What is Mathematics in the Modern World about?

; Mathematics as a system of knowing

or understanding our surroundings.
What does Mathematics in the Modern World provide glimpses into?; The nature of
mathematics and how it is used to understand our world.
What is the central purpose of Mathematics in the Modern World?; To explore those
facets of mathematics that will strengthen our quantitative understandings of our
environs.
What are fractals?; A term contracted from the words 'Fraction' and 'Dimensional'.
What is the Butterfly Effect and Strange Attractors?; This type of mathematics
gives us clues.
What type of mathematics gives us clues about the flow of water and the nature of
the weather system?; The Butterfly Effect & Strange Attractors.
What are Affine Transformations?; The processes of reflection, rotation, and
scaling are seen to be operating in nature to generate biological forms.
What basic geometric figures can be found in nature?; Hexagonal arrangement of a
snowflake.
Where are mathematical spirals seen to occur naturally?; Snail shells, nautilus,
galaxies, and in DNA.
What do number series indicate in Fibonacci Numbers & The Golden Ratio?; The
pattern of growth in rabbit populations and terms may be found in the number of
petals of a flower.
What area of math can be shown to govern Population Dynamics?; Differential
calculus.
What is population dynamics?; Certain areas of math, such as differential calculus,
can be shown to govern how populations grow and collapse.
What can the mathematics of 'Reaction Diffusion' explain?; The patterns on animal
skins.
What are patterns?; Regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs.
What is the next number in the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, _?; 11.
What do patterns indicate?; A sense of structure and organization that it seems
only humans are capable of producing.
What is bilateral symmetry?; Bilateral symmetry is when an object can be divided
into mirror images of each other.
What is radial symmetry?; Radial symmetry is when an object can be divided into
equal parts around a central point.
What are some examples of objects with radial symmetry?; Some examples of objects
with radial symmetry are starfish and daisies.
What are some examples of patterns observed in natural objects?; Some examples of
patterns observed in natural objects are the six-fold symmetry of snowflakes, the
hexagonal structure and formation of honeycombs, the tiger's stripes and hyena's
spots, the number of seeds in sunflowers, the spiral of a snail's shell, and the
number of petals of flowers.
What is the perspective of some people regarding the way nature forms?; Some people
see an "intelligent design" in the way that nature forms.
What is the significance of symmetry in natural objects?; Symmetry indicates that
an object can be divided into equal or mirror images of each other.
What is the difference between bilateral and radial symmetry?; Bilateral symmetry
is when an object can be divided into mirror images of each other, while radial
symmetry is when an object can be divided into equal parts around a central point.
What is the common factor among the patterns observed in natural objects?; The
common factor among the patterns observed in natural objects is the underlying
mathematical principles behind nature's designs.
What is symmetry?; Symmetry is the quality of being made up of exactly similar
parts facing each other or around an axis.
What is rotational symmetry?; Rotational symmetry is when a figure can be rotated
by some degree and still look the same as the original position.
What is the angle of rotation?; The angle of rotation is the smallest angle that a
figure can be rotated while still preserving the original formation.
What is the order of rotational symmetry?; The order of rotational symmetry is the
number of times a figure can be rotated by a certain degree and still look the same
as the original position.
What is the order of rotational symmetry for a starfish?; The order of rotational
symmetry for a starfish is five-fold.
What is the angle of rotation for a starfish?; The angle of rotation for a starfish
is 72 degrees.
What is the order of rotational symmetry for a snowflake?; The order of rotational
symmetry for a snowflake is six-fold.
What is the angle of rotation for a snowflake?; The angle of rotation for a
snowflake is 60 degrees.
What is the formula to compute for the angle of rotation?; The formula to compute
for the angle of rotation is 360/n, where n is the order of rotational symmetry.
Why do some people think that no two snowflakes are alike?; Many combinations and
complex shapes of snowflakes may occur.
What may lead some people to think that no two snowflakes are alike?; Many
combinations and complex shapes of snowflakes may occur.
Why are many snowflakes not perfectly symmetric?; Due to the effects of humidity
and temperature on the ice crystal as it forms.
What is the marvel of nature's design mentioned in the text?; The structure and
shape of a honeycomb.
How are bees able to produce the arrangement of a honeycomb?; Despite their very
small size, bees are able to produce such arrangement while humans would generally
need the use of a ruler and compass to accomplish the same feat.
