Calculus1eng w6

Related Rates
Applications of Differentiation
Related Rates
If we are pumping air into a balloon, both the volume and the radius of
the balloon are increasing and their rates of increase are related to each
other. But it is much easier to measure directly the rate of increase of the
volume than the rate of increase of the radius.
In a related rates problem the idea is to compute the rate of change of one
quantity in terms of the rate of change of another quantity (which may be
more easily measured).
The procedure is to find an equation that relates the two quantities and
then use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides with respect to time.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 1 / 65

Related Rates
Example 1
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases
at a rate of 100 cm3 /s. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing
when the diameter is 50?
Solution.
We start by identifying two things:
Let V be the volume and r be the radius of the balloon.
Given The rate of increase of the volume of air is 100 cm3 /s.
Unknown The rate of increase of the radius when the diameter is
50 cm.
The key thing to remember is that rates of change are derivatives.
In this problem, the volume and the radius are both functions of the time t.

Related Rates
Solution.
The rate of increase of the volume with respect to time is the derivative
dV /dt and the rate of increase of the radius is dr/dt.
We can therefore restate the given and the unknown as follows:
dV
Given dt = 100 cm3 /s
dr
Unknown dt when r = 25
In order to connect dV /dt and dr/dt we first relate V and r by the
formula for the volume of a sphere:
4
V = πr3 .
3
In order to use the given information, we differentiate each side of this
equation with respect to t.

Related Rates
Solution (cont.)
To differentiate the right side we need to use the Chain Rule:
dV dV dr dr
= = 4πr2
dt dr dt dt
dV dr
= 4πr2
dt dt
Now we solve for the unknown quantity:
dr 1 dV
=
dt 4πr2 dt
If we put r = 25 and dV /dt = 100 in this equation, we obtain
dr 1 1
= 2
100 =
dt 4π(25) 25π
The radius of the balloon is increasing at the rate of (1/25π) cm/s.

Related Rates
Example 2
A ladder 10 m long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the
ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1 m/s, how fast is the top of
the ladder sliding down the wall when the bottom of the ladder is 6 m
from the wall?
Solution.
wall
We first draw a diagram and label it as

in Figure. Let x feet be the distance
from the bottom of the ladder to the
9.94987 m
wall and y feet the distance from the
top of the ladder to the ground. Note
that x and y are both functions of t
(time).
floor
1. m

Related Rates
Solution (cont.)
We are given that dx/dt = 1 m/s and we are asked to find dy/dt when
x = 6 m.
wall
dy
=?
dt
dx
= 1 m/ s
dt
floor
6. m
In this problem, the relationship between x and y is given by the

Pythagorean Theorem:
x2 + y 2 = 100
Related Rates
Solution (cont.)
Differentiating each side with respect to t using the Chain Rule, we have
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
dy x dx
=−
and solving this equation for the desired rate, we obtain .
dt y dt
When x = 6, the Pythagorean Theorem gives y = 8 and so, substituting
these values and dx/dt = 1, we put
dy 6 3
= − (1) = − m/sn
dt 8 4
dy/dt is negative means that the distance from the top of the ladder to
the ground is decreasing at a rate of (3/4) m/s. In other words, the top
of the ladder is sliding down the wall at a rate of (3/4) m/s.

Related Rates
Example 3
A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base radius
2 m and height 4 m. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of
2 m/min, find the rate of height at which the water level is rising when the
water is 3 m deep. E
2
Solution. fi
2 S
v
We first sketch the cone and label it
m
as in Figure. Let V, r, and h be
r
the volume of the water, the radius 4 3
of the surface, and the height at time
h
t, where t is measured in minutes.
b
FIGURE 3 u

Related Rates
Solution (cont.)
h V
10
5
1
t t
2 4 6 2 4 6
We are given that dV /dt = 2 m3 /min and we are asked to find dh/dt
when h = 3 m. The quantities V and h are related by the equation
1
V = πr2 h
3
but it is very useful to express V as a function of h alone.
In order to eliminate r we use the similar triangles in Figure to write
r 2 h
h = 4 =⇒ r = 2 .

