International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr

A theoretical analysis of piezoelectric/composite

anisotropic laminate with larger-amplitude deflection
effect, Part I: Fundamental equations
a,b,*
Jinquan Cheng , Biao Wang a, Shan-Yi Du a

a
Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, P.O. Box 1000, Halifax, NS, Canada B3J1Z1

Received 28 April 2004; received in revised form 18 April 2005

Available online 27 July 2005

Abstract

Considering the effects of both the different material properties of composite layers and the poling directions of pie-
zoelectric layers, we utilized the assumption of the simple-higher-order shear deformation theory to model and analyze
the laminated composite plate integrated with the random poled piezoelectric layers. Further, the generalized Hamil-
tonÕs variation principle for electro-elasticity was employed to deduce the fundamental equations of piezoelectric/com-
posite anisotropic laminate, i.e. the governing equations and boundary conditions. For the special requirement of the
larger-amplitude deflection of smart structures, the Von Karman strains were used to account for the geometric non-
linear effect of the practical larger-amplitude deflection on the electro-elastic behavior of smart composite structures.
Moreover, the sensor equations were also carried out with considering the large-amplitude deflection effect of smart
composite structures.
Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Piezoelectric; Anisotropic; Composite

1. Introduction

In recent decades, the piezoelectric ceramics with a distributed poling direction have been extensively
designed as actuators/sensors to apply in the adaptive structures and systems for controlling or

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hitcjq@hotmail.com (J. Cheng).

0020-7683/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.04.007
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6167

monitoring the shape deformation of engineering structures due to their excellent piezoelectricity and
pyroelectricity after a controllable poling process (Kenji, 1998). However, the early commercial piezo-
electric materials were too brittle to evoke their much wider application in some special smart structures
require very larger displacement (>1000 lm), such as linear motors, cavity pumps, switches and loud
speakers, etc. As the new piezoelectric polymer, including PVDF, PVF2, etc., with good properties
of flexibility, ruggedness, softness and light weight was discovered by Kawai (1969), the disadvantage
of the brittle piezoelectric materials in the special requirement smart structures was successfully over-
come. Furthermore, the advance of processing technology of thin film and composite in piezoelectric
materials also promotes their successful applications in the special requirement structures. Therefore,
more and more novel smart structures integrated with the piezoelectric materials have been achieved
for the particular demand. For example, Haertling (1994) developed a new-method for producing
ultra-high-displacement actuator that can exceed 300% by combining the piezoelectric layer and reduced
layer; Lee and Li (1998) established a motor by the new mechanism that was using the extension-twist-
ing coupling of anti-symmetric fiber-reinforced composite laminate induced by the integrated actuator-
piezoelectric plate subjected to the external electric field, which bending behavior was further experi-
mentally studied and revealed the large-deflection results by Cheng et al. (2000). Thus, increasing uses
of piezoelectric materials in the smart structures and systems call for better understand and accurate
analysis of their electrical and mechanical behaviors for the future better design. As is well known,
from the viewpoint of piezoelectric work mechanism, it is definitely summarized that all of the piezo-
electric actuators and sensors either surface bonded or embedded in the host structures for the adaptive
structure system are based on either its extension or shear mechanism. In order to have a good theo-
retical guide to design the smart structures and systems, many analytical linear models with the classical
or first-order shear theory had been developed to describe and predict the electro-mechanical behavior
of the different smart structures, involving the one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional
models. For instance, Crawley and Anderson (1989) and Crawley and de Luis (1987) studied the elec-
troelastical properties of a piezoelectric/elastic laminated beam with its extension mechanism; Lee (1990)
incorporated the piezoelectric effect into the classical laminate plate theory to analyze the piezoelectric
laminate plate with the extension action of partial electrode covered piezoelectric layer; Zhang and Sun
(1996, 1999) utilized the variation principle to derive the governing equations for the adaptive piezoelec-
tric structure using the shear mode of piezoelectric materials and then carried out an approximate solu-
tion. Later, other researchers did some similar works on the laminated piezoelectric composite to
further explain the linear electro-elastic coupling behavior (Liu et al., 1999; Reddy, 1999; Reddy and
Cheng, 2001). However, due to the great difference from the material constants and action between
the piezoelectric layers and composite layers in smart structure, it is necessary and important to account
for the transverse shear strain of anisotropic piezoelectric/composite laminate. For this case, incorporat-
ing the effect of large deflection and in-plane loads caused by piezoelectric layer, Pai et al. (1993) ever
only deduced a fully and complicated nonlinear theoretical model for the dynamics and active control
of elastic/piezoelectric laminated plate with piezoelectric extension mechanism but not carry out the
final numerical results. Thus, establishing a simple 2-D or 3-D theory of piezoelectric/composite plates
with piezoelectric extension or shear mechanism to accurately describe the global behavior of smart
laminate plate seems to be a compromise between accuracy and ease of analysis. Up to date, few
literatures from this view were reported for the smart composite laminated plate with piezoelectric
extension or shear mechanism. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed to carry out a set of generalized
simple fundamental equations for piezoelectric/composite anisotropic laminated plate with either
piezoelectric extension or shear mechanism in the light of HamiltonÕs variation principle and assump-
tion of ReddyÕs (1984) simple-high-order theory. This developed analytical model also took the effect
of structural larger-deflection and distributed poling direction of the piezoelectric layers into
consideration.
6168 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