What is the purpose of the hexagonal formation in covering a piece of paper with
coins?; To cover more area.
What are packing problems?; Packing problems involve finding the optimum method of
filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container.
What is the conclusion drawn about hexagonal formations in the text?; Hexagonal
formations are more optimal in making use of the available space.
What are some factors that affect the shape of snowflakes?; Humidity and
temperature.
What is the purpose of the honeycomb structure?; To maximize the bee colony's
storage of honey using the smallest amount of wax.
What is the definition of packing problems?; Packing problems involve finding the
optimum method of filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container.
What are packing problems?; Packing problems involve finding the optimum method of
filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container.
What is the best solution for packing problems according to bees?; The bees have
instinctively found the best solution, evident in the hexagonal construction of
their hives.
What are the patterns exhibited in the external appearance of animals?; Patterns
are exhibited in the external appearance of animals.
What are the distinctive patterns on a tiger's fur?; Distinctive reddish-orange fur
and dark stripes are the patterns on a tiger's fur.
What are the patterns on a hyena's body?; Hyenas are also covered in patterns of
spots.
What is the theory proposed by Alan Turing?; According to a theory by Alan Turing,
the mathematics of 'Reaction Diffusion' can explain the patterns on animal skins.
What determines the growth patterns on animal skins according to Alan Turing's
theory?; Chemical reactions and diffusion processes in cells determine these growth
patterns according to Alan Turing's theory.
What is the pattern of clockwise and counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending
outward from a sunflower?; There is a definite pattern of clockwise and
counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending outward from a sunflower when looked at
up close.
What is the pattern of arcs or spirals in a sunflower?; Clockwise and
counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending outward from the center of the flower.
How does the pattern of arcs or spirals in a sunflower optimize space?; It allows
the sunflower seeds to occupy the flower head in a way that maximizes their access
to light and necessary nutrients.
What are some common examples of spiral patterns?; Whirlpools and the shells of
snails and other similar mollusks.
What are snails born with?; They are born with their shells, called protoconch,
which start out as fragile and colorless.
What happens to snail shells as the snails grow?; Their shells expand
proportionately so that they can continue to live inside their shells.
What is the refined spiral structure of a snail shell called?; An equiangular
spiral.
What rule does the equiangular spiral of a snail shell follow?; As the distance
from the spiral center increases (radius), the amplitudes of the angles formed by
the radii to the point increase.
What is the formula for exponential growth?; A = Pe^(rt).
What is the significance of the Fibonacci numbers in the number of petals of
flowers?; The number of petals in flowers often follows the Fibonacci sequence.
What is the rule that governs the angles formed by radii to a point in a spiral?;
As the distance from the spiral center increases, the amplitudes of the angles
formed by the radii to the point and the tangent to the point remain constant.
What is the most common number of petals in flowers?; Five.
What is the formula for population growth?; A = Pe^(rt), where A is the final
population, P is the initial population, r is the growth rate, and t is the time
elapsed.
What is the formula for exponential growth?; A = Pe^(rt).
What does the variable 'A' represent in the formula for exponential growth?; The
size of the population after it grows.
What does the variable 'P' represent in the formula for exponential growth?; The
initial number of people.
What is the value of Euler's constant?; Approximately 2.718.
What does the exponential growth model A = 30e^(0.02t) describe?; The population of
a city in the Philippines in thousands, t years after 1995.
What is the rate of growth in the exponential growth model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; 0.02.
What was the population of the city in 1995 according to the exponential growth
model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; 30 thousand.
What will be the population of the city in 2017 according to the exponential growth
model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; 44.6 thousand.
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?; Inhibition of Na+ and Cl-
reabsorption.
How do loop diuretics affect renal excretion of water and Na+?; They increase renal
excretion of water and Na+.
What is the process of transcription?; The process by which DNA is used as a
template to synthesize RNA.
What is the definition of photosynthesis?; The process by which green plants and
some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.
What is the comparative difference between mitosis and meiosis?; Mitosis results in
two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse
daughter cells.
What is the cause and effect relationship between smoking and lung cancer?; Smoking
is a major cause of lung cancer.
What is the definition of the word 'aberration'?; A departure from what is normal,
usual, or expected.
