CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data regarding the

effectiveness of citrus lemon skin as an alcohol perfume are all included in

this chapter. The respondents' data were retrieved, and they underwent

careful inspection and analysis.

Table A. Qualities of Ordinary Alcohol.

Statement Mean Verbal Interpretation

1 3 AGREE

2 2.66 DISAGREE

3 3.02 AGREE

TOTAL 2.89 DISAGREE

Figure 2. Aroma, Long lasting, and Cons/sfency of Ordinary A/coho/

1
COMPUTATION

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
22 38 18 2
88 114 36 2 240
Figure 2.1 Aroma
240 divided by 80 = 3 (AGREE)

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
10 38 27 5
40 114 54 5 213
Figure 2.2 Long lasting
213 divided by 80 = 2.66 (DISAGREE)

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
23 38 17 2
92 114 34 2 242
Figure 2.3 Consistency
240 divided by 80 = 3.03 (AGREE)

Table A's statement 1 in which the mean is indicated as 3 with a verbal

interpretation of agree. In statement 2, the verbal interpretation disagrees and has

a mean of 2.66. The verbal interpretation of Statement 3 has a mean of 3.03 with

a verbal interpretation of agree. The overall mean of statements 1 to 3 is 2.89 with

verbal interpretation of Disagree.

2
 Figure 1, According to Azimbayeva, G.E., Kamysbayeva, A.K.,

Sagimbayeva, A.E. et al. (2022) The manufacturing of ethyl alcohol requires a lot

of raw materials, and more than 60% of the overall cost of production goes toward

grain. The introduction of new plants is the most practical method for using

agricultural raw materials. Asteraceae plants are a possible alternative source

since they contain inulin, which is used in the synthesis of ethyl alcohol. After

adsorption with activated carbon and calcium oxide, the concentration of waste

products (fuse oil, ester, and aldehyde) can be reduced to 1519 mg dm3. Due to

their inulin concentration, those four plants are potential substitutes for the

manufacturing of alcohol. These substitutes could help the alcohol and sanitary

sector.

Table B. Qualities of Lemon Alcohol

Statement Mean Verbal Interpretation

1 3.45 AGREE

2 3.23 AGREE

3 3.35 AGREE

TOTAL 3.34 AGREE

FIGURE 3. Aroma, Long lasting, and Consistency of Lemon Alcohol-

Perfume.

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COMPUTATION

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
40 36 4 0
160 108 8 0 276
Figure 3.1 Aroma
276 divided by 80 = 3.45 (AGREE)

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
24 50 6 0
96 150 12 0 258
Figure 3.2 Long lasting
258 divided by 80 = 3.23 (AGREE)

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
35 38 7 0
140 114 14 0 268
Figure 3.3 Consistency
268 divided by 89 = 3.35 (AGREE)

Statement 1 in table B has the verbal interpretation of agree with the mean

of 3.45. While in Statement 2, the mean is 3.23 and the verbal interpretation is

agreed. With the linguistic interpretation of agree, statement 3 has a mean of 3.35.

With an agree verbal interpretation, the overall mean of statements 1 through 3 is

3.34. Given that there are 3 statements, you can do it by adding up their averages

and dividing the result by 3.

4
 In Figure 2, According to Tan Phat Dao (2021), In this study, the hydro

distillation of lemon peel essential oil was modelled, and the chemical makeup of

the resulting essential oil was established. Non-stationary diffusion modelling and

first-order kinetic modelling were used (i.e., fixed diffusion model). The extraction

process appeared to closely resemble the simultaneous washing and diffusion

model (non-stationary diffusion), according to the results, and the highest yield was

obtained under conditions that included a 3:1 water-to-materials ratio, 204 W

of heating capacity, and a 60-minute extraction period. The essential oils' content and

yield of 3.9% (v/w) were determined under ideal conditions using GC-MS.

Limonene (62.17%) and -Terpinene (12.356%) predominate in the composition of

lemon peel essential oil, which is what gives it its distinctive aroma and higher

market value.

Table C. Effectiveness of Lemon Alcohol

Statement Mean Verbal Interpretation

1 3.23 AGREE

2 3.31 AGREE

TOTAL 3.26 AGREE

FIGURE 4. Ability of the Lemon Alcohol to sanitize and disinfect.

5
COMPUTATION

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
20 58 2 0
80 174 4 0 258
Figure 4.1 Disinfecting
258 divided by 80 = 3.23 (AGREE)

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
30 45 5 0
120 135 10 0 265
Figure 4.2 Sanitizing
265 divided by 80 = 3.31 (AGREE)

The linguistic meaning of Statement 1 in Table C is agreed with the mean

of 3.22 While in Statement 2, the verbal interpretation is agreed and the mean is

3.31. Provided that there are two statements, you can do it by adding up their

averages and dividing the result by two.

According to Alhoi Hendry Henderson (2018), The citrus limon peel extract’s

ethanolic 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations all showed significant

antibacterial action. 15,03 mm, 16,17 mm, 15,83 mm, and 18,77 mm of the

average antibacterial activity were observed against Escherichia coli. Lemon is a

great cleanser, much like vinegar. Lemon acid acts as a natural bleach, and it is

naturally antibacterial and antiseptic. Lemon not only works well as a natural

cleaner, but it also has a stimulating and invigorating citrus aroma. Lemon Alcohol-

6
Perfume is an antibacterial product that can be used in any environment without

leaving a greasy residue, and it has a pleasant aroma for those who wants to use

it.

Table D. Outcome of Lemon Alcohol

Statement Mean Verbal Interpretation

1 3.5 AGREE

FIGURE 5. Lemon as an Alcohol.

COMPUTATION

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE TOTAL

4 3 2 1
43 35 1 1
172 105 2 1 280
Figure 5.1 Outcome of Lemon Alcohol
280 divided by 80 = 3.5 (agree)

In Table 4, it is stated in the statement 1 the mean is 3.5 with a verbal

interpretation of agree. Respondents agree that the skin of lemon makes a good

and effective alcohol perfume. A mixture of lemon, orange, mandarin, and

bergamot volatile oils is used to create lemon-like and other citrus flavors and

scents; limonene, depentene, citral, and citroptene oil components are crucial to

the perfume (Svoboda, 2003). The extracts from lemon-scented plants are utilized

in a variety of applications, including aromatherapy, as agrochemicals, as food

flavoring, and as masking agents in pharmaceutical preparations. Due to their high

acidity, these citrus fruits are also effective at killing bacteria.