2. Theoretical analysis

2.1. Basis assumption and relationship

As shown in Fig. 1, a practical smart structure of piezoelectric/composite laminated plate is generally

composed of a number of piezoelectric layers with the spatial poling directions and fiber-reinforced com-
posite laminas with the arbitrary in-plane fiber orientations. In general, the main axial direction of a com-
posite lamina is along the reinforced fiber direction in the x–y plane (bc = 90°) with an orientation angle ac,
as shown in Fig. 2(a). Similarly, the main axis (poling direction) of a common piezoelectric layer orients
spatially with the distribution angles ap and bp from the local coordination system to the global coordina-
tion system as shown in Fig. 2(b). Generally, the external electric field is applied to the surface electrode of
piezoelectric layer in the z-direction across the thickness. The electro-elastic constitutive relationship of the
piezoelectric/composite lamina in the local coordination system can be presented by the stresses rlij , the
strains elij , the electric displacements Dli and the electric fields Eli in the following formation:
rlij ¼ C ijmn elmn
eTkij Elk
ð1aÞ
Dli ¼ eimn elmn þ k ij Elj
where the superscript ÔlÕ denotes those variables in the local coordination system. Cij, eij and kij are the stiff-
ness matrix, piezoelectric constant matrix and dielectric constant matrix of the lamina in the local coordi-
nation system respectively. It is noted that the piezoelectric constants eij and dielectric constants kij are
equal to zero inside the composite lamina. After applying the coordination transformed matrices Tc and
Te, as shown in Appendix A, to the above equations for the kth lamina, the lamina constitutive relationship
in the global coordination system can be obtained by
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
rx C 11 C 12 C 13 0 0 C 16 ex 0 0 e31
6 ry 7 6C 0 C 26 7 6 ey 7 6 0 0 e31 7 8 9
6 7 6 12 C 22 C 23 0 7 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 < E1 >
> =
6 rz 7 6C C 23 C 33 0 0 C 36 7 6e 7 6 0 0 e33 7
6 7 ¼ ½T c 
1 6 13 7 ½T c  6 z 7
½T c 
1 6 7 ½T e  E2
6r 7 k 6
0 C 44 C 45 0 7 k6 7 k 6 7 k
>
6 yz 7 6 0 0 7 6 eyz 7 6 0 e15 0 7 : > ;
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 E3 k
4 rzx 5 4 0 0 0 C 45 C 55 0 5 4 ezx 5 4 e15 0 0 5
rxy k C 16 C 26 C 36 0 0 C 66 k exy k 0 0 0 k
ð1bÞ

k=n

y
zn
h
z0 z1 k=2
k=1
x
Fig. 1. An illustration diagram for the general piezoelectric/composite laminated plate.
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6169

Fiber
y
αc

x
a

β p Poling direction
y
αp

x
b

Fig. 2. The schematic show for the main axial distribution of the lamina: (a) composite layer; (b) piezoelectric layer.

8 9
> e11 >
>
> >
>
2 3 2 3 >
> e22 >
> 2 3 8 9
>
> >
>
D1 0 0 0 0 e15 0 <e >
> = k 11 0 0 < E1 >
> =
6 7
1 6 7 33
1 6 7
4 D2 5 ¼ ½T e k 4 0 0 0 e15 0 0 5 ½T c k þ ½T e k 4 0 k 11 0 5 ½T e k E2
>
> e23 >
> : >
> ;
D3 k e31 e31 e33 0 0 0 k >
> >
> 0 0 k 33 k E3 k
>
> >
> e31 >
> >
>
: ;
e12 k
ð1cÞ
where the subscript ‘‘k’’ denotes the kth layer and the superscript ‘‘
1’’ means the inverse of the matrix
respectively.
In order to consider the effect of larger-amplitude deflection, the Von Karman strains are used to ac-
count for the geometric nonlinearities. Then, the relationships between the strains and displacements can
be presented by
"
2
2 #
ou 1 ow0 ou 1 ow0 ow0 ou ov ow0 ow0 ow0 ov ow0 ou
½ ex ey ez eyz ezx exy  ¼ þ ; þ ; ; þ þ ; þ ; þ
ox 2 ox oy 2 oy oz oy ox oy ox oy oz ox oz
ð2aÞ
and the electric fields can be induced from the external applied electric potential
 T
T ou ou ou
½Ex ; Ey ; Ez  ¼
; ; ð2bÞ
ox oy oz
6170 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

In terms of ReddyÕs simple higher-order theory for the elastic laminated plate, the assumptions of the
local elastic displacement field for piezoelectric/composite laminated plate can be also made as