Related Rates
Solution (cont.)
The expression for V becomes
2
1 h π
V = π h = h3 .
3 2 12
Now we can differentiate each side with respect to t:

dV π dh dh 4 dV
= h2 =⇒ = .
dt 4 dt dt πh2 dt
Substituting h = 3 m and dV /dt = 2 m3 /min, we have
dh 4 8
= 2
·2= ≈ 0.28 m/min
dt π(3) 9π

Maximum and Minimum Values
Some of the most important applications of differential calculus are

optimization problems, in which we are required to find the optimal
(best) way of doing something.
• What is the shape of a can that minimizes manufacturing costs?
• What is the maximum acceleration of a space shuttle? (This is an
important question to the astronauts who have to withstand the
effects of acceleration.)
These problems can be reduced to finding the maximum or minimum
values of a function. Let’s first explain exactly what we mean by maximum
and minimum values.

Definition 4
A function f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) at c if
f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x in D, where D is the domain of f . The number f (c)
is called the maximum value of f on D.
Similarly, f has an absolute minimum at c if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x in D
and the number f (c) is called the minimum value of f on D.
The maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme values of
f.

1 shows the graph of a function f with absolute maximum at d an
atFigure,
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shows f 共d 兲兲
of is
a function f withpoint
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on maximum d and共a, f
the graphat and
absolute minimum at a. Note that (d, f (d)) is the highest point on the
int.
graph and (a, f (a)) is the lowest point.
y
f(d)
f(a)
a 0 b c d e x

Definition 5
A function f has a local maximum (or relative maximum) at c if
f (c) ≥ f (x) when x is near c (This means that f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x in
some open interval containing c).
Similarly, f has a local minimum at c if f (c) ≤ f (x) when x is near c.

Example 6
The function f (x) = cos x takes on its (local and absolute) maximum
value of 1 infinitely many times, since
cos 2nπ = 1
for any integer n and

−1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
for all x. Likewise,
cos(2n + 1)π = −1
is its minimum value, where n is any integer.

c if f 共c兲
some op
f 共c兲
Example 7
If f (x) = x2 , then f (x) ≥ f (0) because x2 ≥ 0 for all x. Therefore,
f (0) = 0 is the absolute (and local) minimum value of f . This corresponds
EXAMPLE 1
to the fact that the origin is the lowest point on the parabola y = x2 .
y value of 1 i
1 cos
y=≈ where n is
EXAMPLE 2
f 共0兲苷 0 is
0 x fact that th
However, there is no ever, there
highest2 point on the parabola and so this function
FIGURE
has no maximum value. value.
Minimum value 0, no maximum
MAT 1001 y
Calculus I
EXAMPLE 3
16 / 65
Maximum and Minimum Values EXAMPLE 2 I
f 共0兲苷 0 is
Example 8 0 x fact that the
3
From the graph of the function f (x) = x , shown in Figure weever,
see that
there i
this function has FIGURE
neither an2 absolute maximum value nor an absolute
minimum value. In fact, it has no local extreme values either.
value.
Minimum value 0, no maximum
y EXAMPLE 3 F
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MAT 1001 FIGURE 3 Calculus I mum becau
17 / 65
EXAMPLE Maximum
4 The and
graph of the function
Minimum Values
f 共x兲苷 3x 4 16x 3 18x 2 1 x 4