What is the process of cellular respiration?; The process by which cells convert
glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
What is the equation for calculating the population size using the given values of
P and r?; A equals thirty times the Euler's constant e raised to 0.02 times zero.
What was the population size of the city in 1995?; The city population in 1995 was
30,000.
What is the value of A, the population size of the city in 2017?; A equals 46.5813
in thousand units.
How many years have passed since the start of population growth in 1995 to 2017?;
22 years have passed since the start of population growth in 1995 to 2017.
What is the formula for calculating the population size of the city in 2017?; A
equals 30 times the Euler's constant e raised to 0.02 times 22.
How does the population size of the city in 2017 compare to the population size in
1995?; The population size of the city in 2017 is about 46,581, which is larger
than the population size in 1995, which was 30,000.
What is the definition of Euler's constant?; Euler's constant is a mathematical
constant that is approximately equal to 2.71828.
Can you explain the process of calculating the population size using the given
values of P and r?; The population size can be calculated using the formula A
equals P times e raised to the power of rt, where A is the population size, P is
the initial population size, e is Euler's constant, r is the rate of growth, and t
is the time elapsed.
What was the population of the city in 2017 when t=22?; 46,581.
What is the formula used to calculate the population of the city in 2017?; 0.02t.
What is the value of t in the given formula?; 22.
What is the result of 0.02 multiplied by 22?; 0.44.
What is the value of e in the formula used to calculate the population of the
city?; 30.
What is the result of 30 raised to the power of 0.02 multiplied by 22?; 46.5813.
What is the significance of the value 46,581 in the given text?; It represents the
estimated population of the city in 2017.
What is the process used to calculate the population of the city in 2017?;
Multiplying 0.02 with t and then raising 30 to the power of the result.
What is a sequence in mathematics?; An ordered list of numbers called terms that
may have repeated values, arranged by a definite rule.
What is the Fibonacci sequence?; A sequence of numbers generated by adding the
previous two numbers in the sequence, starting with 0 and 1.
What is the rule for the sequence 1, 10, 100, 1000?; Each term is a power of 10.
What are the next three terms in the sequence 2, 5, 9, 14, 20?; 27, 35, 44.
What is the process for generating the Fibonacci sequence?; Adding the previous two
numbers in the sequence, starting with 0 and 1.
What is a sequence with repeated values called?; A sequence.
What is the rule for the sequence generated by adding 5 to the previous term,
starting with 3?; Each term is the previous term plus 5.
What is the next term in the Fibonacci sequence after 21?; 34.
What is the rule for the sequence generated by multiplying the previous term by 2,
starting with 1?; Each term is the previous term multiplied by 2.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15?; 21.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32?; 64.
What is the rule for the sequence generated by subtracting 3 from the previous
term, starting with 10?; Each term is the previous term minus 3.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5?; 8.
What is the next term in the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, 15?; 18.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16?; 32.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25?; 36.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 4, 7, 11, 16?; 22.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 5, 14, 30, 55?; 91.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 11, 111, 1111?; 11111.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 7, 13, 21?; 31.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11?; 13.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 6, 24, 120?; 720.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 10, 19, 31?; 46.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 6, 15, 28, 45?; 66.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 7, 17, 32, 52?; 77.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 8, 18, 38?; 78.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 7, 11?; 16.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, 81?; 243.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 4, 7, 11, 16?; 22.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25?; 36.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15?; 21.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 5, 9, 14, 20?; 27.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 10, 100, 1000?; 10000.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16?; 32.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 7, 15, 31?; 63.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 10, 22, 46?; 94.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 5, 14, 30, 55?; 91.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 11, 111, 1111?; 11111.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, 81?; 243.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32?; 64.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 5, 8?; 13.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25?; 36.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15?; 21.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 5, 9, 14, 20?; 27.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 10, 100, 1000?; 10000.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16?; 32.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 7, 15, 31?; 63.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 10, 22, 46?; 94.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 5, 14, 30, 55?; 91.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 11, 111, 1111?; 11111.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, 81?; 243.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32?; 64.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 5, 8?; 13.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25?; 36.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15?; 21.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 5, 9, 14, 20?; 27.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 10, 100, 1000?; 10000.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16?; 32.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 7, 15, 31?; 63.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 10, 22, 46?; 94.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 5, 14, 30, 55?; 91.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 11, 111, 1111?; 11111.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, 81?; 243.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32?; 64.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 5, 8?; 13.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25?; 36.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15?; 21.