4  z 2 ow0
u ¼ u0 þ z /x
/x þ
3 h ox
  

4 z 2 ow0 ð3aÞ
v ¼ v0 þ z /y
/y þ
3 h oy
w ¼ w0
where u0, v0 and w0 denote the displacements of a point (x, y) in the mid-plane. /x and /y are the rotations
normal to mid-plane about the y and x axes respectively.
In fact, the electric field is always applied along the z-direction across the thickness. Then, due to the
existence of piezoelectric layer in smart structure, the electric potential can be taken into consideration
and generally assumed as
u ¼ u0 þ zu1 ð3bÞ
where u0 is the electric potential in mid-plane of the piezoelectric lamina.
Since the piezoelectric lamina can be treated as a thin dielectric plate, it is reasonable to regard u0 and u1
as constants for the dielectric materials. Then the electric field can be given by
½Ex ; Ey ; Ez T ¼
½0; 0; u1 T ð3cÞ
The relationship between the applied voltage V3 and the electric potential uon the electrode is defined as
V3 ¼u ð3dÞ
Substitution of Eq. (3a) into Eq. (2a) can yield the strain–displacement relationship


2
ou0 4  z 2 o2 w0 1 ow0
ex ¼ þ z /x;x
/x;x þ 2 þ ð4aÞ
ox 3 h ox 2 ox


2
ov0 4  z 2 o2 w 0 1 ow0
ey ¼ þ z /y;y
/y;y þ 2 þ ð4bÞ
oy 3 h oy 2 oy
ow0
ez ¼ ð4cÞ
oz


ov0 ou0 ow0 ow0 4  z 2 o2 w0
exy ¼ þ þ þ z /x;y
/x;y þ ð4dÞ
ox oy ox oy 3 h ox oy
2


ow0 4z ow0
eyz ¼ þ /y
2 /y þ ð4eÞ
oy h oy

2

ow0 2z ow0
ezx ¼ þ /x
/x þ ð4fÞ
ox h ox
On the assumption of the strain ez = 0 in terms of ReddyÕs simple-higher-order theory, the strain–
displacement relationships, i.e. Eq. (4), can be rewritten by
T
½ ex ey ez exy  ¼ fe1g þ zfe2g þ z3 fe4g ð5aÞ
and
 
eyz
¼ f~e1g þ z2 f~e3g ð5bÞ
ezx
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6171

where the following formulae are used:

8
2 9 8 9
>
> ou0 1 ow0 >
> > o/x >
>
> þ >
> >
> >
>
>
> ox 2 ox >
> >
> ox >
>
>
>
2 >> >
> >
>
>
< ov0 1 ow0 >
= >
< o/ y >
=
fe1g ¼ þ ; fe2g ¼ oy ð6aÞ
> oy 2 oy > > >
>
> >
> >
> 0 >
>
>
> 0 >
> >
> >
>
>
> >
> >
> o/ o/ >
>
> ou0 ov0 ow0 ow0 >
> > >
: x
þ
y >
;
: þ þ ;
oy ox ox oy oy ox
8 9 8 2 9
> o/x > >
> o w0 > >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> ox >
>
>
>
>
> ox2 > >
>
>
>
> o/ >
> >
> 2 >
>
< y = < o w 0 =
4 4
fe4g ¼
2 oy
2 2 ð6bÞ
3h > > > oy >
>
>
> 0 > 3h >
>
> >
> 0 > >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> o/x o/ y>> >
> o 2
w >
0 >
: þ ; >
:2 >
;
oy ox ox oy
8 9 8 9
>
> ow0 >> >
> ow0 >>
< /x þ = 4< x
/ þ =
ox ox
f~e1g ¼ ; f~e3g ¼
2 ð6cÞ
>
> ow0 >> h >
> ow0 >>
: /y þ ; : /y þ ;
oy oy
In order to derive the equations conveniently, the relative stress resultants can be always defined as
follows:
  X n Z hk  
N x N y N z N xy 1
¼ ½ rx ry rz rxy k dz ð7aÞ
M x M y M z M xy k¼1 hk
1 z
n Z hk
X
½ x
T T y T xy  ¼ z3 ½ rx ry rxy k dz ð7bÞ
k¼1 hk
1
  n Z
X hk  
Qx Qy 1
¼ ½ rxz ryz k dz ð7cÞ
Sx Sy k¼1 hk
1 z2
Substituting Eqs. (1b) and (6) into Eq. (7) can yield
T T
½N x ; N y ; 0; N xy  ¼ ½Aij e1 þ ½Bij e2 þ ½F ij e4
½N px ; N py ; 0; N pxy 
T T
½M x ; M y ; 0; M xy  ¼ ½Bij e1 þ ½Dij e2 þ ½H ij e4
½M px ; M py ; 0; M pxy 
T T
½T x ; T y ; 0; T xy  ¼ ½F ij e1 þ ½H ij e2 þ ½J ij e4
½T px ; T py ; 0; T pxy  ð8Þ
T T
½Qx; Qy  ¼ ½Aij ~e1 þ ½Dij ~e3
½Qpx ; Qpy 
½S x ; S y T ¼ ½Dij ~e1 þ ½H ij ~e3
½S px ; S py T
where Aij, Bij, etc. are the plate stiffness and defined as follows:
n Z hk
X
½Aij ; Bij ; Dij ; F ij ; H ij ; J ij  ¼ ð1; z; z2 ; z3 ; z4 ; z6 ÞQkij dz ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ
k¼1 hk
1
n Z
X hk
½Aij ; Dij ; H ij  ¼ ð1; z2 ; z4 ÞQkij dz ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ
k¼1 hk
1
6172 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