Example 9
is shown
The graphin of
Figure 4. You can see that f 共1兲苷 5 is a local maximum, whereas the
the function
absolute maximum is f 共1兲苷 37. [This absolute maximum is not a local maxi-
at4an 2 f 共0兲苷 0 is a local minimum and
mum becausefit(x)occurs
= 3x 16x3 + 18x
− endpoint.] Also, −1≤x≤4
f 共3兲苷 27 is both a local and an absolute minimum. Note that f has neither a
islocal nor in
shown absolute maximum at x 苷 4.
an Figure.
(_1, 37) y=3x$-16˛+18≈
(1, 5)
_1 1 2 3 4 5 x
(3, _27)
4 MAT 1001 Calculus I 18 / 65
f 共3兲苷 27 is and
Maximum both a local
Minimum and an absolute minimum. Note that f has neither a
Values
local nor an absolute maximum at x 苷 4.
(_1, 37) y=3x$-16˛+18≈
(1, 5)
_1 1 2 3 4 5 x
(3, _27)
4
You can see that f (1) = 5 is a local maximum, whereas the absolute
maximum is f (−1) = 37 (This absolute maximum is not a local maximum
because it occurs at an endpoint).

f 共3兲苷 27 is and
Maximum both a local
Minimum and an absolute minimum. Note that f has neither a
Values
local nor an absolute maximum at x 苷 4.
(_1, 37) y=3x$-16˛+18≈
(1, 5)
_1 1 2 3 4 5 x
(3, _27)
4
Also, f (0) = 0 is a local minimum and f (3) = −27 is both a local and an
absolute minimum. Note that f has neither a local nor an absolute
maximum at x = 4.

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Theorem 10 (The Extreme Value Theorem)
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The Extreme Value Theorem says that a continuous function on a closed

interval has a maximum value and a minimum value, but it does not tell
us how to find these extreme values.
We start by looking for local extreme values.

Figure shows the graph of a function f with a local maximum at c and a

local minimum at d. It appears that at the maximum and minimum points
the tangent lines are horizontal and therefore each has slope 0. We know
274
that the derivative is the■slopeCHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS
of the tangent OF DIFFERENTIATIO
line, so it appears that
f 0 (c) = 0 and f 0 (d) = 0.
y Figure 8
{c, f (c)} minimum at
are horizonta
of the tangen
says that this
{d, f (d )}
0 c d x 4 Fermat
exists, the
FIGURE 8
The Fermat’s Theorem says that this is always true for differentiable
functions.
Theorem 11 (Fermat’s Theorem)
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f 0 (c) exists, then
f 0 (c) = 0.
Note
When f 0 (c) = 0, f doesn’t necessarily have a maximum or minimum at c.
(In other words, the converse of Fermat’s Theorem is false in general.)

| Thus, when f 共c兲苷 0, f doesn’t necessa
(In other words, the converse of Fermat’s Th

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y
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FIGURE
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nd that there may be an extreme

MAT 1001 value
Calculus I where f 共c兲 does not 27 / 65
Definition 12
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such
that either f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.
In terms of critical numbers, Fermat’s Theorem can be rephrased as

follows:
Theorem 13 (Fermat’s Theorem)
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, then c is a critical number of
f.

Example 14
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = x3/5 (4 − x).
Solution.
The Product Rule gives
3 3(4 − x)
f 0 (x) = x−2/5 (4 − x) + x3/5 (−1) = − x3/5
5 5x2/5
3(4 − x) − 5x 12 − 8x
= 2/5
=
5x 5x2/5
[The same result could be obtained by first writing f (x) = 4x3/5 − x8/5 .]
Therefore, f 0 (x) = 0 if 12 − 8x = 0, that is, x = 23 and f 0 (x) does not
exist when x = 0.
Thus, the critical numbers are 0 and 23 .

The Closed Interval Method

To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous
function f on a closed interval [a, b]:
1 Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
2 Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval.
3 The largest of the values from Steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum
value; the smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.

Example 15
Find the absolute minimum and maximum values of
f (x) = 3x2 − 12x + 5, [0, 3].
Solution.
The function f (x) = 3x2 − 12x + 5 is continuous on [0, 3]. Then, since
f 0 (x) = 6x − 12, the critical point is x = 2. The value of f at the critical
point is
f (2) = 3(2)2 − 12(2) + 5 = −7.
and the values of f at the endpoints are
f (0) = 5 and f (3) = −4.
Comparing these three numbers and using the Closed Interval Method, we
see that the absolute minimum value is f (2) = −7, and the absolute
maximum value is f (0) = 5.

Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves Increasing and Decreasing Functions
The graph shown in Figure 26 rises from A to B, falls from B to C, and rises again
Derivatives
from C to D. and the Shapes
The function ofincreasing
f is said to be Curves on the interval 关a, b兴, decreasing
on 关b, and
Increasing c兴, and again on 关c, d兴. Notice that if x 1 and x 2 are any two numbers
increasingFunctions
Decreasing
between a and b with x 1 ⬍ x 2, then f 共x 1 兲 ⬍ f 共x 2 兲. We use this as the defining prop-
erty of an increasing function.
y
B
D
y=ƒ
C
f(x™)
f(x ¡)
A
0 a x¡ x™ b c d x
RE 26
The graph shown in Figure rises from A to B, falls from B to C, and rises
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
again from C to D. The function f is said to be increasing on the interval
[a, b], decreasing on [b, f 共xc],
1兲 ⬍ f 共xincreasing
and 2兲 whenever x 1 ⬍onx 2 [c,
again in Id].
It is called decreasing on I if
MAT 1001 f 共x 1 兲 ⬎ f 共x 2 兲 whenever
Calculus I x 1 ⬍ x 2 in I 32 / 65
ertyDerivatives
of an increasing function.
and the Shapes of Curves Increasing and Decreasing Functions
y
B
D
y=ƒ
C
f(x™)
f(x ¡)
A
0 a x¡ x™ b c d x
RE 26
Notice that if x1 and x2 are any two numbers between a and b with
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
x1 < x2 , then f (x1 ) < f (x2 ). We use this as the defining property of an
increasing function. f 共x 1 兲 ⬍ f 共x 2 兲 whenever x 1 ⬍ x 2 in I
It is called decreasing on I if
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if f (x1 ) < f (x2 )
x1 < x2 in I. f 共x 1 兲 ⬎ f 共x 2 兲 whenever x 1 ⬍ x 2 in I
In the definition of an increasing function it is important to realize that the inequal-

It is called decreasing on I if f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 in I.
ity f 共x 1 兲 ⬍ f 共x 2 兲 must be satisfied for every pair of numbers x 1 and x 2 in I with
x 1 ⬍ MAT
x 2. 1001 Calculus I 33 / 65
Increasing/Decreasing Test
(a) If f 0 (x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.
(b) If f 0 (x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.
Let’s call I/D Test for the name of this test instead of
Increasing/Decreasing Test.

Example 16
Find where the function f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 12x2 + 5 is increasing and
where it is decreasing.
Solution.
f 0 (x) = 12x3 − 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)(x + 1)
To use the I/D Test we have to know where f 0 (x) > 0 and where
f 0 (x) < 0.
This depends on the signs of the three factors of f 0 (x), namely, 12x, x − 2
and x + 1.

Solution (cont.)
We divide the real line into intervals whose endpoints are the critical
numbers −1, 0, 2 and arrange our work in a chart.
x −1 0 2
12x − − 0 + +
x−2 − − − 0 +
x+1 − 0 + + +
f 0 (x) − + − +
decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
A plus sign indicates that the given expression is positive, and a minus sign
indicates that it is negative.

Solution (cont.)
Therefore, the function f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 12x2 + 5
is decreasing on (−∞, −1),
is increasing on (−1, 0) ,
is decreasing on (0, 2),
is increasing on (2, ∞).

Recall that if f has a local maximum or minimum at c, then c must be a

critical number of f (by Fermat’s Theorem), but not every critical number
gives rise to a maximum or a minimum.
We therefore need a test that will tell us whether or not f has a local
maximum or minimum at a critical number.
The First Derivative Test
Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f .
(a) If f 0 changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local
maximum at c.
(b) If f 0 changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local
minimum at c.
(c) If f 0 does not change sign at c (that is, f 0 is positive on both sides of
c or negative on both sides), then f has no local maximum or
minimum at c.

