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Inferences On Two Populations Sample Problems
Inferences On Two Populations Sample Problems
Inferences On Two Populations Sample Problems
a) Is it reasonable to conclude that both machines produce the same fraction of defective parts,
using α = 0.05?
x 1=15
x 2=8
n1=n2=300
Verify the conditions required.
1. The sample proportions are from two simple random samples.
2. The two samples are independent.
3. There must be at least 5 successes and 5 failures from each of the two samples (
n1 p1 ≥ 5,n1 (1−p 1)≥5 , n2 p2 ≥ 5, and n2 (1−p 2)≥5
H A : p1 ≠ p2 ∨( p1− p 2 ≠ 0)
Step 2. Determine the rejection region.
Since the parameter of interest is the mean difference between two population
proportions, we use the z-table.
z 0.05=± 1.960
Rejection rule: if the test statistic is less than -1.960 or greater than +1.960, reject the
null hypothesis.
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x 1+ x2
p=
n1 + n2
15+8
p= =0.0383
300+300
Solve for the test statistic:
( p ¿ ¿ 1−p 2)
z=( ^ p 2 )−
p1 −^ ¿
√ p ( 1− p )
(1 1
+
n1 n2 )
z=
( 300 300 )
15
−
8
−(0)
=1.49
A 95% confidence interval can be used to supplement a two-tailed 0.05 significance level
hypothesis is test.
The point estimate for the difference of two population proportions is equal to ^
p1 − ^
p2 .
From the problem above,
15 8
^
p1 − ^
p2= − =0.0233
300 300
Step 2. Determine the critical value.
z 0.05=1.960
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E=z α ×
2 √ p 1(1−^
^
n1
p1 ) ^
+
p 2(1−^
n2
p2 )
√
15 15 8 8
(1− ) (1− )
300 300 300 300
E=1.960× + =0.0307
300 300
Step 4. Compute the confidence interval.
Lower Limit
(^ p 2) −E=0.0233−0.0307=−0.0073
p1− ^
Upper Limit
(^ p 2) + E=0.0233+ 0.0307=0.0540
p1− ^
With 95% confidence, the true difference between the population proportions of defects
between machine 1 and 2 is from -0.0073 and 0.0540.
Since 0 is contained within the interval, we cannot conclude that there is a significant
difference between the two population proportions using the 95% confidence level.
a) Based on the information, should it use plastic 1? Use 0.01 significance level.
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Step 1: Determine the null and alternative hypothesis.
H o : μ1−μ2 ≥10
H A : μ1−μ 2<10
Since the parameter of interest is the mean difference between two population means
with known variances, we use the z-table.
z 0.01=−2.323
Rejection rule: if the test statistic is less than -2.323, reject the null hypothesis.
√
2 2
σ1 σ 1
+
n 1 n2
( 162.5−155 )−(10)
z= =−5.839
√ 12 12
+
10 12
Step 4. Make the decision
Since the test statistic is within the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
A 98% confidence interval can be used to supplement a one-tailed 0.01 significance level
hypothesis is test.
The point estimate for the difference of two population proportions is equal to x 1−x 2
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x 1−x 2=162.5−155.0=7.5
Step 2. Determine the critical value.
z 0.02=2.323
E E=z α
2 √ σ 21 σ 22
+
n1 n 2
E=2.323
√ 12 12
+ =0.9961
10 12
Lower Limit
( x 1−x 2 ) ± E=7.5−0.9961=6.5049
Upper Limit
( x 1−x 2 ) ± E=7.5+0.9961=8.4960
With 98% confidence, the mean breaking point of Plastic 1 is higher than the mean
breaking point of Plastic 2 by 6.5049 psi to 8.4960 psi.
Since both the lower and upper limits do not exceed at least 10 psi, it is not advisable to
adopt Plastic 1 based on the set requirements.
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4. Either or both of these conditions are satisfied: The two sample sizes are both large
(with n1 > 30 and n2 > 30) or both samples come from populations having normal
distributions.
H o : μ1−μ2=0
H A : μ1−μ 2 ≠ 0
Since the parameter of interest is the mean difference between two population means
with unknown population variances, we use the t-table.
df =n1 +n2−2
df =8+8−2=14
For a two-tailed, 0.10 significance level,
t 0.10=± 1.761
Rejection rule: if the test statistic is less than -1.761 or greater than 1.761, reject the null
hypothesis. .
√
2 2
sp sp
+
n1 n2
( 92.255−92.733 )−(0)
t= =−0.354
√ 7.2963 7.2963
8
+
8
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Step 4. Make the decision
Since the test statistic is not less than -1.761, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Practical Conclusion: Since there seems to be no significant difference in the mean yield of the
process when using Catalyst 1 and Catalyst 2, Catalyst 2 is acceptable to use because it is cheaper.
Two Catalysts are being analyzed to determine how they affect the mean yield of a chemical
process. Specifically, catalyst 1 is currently used; but catalyst 2 is acceptable. Because catalyst 2 is
cheaper, it should be adopted, if it does not change the process yield. A test run on 8 samples
each yielded the following results: x 1=92.26 , x 2=92.733 , s1=2.39 , s2=2.98 . Is there any
difference in the mean yields? Assume unequal variances and normal distribution. Use 0.10
significance level.
H o : μ1−μ2=0
H A : μ1−μ 2 ≠ 0
Since the parameter of interest is the mean difference between two population means
with unknown population variances, we use the t-table.
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( )
2 2 2
s1 s2
+
n1 n 2
df =
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
s1 s1
n1 n1
+
n1−1 n2−1
( )
2 2 2
2.39 2.98
+
8 8
df = =13.37 ≈ 13
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2.39 2.98
8 8
+
8−1 8−1
t 0.10=± 1.771
Rejection rule: if the test statistic is less than -1.771 or greater than 1.771, reject the null
hypothesis. .
( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)
t=
√
2 2
s 1 s2
+
n 1 n2
( 92.255−92.733 )−(0)
t= =−0.354
√ 2.392 2.982
8
+
8
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Practical Conclusion: Since there seems to be no significant difference in the mean yield of the
process when using Catalyst 1 and Catalyst 2, Catalyst 2 is acceptable to use because it is cheaper.
M1 M2
s1=1.54 s2=2.13
n1=9 n2 =7
Is there any evidence to indicate that the there is a significant difference in the two
variances? Use a fixed-level test with α = 0.05.
Since the parameter of interest is the ratio between two variances, we use the F-table.
Since M2 has the greater variation (bigger standard deviation), we set it as the
numerator.
d f numerator =7−1=6
d f denominator=9−1=8
Since this is a two-tailed test, find the right critical value for α/2=0.05/2=0.025
F o > F1−α , n −1 , n −1
1 2
F 0.025 ,6 ,8 =4.65
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Again, we consider the right tailed critical value since we set that the numerator is always the
larger variation.
Rejection rule: if the test statistic is greater than 4.65, we reject the null hypothesis.
At 0.05 significance level, there is not enough evidence to conclude that Mixture 1 has
significantly different variance compared to mixture 2.
Practical Conclusion: Since Mixture 1 produces significantly less variability compared to Mixture
2, the use of Mixture 1 is acceptable.
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