and N px ; N py , etc. denote the stress resultants induced by the coupling electro-elastic behavior of piezoelectric
layers due to the external electric fields,
n Z hk
X
p p p
½N x ; N y ; N xy  ¼ ½
ek31 Ekz ;
ek32 Ekz ;
ek36 Ekz dz
k¼1 hk
1
Xn Z hk
½M px ; M py ; M pxy  ¼ ½
ek31 Ekz ;
ek32 Ekz ;
ek36 Ekz z dz
k¼1 hk
1
n Z
X hk
½T px ; T py ; T pxy  ¼ ½
ek31 Ekz ;
ek32 Ekz ;
ek36 Ekz z3 dz
k¼1 hk
1
n Z
X hk
½Qpx ; Qpy  ¼ ½
ek34 Ekz ;
ek35 Ekz dz
k¼1 hk
1
n Z
X hk
½S px ; S py  ¼ ½
ek34 Ekz ;
ek35 Ekz z2 dz
k¼1 hk
1

1
1
with the lamina stiffness and piezoelectric constants matrices Qkij ¼ ½T c k C kij ½T c k and
ekij ¼ ½T c k ekij ½T e k .
Here, the electric field applied to the piezoelectric layer with partially covered electrode can be described
by Heaviside step function as
Ekz ¼ E0 ½H ðx
x0 Þ
H ðx
x1 Þ  ½H ðy
y 0 Þ
H ðy
y 1 Þ

2.2. The generalized Hamilton variation principle to include electro-elasticity

Under the action of external mechanical and electric field, the simplest form of electric enthalpy which is
a compatible with thermodynamics can be given by
Z Z
1 1
U¼ ðrij eij
Di Ei Þdv ¼ ðC ijkl eij ekl
2eijl ejl Ei
Ej k ij Ei Þdv ð9Þ
2 2
Integrating with respect of z-direction for Eq. (9) and using Eqs. (7) and (8), the electric enthalpy per unit
of piezoelectric/composite laminate can be presented as
Z Z
1 a2 b2 T T T
U¼ ½ N x N y 0 N xy  fe1g þ ½ M x M y 0 M xy  fe2g þ ½ T x T y 0 T xy  fe4g
2 a1 b1
T T T
þ Qx Qy f~e1g þ ½ S x S y T f~e3g
N px N py 0 N pxy fe1g
M px M py 0 M pxy fe2g
!
Xk Z ziþ1
T p

T px T py 0 T pxy fe4g
½ Qx Qyp f~e1g
½ S px p
S y f~e3g
Ez k zz Ez dz dx dy ð10Þ
i¼1 zi

and the kinetic energy is

Z Z ( "
2
2
2 #
 "
2
#
1 a2 b2 ou0 ov0 ow0 ou0 o/x ov0 o/y o/x o/y 2
T¼ I0 þ þ þ 2I 1 þ þ I2 þ
2 a1 b1 ot ot ot ot ot ot ot ot ot


 "
2
 #)
ou0 owx ov0 owy owx o/x owy o/y owx owy 2
þ 2I 3 þ þ 2I 4 þ þ I6 þ dxdy ð11Þ
ot ot ot ot ot ot ot ot ot ot
Pn R hk ðkÞ
where the rotation inertias are defined by ½I 0 ; I 1 ; I 2 ; I 3 ; I 4 ; I 6  ¼ k¼1 hk
1 q ð1; z; z2 ; z3 ; z4 ; z6 Þdz and
4 o 4 o
wx ¼
3h2 /x þ ox w0 ; wy ¼
3h2 ð/y þ oy w0 Þ.
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6173

Furthermore, the external work done by the applied mechanical load and electrical field is
Z a2 Z b2  
T T
A¼ qx qy qz ½ u0 v0 w0 T þ ½ mx my  /x /y þ ½ lx ly  wx wy dx dy
a1 b1
Z b2
þ ðN x u0 þ N xy v0 þ M x /x þ M xy /y þ Qx w0 þ T x wx þ T xy wy Þdy
b
Z 1a2 Z
þ ðN xy u0 þ N y v0 þ M xy /x þ M y /y þ Qy w0 þ T xy wx þ T y wy Þdx

u ds
r ð12Þ
a1 s

where r
denotes the surface charge of piezoelectric layer. And the new defined stress resultants have the
following forms:
qx ¼ ½sxz ðh=2Þ
sxz ð
h=2Þ
qy ¼ ½syz ðh=2Þ
syz ð
h=2Þ
q ¼ ½rz ðh=2Þ
rz ð
h=2Þ ð13Þ
½mx ; lx  ¼ ½sxz ðh=2Þ þ sxz ð
h=2Þ½h=2; h3 =8
½my ; ly  ¼ ½syz ðh=2Þ þ syz ð
h=2Þ½h=2; h3 =8
In the isothermal process, the generalized Hamilton principle for piezoelectric/composite laminate can
be used to derive the dynamics equations at any time interval [t1, t2] as
Z t2
d ðU
A þ T Þdt ¼ 0 ð14Þ
t1

