REVIEWER IN ORAL COMMUNICATION
FUNCTIONS, NATURE, AND PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
Communication - is a process of sharing and
conveying information from one person to
another within across channels, context,
media, and cultures.
Speech or Oral Communication - is the
exchange of verbal messages with the
employment of nonverbal cues as toe voice,
bodily actions, eye communication, and
others.
Nature of Communication
- Communication is a process
- Occurs between two or more people
- Can be expressed thru written or spoken
words, and actions (nonverbal)
Elements of Communication
1. Speaker - source of information
2. Message - information, ideas, or
thoughts that is conveyed by speaker
3. Encoding - process of converting
message into words, or actions.
4. Channel - medium or the means
5. Decoding - process of interpreting the
encoded message
6. Receiver - the recipient or someone who
decodes the message
7. Feedback - reaction, responses, or
information provided by receiver
8. Context - environment when
conversation take place
9. Barrier - factors that affect the flow of
communication (sagabal)
Functions of Communication
1. Control - functions to control behavior
2. Social Interaction - allows individuals to
interact with each other
3. Motivation - motivates or encourages
people to live better
4. Emotional Expression - facilitates
people's expression of their feelings or
emotions
5. Information Dissemination - functions to
convey information
Process of Communication
1. sender generates idea
2. sender encodes idea and convert it into
words
3. send transmit or sends the message
4. receiver gets the message
5. receiver decodes or interpret the
message
6. receiver provides feedback
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
A. Linear Model of Communication - one
way communication model. The message
flows in straight line from sender to receiver.
Lasswell's Model
- developed by communication theorist
Harold D. Lasswell, 1902-1978
- used as analyzing tool for evaluating
communication process and components
• Aristotle's Model
- mainly focused on speaker ad speech
- it is speaker centered model
- speaker's tole is to deliver speech to the
audience
- role of the audience is to passive, influence
by the speech
• Shannon-Weaver Model
- Mathematical Theory of Communication by
Claude Elwood Shannon in 1948
- mother of all communication models
- more technological that other linear models
- no feedback
• Berlo's Model
- the source, message, channel, and receiver
are influenced by different factors
B. Transactional Model
- gives sender and receiver an equally
importance role in communication
- related communication with social reality
• Berlund's Transactional Model
- multi layered feedback system
P: person
D: decoding
E: encoding
Cpu: public cues
Cpr: private cues
Cbeh nv: non-verbal behavioral cues
cues - signs for doing something
Cpu - physical, environmental, or artificial and
natural, or man made
Cpr - senses of a person (can be verbal or
non-verbal)
• Helical Model
- endless process
Ex: Baby - Adult
• Mosaic Model
- explains the complexity of human
communication
- the message depends on communication
source, culture, social situation, and
environment
C. INTERACTIVE MODEL
- mostly used for new media like internet
• Schramm's Interactive Model
- based on three basic components: source,
destination, and message
STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN
Barries to Communication - instances when
miscommunication and misunderstanding
occurs because of certain barriers
Common Barriers to Effective
Communication
1. Jargons - over complication, unfamiliar,
and technical words
2. Emotional barriers and taboos - topics
that may be "of limits" or taboos that are
sensitive to talk about
3. Lack of attention, interest, distractions,
or irrelevance to the receiver - from the word
itself
4. Difference in perceptions or viewpoints
- different beliefs
5. Physical disabilities such as hearing
problems or speech difficulties
6. Physical barriers to non-verbal
communication - Not being able to see non
verbal, cues, gesture, posture, and general
body language can make communication less
effective.
7. Language differences and difficulty in
understanding familiar accents
8. Expectations and Prejudice which may
lead to false assumptions or stereotypes -
people often hear what they expect to hear
rather than what is being said and jump into
different conclusion
9. Cultural Differences - norms of social
interaction vary greatly in different cultures
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
A. Intrapersonal Communication-
communication that centers on one person
where speaker acts both as sender and
receiver
B. Interpersonal Communication -
communication between among people and
establishes personal relationship
Types of Intrapersonal Context
1. Dyad Communication - communication
that occurs between two people
2. Small-Group Communication - involves 3
but not more than 12
C. Public Communication - communication
that requires you to delver or send a message
in front of a group
D. Mass Communication - takes place
through television, radio, newspaper,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and
other types of media
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. Informative - sees to inform audience
2. Persuasive - seeks to persuade
3. Entertainment - seeks to provide
pleasure to and enjoyment to audience
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
1. Reading/Speaking from a manuscript -
reading from pre-written speech or
teleprompter
2. Memorized Speech - committed ad
delivered entirely from memory
3. Impromptu - delivered on the spot and
not given a time to prepare
4. Extemporaneous Speech - delivered
without special advance preparation (3mins
max prep)
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. Frozen Style - highest form of speech
style that is used in respectful situation
2. Formal Style - mostly seen in writing
rather than speaking
3. Consultative Style - third level language.
speaker uses participation and feedback of
the listener
4. Casual Style - aka informal style, usually
used between stranger, not so closed friends,
or acquaintance
5. Intimate Style - used between very close
individual
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
1. Locution - refers to act of saying
something or the actual word spoken
2. Illocution - basically describe the action
that a speaker performs while speaking
a. Assertiveness - speaker expresses belief
about the truth
b. Directives - speaker tells receiver to do
something
c. Commissives - speaker pledges to a
future plan (promising, vows, plan)
d. Expressive - speaker sates their thoughts
or emotions
e. Declarations - speaker holds authority to
bring change by simply saying words
3. Perlocution - it has an effect over
listener's feelings or actions. In other words,
speaker can make someone do something
without saying it directly