What is the next term in the sequence 2, 5, 9, 14, 20?; 27.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 10, 100, 1000?; 10000.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16?; 32.
What is the next term in the sequence 1, 3, 7, 15, 31?; 63.
What is the next term in the sequence 1;
What is the rule for determining the next term in the first set of numbers?; The
next term is determined by multiplying the previous term by 10.
What is the next term in the first set of numbers?; 10,000.
What is the rule for determining the next term in the second set of numbers?; The
next term is determined by adding the difference between the two previous terms and
one.
What is the next term in the second set of numbers?; 20.
What is the Fibonacci sequence?; It is a special sequence named after the Italian
mathematician Fibonacci, in which each term is the sum of the two preceding terms.
What is the next term in the Fibonacci sequence?; 13.
What is the process for determining the next three terms in the sequence with the
rule of adding 7, 8, 9 to the current term?; Add 7 to the current term to get the
next term, then add 8 to that term to get the following term, and finally add 9 to
that term to get the third term.
What are the next three terms in the sequence with the rule of adding 7, 8, 9 to
the current term, starting from the current term of 27?; 34, 42, 51.
What is the definition of the term "sequence"?; A sequence is a set of numbers or
other mathematical objects arranged in a specific order.
What is the cause and effect relationship between the difference between two
previous terms and the next term in the second set of numbers?; The difference
between two previous terms is added to one to determine the next term.
What is the name of the sequence that starts with 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...?; The
sequence is called the Fibonacci sequence.
Who is the Italian mathematician that the Fibonacci sequence is named after?; The
Fibonacci sequence is named after Leonardo of Pisa, who was also known as
Fibonacci.
How did Fibonacci discover the Fibonacci sequence?; Fibonacci discovered the
Fibonacci sequence as he looked at how a hypothesized group of rabbits bred and
reproduced.
What is the mechanism for generating the Fibonacci sequence?; Starting with 0 and
1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be generated by adding the two numbers
that came before the term.
What is the origin of the Fibonacci sequence?; While the sequence is widely known
as the Fibonacci sequence, this pattern is said to have been discovered much
earlier in India.
What is the process for generating the Fibonacci sequence?; The process for
generating the Fibonacci sequence involves adding the two previous terms in the
sequence to obtain the next term.
What is the significance of the Fibonacci sequence?; The Fibonacci sequence has
many applications in mathematics, science, and nature, including in the study of
patterns and growth in living organisms.
What is the difference between factual and inferential flashcards?; Factual
flashcards test knowledge of specific information, while inferential flashcards
require the learner to make connections and draw conclusions based on the
information provided.
What is the difference between comparative and cause and effect flashcards?;
Comparative flashcards require the learner to compare and contrast different
concepts or ideas, while cause and effect flashcards test the learner's
understanding of how one event or action leads to another.
What is the purpose of vocabulary definition flashcards?; Vocabulary definition
flashcards help learners to expand their vocabulary and improve their understanding
of new words and concepts.
What is the Fibonacci sequence?; A sequence of numbers where each number is the sum
of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1, and the sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2,
3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on.
What is the origin of the Fibonacci sequence?; The pattern is said to have been
discovered much earlier in India, and according to some scholarly articles, it is
evident in the number of variations of a particular category of Sanskrit and
Prakrit poetry meters.
What is meter in poetry?; Meter refers to the rhythmic pattern of syllables in
poetry.
What are some interesting properties of the Fibonacci sequence?; Among these is
that this pattern is very visible in nature.
What is the Golden Ratio?; The ratio between two numbers, if the latter is also the
ratio between the sum and the larger of the two numbers.
What is the relationship between the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci sequence?; The
ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers approach the number Φ (Phi), also known as
the Golden Ratio.
What is the Golden Ratio?; The Golden Ratio is a mathematical ratio of 1.61803,
often found in nature and art.
What is the formula for the Golden Ratio?; (a+b)/a = a/b = Φ = 1.61803.
What is the Golden Rectangle?; The Golden Rectangle is a rectangle perfectly formed
by a square and another rectangle, which can be repeated infinitely inside each
section.
What is the significance of the Golden Ratio in art and architecture?; Shapes and
figures that bear the Golden Ratio proportion are generally considered to be
aesthetically pleasing.