Finally, substituting Eqs. (10)–(12) into Eq. (14) and applying variational principle to the displacement
functions u0, v0, w0, /x and /y can yield the governing equations:
3
oN x oN xy € þ 4 I 3 o w0 ¼ 0
du0 : þ þ qx
I 0 €
u0
I 1 / x 2
ð15aÞ
ox oy 3h ox ot2
3
oN xy oN y € þ 4 I 3 o w0 ¼ 0
dv0 : þ þ qy
I 0€v0
I 1 /y ð15bÞ
ox oy 3h2 oy ot2

 3
oM x oM xy 4 4 oT x oT xy 2 € þ 4 I 4 o w0 ¼ 0
d/x : þ
Qx þ 2 S x
2 þ þ mx
I 0 €u0
I 1 /x ð15cÞ
ox oy h 3h ox oy 3 3h2 ox ot2

 3
oM xy oM y 4 4 oT xy oT y 2 € þ 4 I 4 o w0 ¼ 0
d/y : þ
Qy þ 2 S y
2 þ þ my
I 1€v0
I 2 /y ð15dÞ
ox oy h 3h ox oy 3 3h2 oy ot2

2 


oQx oQy 4 o T x 2o2 T xy o2 T y 4 oS x oS y o ow0 ow0
dw0 : þ þ 2 þ þ 2
2 þ þ Nx þ N xy
ox oy 3h ox2 ox oy oy h ox oy ox ox oy



2 2
2 
o ow0 ow0 1 omx omy 4 o o w0 o2 w0
þ N xy þ Ny þ qz
þ €0 þ I6

I 0w þ 2
oy ox oy 3 ox oy 3h2 ot2 ox2 oy
2
 2

4 o ou0 ov0 4 o o/x o/y

2 I3 2 þ
2 I4 2 þ ¼0 ð15eÞ
3h ot ox oy 3h ot ox oy
where the new rotation inertias are given by
4 4 8 16 h2 h2
I1 ¼ I1
I 3; I4 ¼ I4
I 6; I2 ¼ I2
I þ I 6;
2 4
lx ¼ mx ; ly ¼ my
3h2 3h2 3h 9 4 4
6174 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

and the variation for wx and wy are used during the deducing process as follows:



4 o 4 o
dwx ¼
2 d/x þ dw0 ; dwy ¼
2 d/y þ dw0
3h ox 3h oy
From the variation principle, it is evident that along anyone boundary edge, the variations as following:
N n or un ; N ns or uns
M n or /n ; M ns or /ns ð16aÞ
ow0
T n or ; Qn or w0
on
must satisfy the prescribed boundary condition. Here, the following definitions have been used as
un ¼ u0 nx þ v0 ny ; uns ¼
u0 ny þ v0 nx
N n ¼ N x n2x þ N y n2y þ 2N xy nx ny ; N ns ¼ ðN y
N x Þnx ny þ N xy ðn2x
n2y Þ
Mn ¼ M e x n2 þ M e y n2 þ 2 Me xy nx ny ; M ns ¼ ð M
ey
M e x Þnx ny þ Me xy ðn2
n2 Þ
x y x y

e x nx þ Q e y ny
4 oT ns
Qn ¼ Q ð16bÞ
3h2 os
e i ¼ Mi
4 e i ¼ Qi
4 S i
M T; Q
2 i
3h 3h2
o o o o o o
¼ nx þ ny ; ¼ nx
ny
on ox os os oy ox
and Tns and Tn are defined in a same manner to Nn and Nns respectively.
Substitution of Eqs. (6) and (8) into Eq. (15) can obtain the governing equations simply presented by the
functions of mid-plane displacements and rotations by
½a þ ½b þ ½c þ ½d þ ½e þ ½f  ¼ 0 ð17Þ
where the matrices [a], [b], [c], [d], [e] and [f] denote the different parts as following significance respectively.
The term related to the small-deformation is [a],
T
½a ¼ ½Lij 55 ½u0 ; v0 ; /x ; /y ; w0  ð18Þ
where [Lij] indicates the linear differential operator matrix and is presented in Appendix B.
The term to the applied mechanical loading is [b],

 T
2 2 1 omx omy
½b ¼ qx ; qy ; mx ; my ;
qz þ þ ð19Þ
3 3 3 ox oy
The term related to the piezoelectric lamina under the action of electrical field is [c],
8 p 9
>
> oN px oN xy >
>
>
> þ >
>
>
> ox oy >
>
>
> p p >
>
>
> oN xy oN y >
>
>
> þ >
>
>
> ox oy >
>
>
> p
p  >
>
< p
oM x oM xy p 4 p 4 oT p
x
oT xy
=
½c ¼
þ
Q x
S
2 x

2
þ ð20Þ
> ox oy 3h 3h
ox oy  >
>
> oM pxy oM py p p >
>
>
> 4 p 4 oT xy oT y >
>
>
> þ
Q p