y y
f'(x)>0 f'(x)<0
x x
c c
y y
f'(x)>0 f'(x)<0
x x
c c

Example 17
Find the local minimum and maximum values of the function
f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 12x2 + 5.
Solution.
x −1 0 2
12x − − 0 + +
x−2 − − − 0 +
x+1 − 0 + + +
f 0 (x) − + − +
From the chart in the solution to previous example, we see that f 0 (x)
changes from negative to positive at −1, so f (−1) = 0, is a local
minimum value by the First Derivative Test.
Solution (cont.)
x −1 0 2
12x − − 0 + +
x−2 − − − 0 +
x+1 − 0 + + +
f 0 (x) − + − +
Similarly f 0 changes from negative to positive at 2, so f (2) = −27 is also

a local minimum value.
As previously noted, f (0) = 5 is a local maximum value because f 0 (x)
changes from positive to negative at 0.

Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves Vertical Asypmtote
Vertical Asypmtote
Definition 18
The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f (x) if at
least one of the following statements is true:
lim f (x) = ∞ lim f (x) = ∞ lim f (x) = ∞

x→a x→a− x→a+
lim f (x) = −∞ lim f (x) = −∞ lim f (x) = −∞
x→a x→a− x→a+

Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves 3 Vertical Asypmtote lim ln
x l 0
Example 19
SECTION 2.5asymptotes.
and so the line x 苷 0 (the y-axis) is a verti
LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY ◆
Graphs of y = tan x and y = ln x have vertical y 苷 log a x provided that a 1. (See Figur
y
From figure
3
we see that lim ln x 苷 y=ln x
x l 0
lim ln x = −∞ 0 1 x
x→0+ 3
and so the line x 苷 0 (the y-axis) is a vertical asymptote. In fact, the same is true
_
y 苷 log a x provided that a 1. (See Figures 11 and 12 in Section 1.6.)

y y
From figure we see that
FIGURE 6 FIGU
y=ln x y=
lim tan x = +∞ Figure1 7 shows that
x→(π/2)−
0 1 x lim ta
x l 共兾2兲
In fact, the lines x = (2n + 1)π/2, 3π π 0 π π 3π x
_ 2 _πand_ so the line x 苷兾2 is2a vertical asym
2 2
where n is an integer, are all vertical n an integer, are all vertical asymptotes of
asymptotes of y = tan x.
EXAMPLE 2 Find lim ln共tan2x兲.
x l0
■ The problem-solving strategy for SOLUTION We introduce a new variable, t 苷

FIGURE 6
MAT 1001 Example 2 is IntroduceCalculus FIGURE
Something
I 7 t 苷 tan2x l tan2 0 苷 0 as x l 0 because
43 / 65 ta
Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves Horizontal Asymptote
Horizontal Asymptote
Again, the symbol −∞ does not represent a number, but the expression
lim f (x) = L
x→−∞
is often read as
“the limit of f (x), as x approaches negative infinity, is L.”
Definition 20
The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x) if
either lim f (x) = L or lim f (x) = L.
x→∞ x→−∞

y 苷 f 共x兲 if eith
Examples illustrating lim ƒ=LHorizontal Asymptote
Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves
x _`
Example 21
An example of a curve with two horizontal asymptotes is y = tan−1 x.
y For instance, th
π
2 asymptote because
0
x
An example of a cu
In fact,
_ π2
In fact,
FIGURE 11 π π
lim tan−1 x =− lim tan−1 x = 6
x→−∞y=tan–!x 2 x→∞ 2
so both of the lines y = −π/2 and y = π/2 are horizontal asymptotes.
MAT 1001 Calculus I so both of the45lines
/ 65
Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves Concavity
Concavity
OF DIFFERENTIATION
Notice in Figure 5 that the slopes of the tangent lines increase from left to right on
the interval 共a,
A function , sograph)
(orb兲its f is increasing and f is concave
is called concave upward upward
on an(abbreviated
interval I ifCU)
f 0 on
is
共a, b兲. [It can be proved that this is equivalent to saying that the graph of f lies 0above
an increasing function on I. It is called concave downward on I if f is
all of its tangent lines on 共a, b兲.] Similarly, the slopes of the tangent lines decrease
decreasing
from left to on
rightI.on 共b, c兲, so f is decreasing and f is concave downward (CD) on
共b, c兲.
y
P Q
0 a b c x
5 CU CD CU
A point where a curve changes its direction of concavity is called an inflection