What is the significance of the Golden Ratio in the human DNA molecule?; The human
DNA molecule also contains Fibonacci numbers, being 34 angstroms long by 21
angstroms wide for each full cycle of the double helix spiral.
Why is it important to learn mathematical concepts and apply them in solving
societal problems?; A lot of events happen around us, and it is important to
understand mathematical concepts to make sense of them and solve societal problems.
What is the relationship between two numbers if the ratio between the sum and the
larger of the two numbers is equal to the ratio between the larger and the smaller
number?; The two numbers are in the Golden Ratio.
How can the Golden Ratio be visualized geometrically?; The Golden Ratio can be
visualized as a rectangle perfectly formed by a square and another rectangle, which
can be repeated infinitely inside each section.
What is the length and width of the human DNA molecule for each full cycle of the
double helix spiral?; The human DNA molecule is 34 angstroms long by 21 angstroms
wide for each full cycle of the double helix spiral.
What are Fibonacci numbers?; Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of numbers in which
each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.
What is the value of 1 angstrom in meters?; 1 angstrom is equal to 10^-10 meter or
0.1 nanometer.
What is the importance of mathematical tools in making sound analysis and better
decisions?; Mathematical tools help us make sense of all available information and
make sound analysis and better decisions.
What is an example of how a store can use data on shopping habits to drive sales?;
A store can gather data on the shopping habits of its customers and make necessary
adjustments to help drive sales.
What is an example of how scientists can use mathematical tools to help conserve
endangered animal populations?; Scientists can plot bird migration routes to help
conserve endangered animal populations.
What is an example of how social media analysts can use software to gauge the
netizens' sentiments on particular issues or personalities?; Social media analysts
can crunch all online postings using software to gauge the netizens' sentiments on
particular issues or personalities.
What is the concept of probability used for?; The concept of probability is used to
calculate the chance of an event occurring.
What is an example of how meteorologists use mathematical models to make
forecasts?; Based on historical patterns, meteorologists can make forecasts to help
us prepare for our day-to-day activities and warn us of weather disturbances.
What can meteorologists do with weather patterns?; They can make forecasts to help
us prepare for day-to-day activities and warn us of weather disturbances that can
affect our activities for weeks or months.
How do astronomers use patterns?; They use patterns to predict the occurrence of
meteor showers or eclipses.
What were some heavenly phenomena announced in 2017?; The Draconid Meteor Shower
and "The Great American Eclipse."

How do mathematicians describe natural objects and phenomena?; They describe them
using an underlying mathematical structure.
What can videographers do that photographers cannot?; They can record events as
they unfold.
What can painters, sculptors, poets, and musicians do to interpret their
surroundings?; They can create masterpieces, use beautiful words to describe an
object, and capture and reproduce sounds that they hear.
How can nature and its interactions be described more elegantly?; By means of
mathematical equations.
What is the benefit of using mathematical equations to describe observations of
nature?; They can elegantly describe a wealth of physical phenomena with just a few
symbols on a page.
What did astrophysicist Brian Greene say about using mathematical equations to
describe nature?; "With a few symbols on a page, you can describe a wealth of
physical phenomena."

What is interesting to ponder about mathematics and the natural laws that hold the
universe together?; Mathematics, an invention of the human mind, seems to permeate
the natural laws that hold the universe together.
What is an example of a natural phenomenon that was speculated to exist because
mathematics said so, but no hard evidence was found to support its existence?;
Gravitational waves, which were hypothesized to exist by Albert Einstein based on
his theory of general relativity.
What are gravitational waves?; "Ripples" formed in the fabric of space-time due to
large and violent cosmic events, very much like when a pebble is thrown on a
stagnant pond.
When did the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) announce
that it found evidence of gravitational waves?; About a hundred years after Albert
Einstein hypothesized their existence.
How has the use of mathematics allowed us to expand our horizons in understanding
natural phenomena?; Advancements in technology have allowed us to prove the
existence of natural phenomena that were previously only speculated to exist based
on mathematical equations.
What is the cause of "ripples" in the fabric of space-time that form gravitational
waves?; Large and violent cosmic events.
What did the LIGO announce they found evidence of?; Gravitational waves.