S
þ >
>
>
> ox oy y
3h 2 y
3h 2
ox oy >
>
>
> !
 >
>
>
> oQ p oQ p
4 o 2
T p o 2 p
T o 2 p
T 4 oS p oS p >
>
> x
> y x xy y x xy >
>
>
: ox þ
þ þ
þ >
oy 3h 2
ox 2 ox oy oy 2
h 2
ox oy ;
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6175

The term to the finite deformation is [d],

8 9
>
> ow0 ow0 >
>
>
> L w
1;1 0 þ L1;2 0 >
w >
>
> ox oy >
>
>
> >
>
> ow0
> ow >
>
>
> L w þ
0
L w >
>
> ox
> 1;2 0
oy
2;2 0 >
>
>
> >
>
< ow ow0 =
0
½d ¼ L1;3 w0 þ L2;3 w0 ð21Þ
>
> ox oy >
>
>
> >
>
>
> ow ow >
>
>
>
0
L w þ
0
L w >
>
>
> ox
1;4 0
oy
2;4 0 >
>
>
> >
>
> ow
> ow >
>
>
> >
L2;5 w0 >
0 0
: L1;5 w0 þ ;
ox oy
The term to the in-plane mechanics in z-direction is [e],


T
o ow0 ow0 o ow0 ow0
½e ¼
0; 0; 0; 0; Nx þ N xy þ N xy þ Ny ð22Þ
ox ox oy oy ox oy

Noted here, when Nx, Ny and Nxy are constants, i.e. N x ¼ N 0x ; N y ¼ N 0y and N xy ¼ N 0xy , the fifth element of
2 2 2
the matrix [e] can be re-written as N 0x ooxw20 þ 2N 0xy ooxwoy0 þ N 0y ooyw20 . Otherwise, the relative stiffness and displace-
ment must be taken place of Nx, Ny and Nxy in terms of the constitutive relationship, i.e. Eqs. (6) and (8).
The motion term is [f],
8 3
9
>
> €
I3 4 o w 0 >
>
>
> I 0€u0 þ I 1 / >
>
>
>
x
3 ox ot 2 >
>
>
> >
>
>
> 4 o 3
w >
>
>
> I €
v þ I €
/
I
0 >
>
>
> 0 0 1 y 3 2 >
>
>
> 3 oy ot >
>
>
> >
>
>
> 4 o 3
w >
>
>
> I €
u þ I €
/
I
0 >
>
>
> 1 0 2 x 4
3 oy ot 2 >
>
< =
½f  ¼
3 ð23Þ
>
> I 1€v0 þ I 2 / €
4 I 4 o w0 >
>
>
> y
3 oy ot 2 >
>
>
> " >
>
>
>
2   >
>
>
> 4 >
>
>
>
I 0 w
€0 þ I o2 2
o w0
þ
2
o w0 >
>
>
> 2 6 ot 2 ox 2 oy 2 >
>
>
> 3h >
>
>
> # >
>
> 3
 2
 >>
>
>
> 4 o ou ov 4 o o/ o/ >
>
>
>
I
0
þ
0

I x
þ
y >
>
: 3h2 ot2 ot
3
ot 3h 2 4
ot 2 ox oy ;

From the fundamental equation (17), it is easy to obtain the simple expression for the piezoelectric/com-
posite laminated plate in either static or dynamic case to analyze their static or dynamic characteristics.

2.3. Analysis of the actuating and sensing function for piezoelectric lamina

While the piezoelectric layer is utilized as an actuator in smart structures and systems, it will generate
distributed stress resultants treated as the thermal stress resultants in this paper under the application of
electric field. In order to study the interaction between the applied electric field and piezoelectric laminated
composite plate with distributed covered electrode in piezoelectric layers, the generalized function i.e. Heavi-
side step function H(x) and Dirac delta function d(x) should be used to describe the distributed covered
6176 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