point. The
MATcurve
1001 in Figure 5 changes from
Calculusconcave
I upward to concave downward46 at
/ 65
Notice in Figure 5 that the slopes of the tangent lines increase from left to right on
the interval 共a, b兲, so f is increasing and f is concave upward (abbreviated CU) on
共a, b兲. [It can be proved that this is equivalent to saying that the graph of f lies above
A point where a curve changes its direction of concavity is called an
all of its tangent lines on 共a, b兲.] Similarly, the slopes of the tangent lines decrease
inflection
from left to point.
right on 共b, c兲, so f is decreasing and f is concave downward (CD) on
共b, c兲.
y
P Q
0 a b c x
5 CU CD CU
TheA curve in figure

point where changes
a curve fromitsconcave
changes directionupward to concave
of concavity is calleddownward at
an inflection
P and from concave downward to concave upward at Q, so both P and Qat
point. The curve in Figure 5 changes from concave upward to concave downward
P and
are from concave
inflection points.downward to concave upward at Q, so both P and Q are inflec-
tion points.
Because f 苷共 f 兲 , we know that if f 共x兲 is positive, then f is an increasing func-
Concavity Test
(a) If f 00 (x) > 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave upward on
I.
(b) If f 00 (x) < 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave downward
on I.
A consequence of the Concavity Test is the following test for maximum
and minimum values.
The Second Derivative Test
Suppose f 00 is continuous near c.
(a) If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.
(b) If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.

Note
The Second Derivative Test is inconclusive when f 00 (c) = 0.
In other words, at such a point there might be a maximum, there might be
a minimum, or there might be neither.
This test also fails when f 00 (c) does not exist. In such cases the First
Derivative Test must be used.
In fact, even when both tests apply, the First Derivative Test is often the
easier one to use.

Example 22
Discuss the curve y = x4 − 4x3 with respect to concavity, points of
inflection, and local maxima and minima. Use this information to sketch
the curve.
Solution.
If f (x) = x4 − 4x3 , then
f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3)

f 00 (x) = 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)
To find the critical numbers we set f 0 (x) = 0.
f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) = 0
and obtain x = 0 and x = 3.

Solution (cont.)
To use the Second Derivative Test we evaluate f 00 at these critical
numbers:
f 00 (0) = 0 f 00 (3) = 36 > 0
Since f 0 (3) = 0 and f 00 (3) > 0, f (3) = −27 is a local minimum.
Since f 00 (0) = 0, the Second Derivative Test gives no information about
the critical number 0.
But since f 0 (x) < 0 for x < 0 and also for 0 < x < 3, the First Derivative
Test tells us that f does not have a local maximum or minimum at 0.

Solution (cont.)
We find the roots of second derivative as:
f 00 (x) = 12x(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x=2
x 0 2
x−2 − − 0 +
x − 0 + +
f 00 (x) + − +
The point (0, 0) is an inflection point since the curve changes from
concave upward to concave downward there.

since f 共x兲 0
that f does not
Solution (cont.) f 共x兲 shows tha
y Since f 共x兲
y=x$-4˛
numbers as end
(0, 0)
2 3 x
inflection
points
(2, _16)
The point 共0
upward to conc
(3, _27) curve changes
Using the lo
FIGURE 7 sketch the curv
Example 23
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2/3 (6 − x)1/3 .
Solution.
Calculation of the first two derivatives gives
4−x −8
f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) =
x1/3 (6 − x)2/3 x4/3 (6− x)5/3
Since f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 4 and f 0 (x) does not exist when x = 0 or

x = 6, the critical numbers are 0, 4, 6.