How does mathematics allow humans to exert control over themselves and the effects
of nature?; Through the use of mathematics, humans can model and predict natural
phenomena, allowing them to take action to mitigate negative effects.
What is the threat of climate change and global warming?; The threat is that sea
levels could rise to catastrophic levels as the polar caps melt due to the increase
in global temperatures.
What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?; It is
an international treaty signed in 1992 with the goal of keeping greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at levels that would not interfere with the
climate system.
What did Albert Einstein say about mathematics?; He said that mathematics, a
product of human thought that is independent of experience, fits so excellently the
objects of reality.
How does mathematics play a role in the underpinnings of our world?; Mathematics is
used to model and predict natural phenomena, as well as to design and optimize
technology and infrastructure.
What are some examples of where we have seen mathematics in living creatures and
natural phenomena?; Examples include the Fibonacci sequence in plant growth, the
Golden Ratio in animal body proportions, and the laws of thermodynamics in physical
systems.
What is the importance of mathematics in our world?; Mathematics plays a huge role
in the underpinnings of our world.
Give an example of where we have seen mathematics in living creatures and natural
phenomena.; Examples include the Fibonacci sequence in sunflowers and the Golden
Ratio in seashells.
Why is a knowledge of mathematics helpful in various professions?; Whether you are
on your way to becoming a doctor, an engineer, an entrepreneur, or a chef, a
knowledge of mathematics will be helpful.
What are the most basic skills needed in any endeavor?; Logical reasoning and
critical thinking are crucial skills that are needed in any endeavor.
Why should the study of mathematics be embraced?; The study of mathematics should
be embraced as it paves the way for more educated decisions and, in a way, brings
us closer to understanding the natural world.
What is Mathematics in the Modern World about?; Mathematics as a system of knowing
or understanding our surroundings.
What does Mathematics in the Modern World provide glimpses into?; The nature of
mathematics and how it is used to understand our world.
What is the central purpose of Mathematics in the Modern World?; To explore those
facets of mathematics that will strengthen our quantitative understandings of our
environs.
What are fractals?; A term contracted from the words 'Fraction' and 'Dimensional'.
What do the Butterfly Effect and Strange Attractors refer to?; This type of
mathematics gives us clues about chaotic systems, such as weather patterns.
What is the relationship between Mathematics in the Modern World and other
disciplines?; Its understanding, in conjunction with other disciplines, contributes
to a more complete portrait of the world.
What type of mathematics gives us clues about the flow of water and the nature of
the weather system?; The Butterfly Effect & Strange Attractors.
What are affine transformations?; The processes of reflection, rotation, and
scaling that are seen to be operating in nature to generate biological forms.
What basic geometrical figures can be found in nature?; Hexagonal arrangement of a
snowflake.
Where are mathematical spirals seen to occur naturally?; Snail shells, nautilus,
galaxies, and in DNA.
What do number series indicate in Fibonacci Numbers & The Golden Ratio?; The
pattern of growth in rabbit populations and terms may be found in the number of
petals of a flower.
What can be shown using differential calculus in Population Dynamics?; Certain
areas of math can be shown to govern population dynamics.
What is population dynamics?; Certain areas of math, such as differential calculus,
can be shown to govern how populations grow and collapse.
What can the mathematics of 'Reaction Diffusion' explain?; The patterns on animal
skins.
What are patterns?; Regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs.
What is the next number in the sequence: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, _?; 11.
What do patterns indicate?; A sense of structure and organization that it seems
only humans are capable of producing.
What is the term used to describe the six-fold symmetry of snowflakes?; Hexagonal
symmetry.
What is the term used to describe the structure and formation of honeycombs?;
Hexagonal structure.
What is the term used to describe the symmetry where an object can be divided into
equal parts around a central point?; Radial symmetry.
What is the term used to describe the symmetry where an object can be divided into
mirror images of each other?; Bilateral symmetry.
What is the common factor observed in the number of seeds in a sunflower?; The
number is a Fibonacci sequence.
What is the perspective that some people see in the way nature forms?; Intelligent
design.
What is the underlying principle behind nature's designs?; Mathematical principles.
What is the type of symmetry evident in most animals, including humans?; Bilateral
symmetry.
What is the type of symmetry where an object can be divided into equal parts around
a central point?; Radial symmetry.
What is the type of symmetry where an object can be divided into mirror images of
each other?; Bilateral symmetry.