electrode of piezoelectric layer. Thus, for conveniently studying the interaction, the applied electric field can
be rewritten by
E3 ¼
uðtÞF ðx; yÞ ð24Þ
where u(t) represents the time function of the applied electric field. F(x, y) denotes the effective electrode
using the Heaviside function as introduced by Lee (1990)
F ðx; yÞ ¼ ½H ðx
x1 Þ
H ðx
x2 Þ  ½H ðy
y 1 Þ
H ðy
y 2 Þ ð25Þ
Further, the differential of the function F(x, y) can be defined by
oF ðx; yÞ
¼ ½dðx
x1 Þ
dðx
x2 Þ  ½H ðy
y 1 Þ
H ðy
y 2 Þ ð26aÞ
ox
oF ðx; yÞ
¼ ½H ðx
x1 Þ
H ðx
x2 Þ  ½dðy
y 1 Þ
dðy
y 2 Þ ð26bÞ
oy
o2 F ðx; yÞ
¼ ½d0 ðx
x1 Þ
d0 ðx
x2 Þ  ½H ðy
y 1 Þ
H ðy
y 2 Þ ð26cÞ
ox2
o2 F ðx; yÞ
¼ ½H ðx
x1 Þ
H ðx
x2 Þ  ½d0 ðy
y 1 Þ
d0 ðy
y 2 Þ ð26dÞ
oy 2
Now, the effect of a piezoelectric layer as an actuator in the smart structures and systems, i.e. [c], can be
capable of Eq. (20).
On the contrast, the piezoelectric layer can be also as a sensor to sense and monitor the shape deforma-
tion of the smart structures and systems under the action mechanical loading through the closed-circuit out-
put charge signal. Based on the GaussÕs law, the charge q(t) and electric current i(t) of the piezoelectric
lamina can be simulated by
Z
qðtÞ ¼ D3 ds ð27aÞ
S
dpðtÞ
iðtÞ ¼ ð27bÞ
dt
where S denotes the area of the covered electrode.
Substituting Eqs. (1c), (5) and (6) into Eq. (27a) can yield
"Z Z
1
qk ðtÞ ¼ ð
ek31 ex þ
ek32 ey þ
ek34 exy þ
ek35 ezy þ
ek36 ezx Þdx dy
2 sðz¼zk Þ
Z Z #
k k k k k
þ
e31 ex þ
e32 ey þ
e34 exy þ
e35 ezy þ
e36 ezx dx dy
sðz¼zk
1 Þ
Z Z ( "
2 # "
2 #  
k ou0 1 ow0 k ov0 1 ow0 ov0 ou0 ow0 ow0
¼
e31 þ þ
e32 þ þ
ek34 þ þ
S ox 2 ox oy 2 oy ox oy ox oy


 

k ow0 k ow0 zk þ zk
1 k o/x k
o/y k o/x o/y
þ
e35 /x þ þ
e36 /y þ þ
e31 þ
e32 þ
e34 þ
ox oy 2 ox oy oy ox


 
2ðz2k þ z2k
1 Þ k ow0 ow 0


e35 /x þ þ
ek36 /y þ
h2 ox oy

2 

)
3 3
2ðzk þ zk
1 Þ k o/x o w0 k
o/y o2 w0 k o/x o/y o2 w0


e31 þ 2 þ
e32 þ 2 þ
e34 þ þ2 dx dy
3h2 ox ox oy oy oy ox ox oy
ð28Þ
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6177

So, the closed circuit sensor equation can be also rewritten as

Z Z (  2   2 
k o u0 ow0 o2 w0 k o v0 ow0 o2 w0
ik ðtÞ ¼
e31 þ þ
e32 þ
S ox ot ox ox ot oy ot oy oy ot
 


o2 v0 o2 u0 o2 w0 ow0 ow0 o2 w0 o/x o2 w0 o/y o2 w0
þ
ek34 þ þ þ k
þ
e35 þ k
þ
e36 þ
ox ot oy ot ox ot oy ox oy ot ot ox ot ot oy ot
" !# 

2 2
zk þ zk
1 k o2 /x o /y o2 /x o /y 2ðz2 þ z2 Þ o/x o2 w0
þ
e31 þ
ek32 þ
ek34 þ
k 2 k
1
ek35 þ
2 ox ot oy ot oy ot ox ot h ot ox ot

 "
 !
k
o/y o2 w0 2ðz3k þ z3k
1 Þ k o2 /x o3 w0 k
o2 /y o3 w0
þ
e36 þ

e31 þ þ
e32 þ
ot oy ot 3h2 ox ot ox2 ot oy ot oy 2 ot
!#)
2
k o2 / x o / y o3 w0
þ
e34 þ þ2 dx dy ð29Þ
oy ot ox ot ox oy ot

Up to now, the complete theoretical analysis for piezoelectric/composite anisotropic laminate has been
established. In Part II (Cheng et al., 2005), we will apply the above theoretical analysis model to study some
detailed examples and further carry out the numerical results by a new developed numerical method.

3. Conclusion

Based on HamiltonÕs variation principle for electro-elasticity, the generalized governing equations and
relative boundary conditions for the anisotropic piezoelectric/composite laminate plate were carried out
on the assumption of ReddyÕs simple high-order theory. Here, the effects of the poling direction of piezo-
electric layers and large amplitude deflection were taken into consideration. Furthermore, considering the
action of piezoelectric layer as a sensor, the sensing equation was also deduced in this paper with the effect
of large-amplitude deflection.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural Foundation of China for the Excellent Young
Investigators.

Appendix A

As shown in Fig. 2(b), the principal axe x3 of a crystal with an eigenfield may be not parallel to the fixed
coordinate system. Then, we introduce a local coordinate system ðxL1 ; xL2 ; xL3 Þ to describe the crystal distribu-
tion. If it is assumed that the xL3 lies in (x1, x2) plane, the transformation matrix T from the fixed coordinate
system to the local one has the following form as
2 3
cos a sin a 0
6 7
T ij ¼ 4
sin a cos b cos a cos b sin b 5
sin a sin b
sin b cos a cos b
6178 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180

Then the local variables can be presented by the global variables as

elij ¼ T im T jn emn
Eli ¼ T in En
Further, we can obtain the coordination transfer matrices Tc and Te as follows:
2 2 3
n m2 0 0 0 2mn
6 m2 p 2 n2 p 2 q2 2npq
2mpq
2nmp2 7
6 2 2 7
6 mq 2
qn 2 2
p
2npq 2mpq
2mnq2 7
6
½T c  ¼ 6 7
6 pqm
2

pqn2 qp np2
nq2 mq2
mp2 2nmpq 7 7
4 nmq
nmq 0 mp np qm2
qn2 5

nmp nmp 0 mq nq pn2
pm2
and
2 3
n m 0
6 7
½T e  ¼ 4
mp np q 5
mq
nq p
where n ¼ cos a; m ¼ sin a; p ¼ cos b; q ¼ sin b.

