought. We are left hanging at the end expecting something more to come next. Just like that, musical phrases are part
of a musical thought; they aren't complete thoughts by themselves. Let's look at the nursery rhyme, Mary Had a Little Lamb:

When you get to the end of the first line, 'Mary had a little lamb, little lamb, little lamb,' there's a natural place to stop and take a breath. That is the end of the first musical
phrase of this song, but we would never end the song there. We are expecting something to come after this phrase to complete it, just like we expected something to follow our
English phrase to complete the thought.

6. Theme - A longer section of melody that keeps reappearing in the music – for example, in a “theme and variations” – is often called a theme. Themes generally are at least one
phrase long and often have several phrases.The theme is the first main melody that you hear. It is the melody that the rest of the music will be based on. Sometimes the
theme does not start immediately at the beginning of the piece but is preceded by an introduction. An introduction is a short statement of music that comes before the actual
form of music begins. The theme is usually the simplest sounding melody of the piece. If we think back to our cupcakes, a cupcake that represents the theme would have no
decoration, frosting, or filling. It would be the simplest version of the theme.

The Variations
A variation is music that is based on the original theme but is somehow different. A composer can vary the theme by changing the rhythm, changing the harmony, or by decorating
the melody by adding additional notes. As long as the music is similar to the theme but not the same, it would be considered a variation. So, if the baker takes a plain cupcake and
puts chocolate frosting on it, this would be a variation. If they put powdered sugar and sprinkles on it, this would be another variation.
 2. Dynamics
A. Defintion
Dynamics refers to the loudness and softness of sound. Dynamic levels may suggest feelings, moods, or emotions. It adds beauty and expression in a musical composition.
In music, we use the word dynamics to describe the volume of music.
But, rather than using words like loud and quiet, we use different Italian terms and symbols to describe the volume of the piece. We group the musical terms for
dynamics into two different categories:
 Static dynamics
 Changing dynamics

Static Dynamics
Static dynamics are musical instructions that tell us to play the music at a certain volume that doesn’t change. We use three Italian terms to describe static dynamics:
 Piano
 Forte
 Mezzo
Let’s start off by looking at piano (not the instrument).

Piano

The first dynamic we’ll look at is piano, which is pronounced ‘pi-ah-no’. Piano is the word we use to describe quiet or soft in music.
When reading music you’ll typically see a letter p which is telling the musician to play this part of the piece quietly.

Forte

Up next we have forte, which is pronounced ‘for-tay.’ It’s defined as loud and it comes from the Italian word for ‘strong.’ Just like piano, when forte is used in a piece of
music you’ll often see it indicated as a letter f. This means you should play from this point loudly.

Mezzo piano mezzo forte

We use another Italian word, mezzo, which is pronounced ‘met-so’. The definition of mezzo is ‘moderately‘ or ‘half.’ It’s placed in front of the two dynamics: piano and
forte so you get mezzo piano (which means moderately quiet) and mezzo forte (which means moderately loud). Again, this will most of the time get abbreviated to the
first letters of each word: mp or mf.

Pianissimo and Fortissimo

We can also add the suffix ‘issimo’ which essentially means ‘very’ on to the end of piano and forte. We just take off the last letter o from piano and e from forte.
This then gives us pianissimo which means ‘very quiet‘ and fortissimo which means ‘very loud‘. Pianissimo will get abbreviated to double letter ps and fortissimo will
get abbreviated to double letter fs as shown below.

Pianississimo and Fortississimo

Not as common but still worth mentioning is that we can have very, very loud and very, very quiet dynamics.We just add an extra ‘iss’ to
get pianississimo and fortississimo.

Changing Dynamics
The other type of dynamic markings that you’ll see is to do with changing dynamics. This is where the music isn’t staying at one volume but gradually (or suddenly)
increasing or decreasing in volume.

Crescendo
We use the Italian word crescendo (pronounced ‘kruh-shen-doh.’) which means to ‘gradually get louder’. It comes from the Italian word for increasing.
It is often abbreviated to ‘cresc’ in a piece of music but you can also draw a hairpin sign. This is just two lines starting together and gradually getting further apart as
shown below.

Decrescendo and Diminuendo

The opposite of crescendo is decrescendo which means to ‘gradually get quieter’. It comes from the Italian word for decreasing. It gets abbreviated to ‘ decresc‘
but we can also use a hairpin symbol pointing the other way. The two lines start apart and gradually get closer together until they meet.

Another word that means exactly the same as decrescendo is ‘diminuendo‘ which means ‘gradually get quieter.’Diminuendo gets abbreviated to dim. but you can
use the decrescendo hairpin or either of these words interchangeably.

B.Try to sing this song with the use of different dynamics.

 Dynamics Chart

In italian Symbol Definition

pianississimo very, very soft

pianissimo very soft

piano soft

mezzo piano moderately soft

mezzo forte moderately loud

forte loud

Fortissimo very loud

fortississimo very, very loud

crescendo gradually getting louder

decrescendo gradually becoming soft

diminuendo gradually becoming soft

Assessment
A. Direction. Read the questions carefully. Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

1. The ___STAFF_____ is a music symbol that is made up of five lines and four spaces and where we write the notes on.
2. A ___SHARP___ is a symbol that raises the sound of a note a semitone higher.
3. A __NATURAL__ sign cancels the sharp or flat and reverts back to the original sound of the note.
4. When notating music for others to read, composers traditionally have used _SYMBOL____ words to indicate dynamics.
5. _____RANGE_____ is the distance between the highest and lowest tones a voice or instrument.
6. A gradual increase in loudness is known as ____CRESENDO______.
7. ____PITCH____ is defined as relative highness and lowness.
8. In the key of G major, lower do is found in _____LEDGER LINE_______.
9. A symbol which means moderately loud is ___mf______.
10. _____THEME______ is the first main melody that you hear.

B. Identify the interval of the encircled notes in the musical sheet shown below.

Department of Education

C. Compose a simple melody in a 2 musical phrase within a staff in the key of C major with a corresponding so-fa syllable below.
Try to use the different dynamics in your song. (50 points)
 RUBRICS

10 points - 8 points - Very 6 points - Good

Excellent good
1.Singing was executed with the use od
different dynamics.

2.The basic concept in melody were

identified correctly.

3.Composed simple melodies in key of C

major with correct Rhythm.

4.Locate the so-fa syllable correctly.

5.Mastery of the lesson was evident in the

1. References: over all performance.

https://www.uwgb.edu/malloyk/music_outline.htm
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq6nrwx/revision/3
https://hellomusictheory.com/learn/dynamics/
K to 12 Training for Music Teachers 2018