What is the common factor observed in the number of petals of flowers?; The number
is often a Fibonacci sequence.
What is symmetry?; Symmetry is the quality of being made up of exactly similar
parts facing each other or around an axis.
What is rotational symmetry?; Rotational symmetry is when a figure can be rotated
by some degree and still look the same as the original position.
What is the angle of rotation?; The angle of rotation is the smallest angle that a
figure can be rotated while still preserving the original formation.
What is the order of rotational symmetry?; The order of rotational symmetry is the
number of times a figure can be rotated by a certain degree and still look the same
as the original position.
What is the order of rotational symmetry for a starfish?; The order of rotational
symmetry for a starfish is five-fold.
What is the angle of rotation for a starfish?; The angle of rotation for a starfish
is 72 degrees.
What is the order of rotational symmetry for a snowflake?; The order of rotational
symmetry for a snowflake is six-fold.
What is the angle of rotation for a snowflake?; The angle of rotation for a
snowflake is 60 degrees.
What is the formula for computing the angle of rotation?; The formula for computing
the angle of rotation is 360/n, where n is the order of rotational symmetry.
Why do some people think that no two snowflakes are alike?; Many combinations and
complex shapes of snowflakes may occur, which lead some people to think that no two
snowflakes are alike.
What may lead some people to think that no two snowflakes are alike?; Many
combinations and complex shapes of snowflakes may occur.
Why are many snowflakes not perfectly symmetric?; Due to the effects of humidity
and temperature on the ice crystal as it forms.
What is the marvel of nature's design mentioned in the text?; The structure and
shape of a honeycomb.
How are bees able to produce the arrangement of a honeycomb?; Despite their very
small size, bees are able to produce such arrangement while humans would generally
need the use of a ruler and compass to accomplish the same feat.
What is the purpose of the hexagonal formation in covering a piece of paper with
coins?; To cover more area.
What are packing problems?; Packing problems involve finding the optimum method of
filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container.
What is the conclusion drawn about hexagonal formations in making use of available
space?; Hexagonal formations are more optimal in making use of the available space.
What effects do loop diuretics have on renal excretion of water and Na+?; They
increase renal excretion of water and Na+.
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?; Inhibition of Na+ and Cl-
reabsorption.
What is the value of 360 divided by 6 and then multiplied by 100?; 6000.
What is the process of making use of a ruler and compass to accomplish a feat
called?; Construction.
What is the definition of humidity?; The amount of water vapor present in the air
or another gas.
What are packing problems?; Packing problems involve finding the optimum method of
filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container.
What is the best solution for packing problems according to bees?; The bees have
instinctively found the best solution, evident in the hexagonal construction of
their hives.
What are the patterns exhibited in the external appearance of animals?; Patterns
are exhibited in the external appearance of animals.
What are the distinctive patterns of a tiger?; Distinctive reddish-orange fur and
dark stripes are the patterns of a tiger.
What are the patterns of spots on hyenas?; Hyenas are also covered in patterns of
spots.
What is the theory proposed by Alan Turing?; According to a theory by Alan Turing,
the mathematics of 'Reaction Diffusion' can explain the patterns on animal skins.
What determines the growth patterns on animal skins according to Alan Turing's
theory?; Chemical reactions and diffusion processes in cells determine these growth
patterns.
What is the pattern of clockwise and counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending
outward from a sunflower?; There is a definite pattern of clockwise and
counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending outward from a sunflower.
What is the pattern of arcs or spirals in a sunflower?; Clockwise and
counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending outward from the center of the flower.
How does the pattern of arcs or spirals in a sunflower optimize space?; It allows
the sunflower seeds to occupy the flower head in a way that maximizes their access
to light and necessary nutrients.
What are some common examples of spiral patterns?; Whirlpools and the shells of
snails and other similar mollusks.
What are snails born with?; They are born with their shells, called protoconch,
which start out as fragile and colorless.
What happens to snail shells as the snails grow?; Their shells expand
proportionately so that they can continue to live inside their shells.
What is the refined spiral structure of a snail shell called?; An equiangular
spiral.
What rule does the equiangular spiral of a snail shell follow?; As the distance
from the spiral center increases (radius), the amplitudes of the angles formed by
the radii to the point increase.
What is the formula for exponential growth?; A = Pe^(rt).