Appendix B

The components of the matrix [Lij] are shown as follows:

o2 o2 o2
L1;1 ¼ A11 þ 2A 16 þ A 66
ox2 ox oy oy 2
2 2
o o o2
L1;2 ¼ A16 2 þ ðA12 þ A66 Þ þ A26 2
ox ox oy oy

 2
 2
 2
4 o 4 o 4 o
L1;3 ¼ B11
2 F 11 2
þ 2 B 16
2
F 16 þ B 66
2
F 66
3h ox 3h ox oy 3h oy 2

 2
 2
 2
4 o 4 4 o 4 o
L1;4 ¼ B16
2 F 16 2
þ B 12 þ B 66
F
2 12

F
2 66
þ B 26
F
2 26
3h ox 3h 3h ox oy 3h oy 2
 3 3 3 3 
4 o o o o
L1;5 ¼
2 F 11 3 þ 3F 16 þ ðF 12 þ 2F 66 Þ þ F 26 3
3h ox oy ox2 ox oy 2 oy
o2 o2 o2
L2;2 ¼ A66 2 þ 2A26 þ A22 2
ox ox oy oy
L2;3 ¼ L1;4

 2
 2
 2
4 o 4 o 4 o
L2;4 ¼ B66
2 F 66 2
þ 2 B26
2 F 26 þ B22
2 F 22
3h ox 3h ox oy 3h oy 2
 3 3 3 3 
4 o o o o
L2;5 ¼
2 F 16 3 þ ðF 12 þ 2F 66 Þ 2
þ 3F 26 2
þ F 22 3
3h ox oy ox ox oy oy

 2
 2
8 16 o 8 16 o
L3;3 ¼ D11
2 H 11 þ 4 F 11 2
þ 2 D 16
2
H 16 þ 4
J 16
3h 9h ox 3h 9h ox oy

 2

8 16 o 8 16
þ D66
2 H 66 þ 4 J 66
A55
2 D55 þ 4 H 55
3h 9h oy 2 h h
 J. Cheng et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 42 (2005) 6166–6180 6179

 2   2
8 16 o 8 16 o
L3;4 ¼ D16
2 H 16 þ 4 T 16 þ D 12 þ D 66
ðH 12 þ H 66 Þ þ ðJ 12 þ J 66 Þ
3h 9h ox2 3h2 9h4 ox oy

 2

8 16 o 8 16
þ D26
2 H 26 þ 4 J 26
A45
2 D45 þ 4 H 45
3h 9h oy 2 h h



8 16 o 8 16 o
L3;5 ¼
A55
2 D55 þ 4 H 55
A45
2 D45 þ 4 H 45
h h ox h h oy

 3
 3
4 4 o 4 o

2 H 11
2 J 11 3
þ 3 H 16
2 J 16
3h 3h ox 3h ox2 oy
  3
 3
4 o 4 o
þ H 12 þ 2H 66
2 ðJ 12 þ 2J 66 Þ þ H 26
J 26
3h ox oy 2 3h2 oy 3

 2
 2
8 16 o 8 16 o
L4;4 ¼ D66
2 H 66 þ 4 J 66 þ 2 D26
2 H 26 þ 4 J 26
3h 9h ox2 3h 9h ox oy

 2

8 16 o 8 16
þ D22
2 H 22 þ 4 J 22
A44
2 D44 þ 4 H 44
3h 9h oy 2 h h



8 16 o 8 16 o
L4;5 ¼
A45
2 D45 þ 4 H 45
A44
2 D44 þ 4 H 44
h h ox h h oy

 3   3
4 4 o 4 o

2 H 16
2 J 16 3
þ H 12 þ 2H 66
2
ðJ 12 þ 2J 66 Þ
3h 3h ox 3h ox2 oy

 3
 3
4 o 4 o
þ3 H 26
2 J 26 þ H 22
2 J 22
3h ox oy 2 3h oy 3

 2
 2
 2
8 16 o 8 16 o 8 16 o
L5;5 ¼
A55
2 D55 þ 4 H 55 2

2 A45
2 D45 þ 4 H 45
A44
2 D44 þ 4 H 44 2
h h ox h h oy ox h h oy
 4 4 4 4 4 
16 o o o o o
þ 4 T 11 4 þ 4T 16 3 þ 2ðT 12 þ 2T 66 Þ 2 2 þ 4T 26 3
þ T 22 4
9h ox ox oy ox oy ox oy oy

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