Solution (cont.)
To find the local extreme values we use the First Derivative Test.
x 0 4 6
4−x + + 0 − −
x1/3 − + + +
(6 − x)2/3 + + + +
f 0 (x) − + − −

Solution (cont.)
Since f 0 changes from negative to positive at x = 0, f (0) = 0 is a local
minimum.
Since f 0 changes from positive to negative at x = 4, f (4) = 25/3 is a local
maximum.
The sign of f 0 does not change at x = 6, so there is no minimum or
maximum here.
−8
f 00 (x) = 4/3
x (6 − x)5/3
The Second Derivative Test could be used at x = 4 but not at x = 0 or
x = 6 since f 00 does not exist here.

Solution (cont.)
Looking at the expression for f 00
x 0 6
x4/3 + + +
(6 − x)5/3 − + −
−8
− − +
x4/3 (6 − x)5/3
(−∞, 0) (0, 6) (6, ∞)
concave concave up
concave down
down
and the only inflection point is (6, 0) since second derivative changes sign.

int is 共6,Derivatives
0兲. The graph is sketched in Figure 8. Note
and the Shapes of Curves
that the curve has
Concavity
ⱍ ⱍ
gents at 共0, 0兲 and 共6, 0兲 because f 共x兲 l as x l 0 and as x l 6.
Solution (cont.)
y
4 (4, 2%?#)
3
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 x
y=x @?#(6-x)! ?#
Note that the curve has vertical tangents at (0, 0) and (6,1兾x0) because
E 6|f 0Use the∞first
(x)| → as xand
→ 0second
and as derivatives
x → 6. of f 共x兲苷 e , together with a
o sketch its graph.
Example 24
Use the first and second derivatives of f (x) = e1/x , together with
asymptotes, to sketch its graph.
Solution.
Notice that the domain of f is {x | x 6= 0} so we check for vertical
asymptotes by computing the left and right limits as x → 0.
As x → 0+ , we know that 1/x → ∞, then we have
lim e1/x = ∞
x→0+
and this shows that x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.

As x → 0− , we know that 1/x → −∞, then we have
lim e1/x = 0.
x→0−

cated that f 共
finish the sk
Solution (cont.) inflection po
y
inflecti
point
y=1
0 x
(a) Preliminary sketch
MAT 1001 FIGURE 9 Calculus I 60 / 65

Solution (cont.)
As x → ∓∞, ve have 1/x → 0 and so
lim e1/x = e0 = 1
x→∓∞
This shows that y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

cated that f 共
finish the sk
Solution (cont.) inflection po
y
inflecti
point
y=1
0 x
(a) Preliminary sketch
MAT 1001 FIGURE 9 Calculus I 62 / 65

Solution (cont.)
Now let’s compute the derivative. The Chain Rule gives
e1/x
f 0 (x) = −
x2
Since e1/x > 0 and x2 > 0 for all x 6= 0, we have f 0 (x) < 0 for all x 6= 0.
Thus, f is decreasing on (−∞, 0) and on (0, ∞).
There is no critical number, so the function has no local maximum or
minimum.

Solution (cont.)
The second derivative is
x2 e1/x (−1/x2 ) − e1/x (2x) e1/x (2x + 1)

f 00 (x) = − = .
x4 x4
Since e1/x > 0 and x4 > 0

1
we have f 00 (x) > 0 when x > − and (x 6= 0)
2
and
1
f 00 (x) < 0 when x < −
2
So the curve is concave downward on (−∞, − 12 ) and concave upward on
(− 12 , 0) and on (0, ∞). The inflection point is (− 12 , e−2 ).

the fact that f is decreasing on both 共
Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves , 0兲 and 共0, 兲. N
Concavity

cated that f 共x兲 l 0 as x l 0 even though f 共0兲 does not
finish the sketch by incorporating the information concern
inflection point. In Figure 9(c) we check our work with a
Solution (cont.)
y
y=‰
inflection
point
y=1 y=1
x 0 x _3
h (b) Finished sketch (c)

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