What is the significance of the Fibonacci numbers in the number of petals of
flowers?; The number of petals in many flowers follows the Fibonacci sequence.
What is the rule that governs the angles formed by radii in a spiral?; As the
distance from the spiral center increases, the amplitudes of the angles formed by
the radii to the point and the tangent to the point remain constant.
What is the most common number of petals in flowers?; Five.
What is the formula for population growth?; A = Pe^(rt), where A is the final
population, P is the initial population, r is the growth rate, and t is the time
elapsed.
What is the formula for exponential growth?; A = Pe^(rt).
What does the variable 'A' represent in the formula for exponential growth?; The
size of the population after it grows.
What does the variable 'P' represent in the formula for exponential growth?; The
initial number of people.
What is the value of Euler's constant?; Approximately 2.718.
What does the exponential growth model A = 30e^(0.02t) describe?; The population of
a city in the Philippines in thousands, t years after 1995.
What is the rate of growth in the exponential growth model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; 0.02.
What was the population of the city in 1995 according to the exponential growth
model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; 30 thousand.
What will be the population of the city in 2017 according to the exponential growth
model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; 45.6 thousand.
What is the mechanism of using mathematics to model population growth?; Using the
formula for exponential growth.
What is the process for calculating the population size after time t with a growth
rate of r using the formula for exponential growth?; Plugging in values to the
formula A = Pe^(rt).
What is the definition of the variable 't' in the formula for exponential growth?;
The time.
What is the definition of the variable 'r' in the formula for exponential growth?;
The rate of growth.
What is the definition of the variable 'e' in the formula for exponential growth?;
Euler's constant.
How does the exponential growth formula relate to population growth?; It models
population growth.
What is the approximate value of Euler's constant?; 2.718.
What is the definition of the variable 'P' in the formula for exponential growth?;
The initial number of people.
What is the definition of the variable 'A' in the formula for exponential growth?;
The size of the population after it grows.
What is the definition of the exponential growth model A = 30e^(0.02t)?; It
describes the population of a city in the Philippines in thousands, t years after
1995.
What is the definition of the variable 'r' in the exponential growth model A =
30e^(0.02t)?; The rate of growth.
What is the definition of the variable 't' in the exponential growth model A =
30e^(0.02t)?; The time.
What is the definition of the variable 'P' in the exponential growth model A =
30e^(0.02t)?; The initial number of people.
What is the definition of the exponential growth formula?; A = Pe^(rt).
What is the definition of the variable 'e' in the exponential growth formula?;
Euler's constant.
What is the definition of the variable 'A' in the exponential growth formula?; The
size of the population after it grows.
What is the definition of the variable 'P' in the exponential growth formula?; The
initial number of people.
What is the definition of the variable 'r' in the exponential growth formula?; The
rate of growth.
What is the definition of the variable 't' in the exponential growth formula?; The
time.
What is the process for calculating the population size after time t with a growth
rate of r using the exponential growth formula?; Plugging in values to the formula
A = Pe^(rt).
What is the definition of exponential growth?; A type of growth where the rate of
growth is proportional to the current size of the population.
What is the definition of the exponential growth model?; A mathematical model that
describes exponential growth.
What is the definition of the rate of growth in the exponential growth formula?;
The rate at which the population is growing.
What is the definition of the time variable in the exponential growth formula?; The
amount of time that has passed since the initial population count.
What is the definition of the initial number of people in the exponential growth
formula?; The population count at the start of the growth period.
What is the definition of the size of the population after it grows in the
exponential growth formula?; The final population count after the growth period.
What is the definition of the exponential growth formula A = Pe^(rt)?; A formula
that models population growth.
What is the definition of the variable 'e' in the exponential growth formula A =
Pe^(rt)?; Euler's constant.
What is the definition of the variable 'P' in the exponential growth formula A =
Pe^(rt)?; The initial number of people.
What is the definition of the variable 'r' in the exponential growth formula A =
Pe^(rt)?; The rate of growth.
What is the definition of the variable 't' in the exponential growth formula A =
Pe^(rt)?; The time.
What is the definition of the variable 'A' in the exponential growth formula A =
Pe^(rt)?; The size of the population after it grows.
What is the process for calculating the population size after time t with a growth
rate of r using the exponential growth formula A = Pe^(rt)?; Plugging in values to
the formula.