Problem 03

A Picture Paints a
Thousand Words

E112
Engineering Design
Why Do We Use Engineering Drawings?

• Easy and unambiguous way to communicate your design ideas

to others.
• Enable manufacturer to understand the requirements of the
Designer.
• Easier to visualize the 3D model instead of using words.

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Orthographical Projection
• Collection of 2-D drawings that worked together to give an
accurate overall representation of an object.
• Parallel features will appear parallel in all views.
• There are altogether 6 views:
• Front
• Top
• Bottom
• Left Side
• Right Side
• Rear
• Most common views are:
• Front, Top, and Right Side.

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Orthographical Projection –
1st Angle Projection

View Commonly used in

From European countries
Here

View
View From
From Here
Here

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Orthographical Projection –
3rd Angle Projection

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Orthographical Projection - Lines
There are 3 main types of lines:
• Thick continuous lines that are used for visible edges and
outlines (e.g. outer edges of 3D model) (0.5 to 0.6mm thick).

• Thin chain lines that are used to indicate centre lines (e.g.
centre lines associated with circular holes, lines of symmetry
of regular slots) (0.3mm thick).

• Dashed lines that are used to show hidden lines of important

details (e.g. hidden cuts and slots) (0.5 to 0.6mm thick).

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 Dimensions
• Help to communicate the size of the object for manufacturing
purposes.

Numerical value that defines

Dimension the size and location
Line
Tolerance
1.25 Extension Line
Extension Offset
line

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Types of Dimensioning
Parallel Dimensioning (Datum dimensioning)
• Consists of several dimensions originating from a common
reference surface (also known as the datum).

A
• Surface A is a datum surface.
• Parallel Dimensioning makes
use of datum surface as
reference.

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Types of Dimensioning
Superimposed Running Dimensioning
• Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel
dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a drawing.
The common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a
small circle at the intersection of the first dimension and the
projection line.
• The dimension note can appear above the dimension line or in-
line with the projection line.

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Types of Dimensioning
Chain Dimensioning
• This type of dimensioning should only be used if the function of
the object would not be affected by the accumulation of the
tolerances.

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Types of Dimensioning
Combined Dimensioning
• A combined dimensioning uses both chain and parallel
dimensioning.

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Types of Dimensioning
Dimensioning Small Features
• When dimensioning small features, placing the arrow heads
between the extension lines may make the dimension very
difficult to read.
• So the arrow heads are placed outside the extension lines
instead.

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Types of Dimensioning
Dimensioning of Radii
• All radial dimensions are preceded by the capital R.
(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius
located on the drawing.
(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their
centres locating.

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Types of Dimensioning
Dimensioning of Multiple Features
• To dimension multiple identical features e.g. holes, just
indicate: n x (diameter), where n = number of identical features.

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Dimensioning – The Right, The Wrong

Copyright © 2015 School of Engineering, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore

Dimensioning – The Right, The Wrong

Copyright © 2015 School of Engineering, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore

Dimensioning – The Right, The Wrong

Never dimension hidden lines

Copyright © 2015 School of Engineering, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore

Dimensioning – The Right, The Wrong

Copyright © 2015 School of Engineering, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore

Dimensioning – The Right, The Wrong

Copyright © 2015 School of Engineering, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore

Learning Objectives
• Differences between orthographic projections in:
• 1st angle.
• 3rd angle.
• Able to sketch orthographic projections of a 3D object in 3rd angle.
• Types of Dimensioning:
• The correct and incorrect way of dimensioning.

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