Miter line- is a 45-degree line which is used in projection.

It serves as guide in keeping up drawing

lines straight.
Parallel- is a line that does not intersect in the plane but goes to the limit of infinity.
Inclined- makes an angle with another line or plane.
Project- means to extend from.
Cylinder- is a geometric figure with a uniform circular cross section through its entire length.
Pattern or stretch out- is produced by utilizing a form of drafting called pattern development.
Hem- is used to strengthen the lips of sheet metal objects. It is made in standard sizes, 4.0mm,
6.0mm, 10.0mm, etc.
Wired Edge- gives extra strength and rigidity to sheet metal edges.
Seam- is used to strengthen sheet metal sections. It is usually joined by soldering and or riveting
process.
Auxiliary View- additional view
Revolution- revolved view
Auxiliary section- used when cutting plane is not parallel to any of the normal views.
Edge view- When a cutting plane appears as an edge or line.
Oblique plane- one that is inclined to all three normal planes.

Auxiliary views
Some objects have inclined or oblique surfaces which cannot be represented in their true or
exact shapes in any of the three regular orthographic views. In such case, it is necessary to make
an extra or “helping” view which will be perpendicularly projected from the inclined surface. This
extra view is called an Auxiliary view and can be classified as an orthographic view.
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view which is projected onto any plane other than the
frontal, horizontal, or profile plane. An auxiliary view is not one of the six principal views.
In drawing auxiliary view, drawing is always projected from the regular view on which the
inclined surface appears as a line. Also, the construction lines projecting from the inclined surface
are always on the right angles to the cut.
Many objects are quite complex, and the three principal views may not best present the
geometry of the part. Certain features may not appear true size and shape in those views or may be
hidden. In this case one or more auxiliary views typically are drawn. Primary auxiliary views are
projected off one of the principal views. Secondary auxiliary views are projected off a primary
auxiliary view.

When to use an Auxiliary View

1. When creating engineering drawings, it is often necessary to show features in a view
where they appear true size so that they can be dimensioned.
2. The object is normally positioned such that the major surfaces and features are either
parallel or perpendicular to the principal planes.
3. Views are normally selected so that most of the features will be visible in the three
principal views.
4. The front, top, and left or right-side views are most commonly drawn.

Types of auxiliary views

There are six recognized types of auxiliary view: right auxiliary view, left auxiliary view, front
auxiliary view, rear auxiliary view, right auxiliary elevation, and left auxiliary elevation.
1. Left and right auxiliary views are projected perpendicularly from the front view.
2. The front and rear auxiliary views are projected from the side view.
3. Left and right auxiliary elevations are projected from the top view.
When drawing auxiliaries, the usual practice is to show only the inclined portion of the view.
It is seldom necessary to draw a full projection of an object.
Summary

1. Auxiliary views are a type of orthographic projection used to determine the true size and
shape of inclined and oblique surfaces of objects.
2. Normally, auxiliary views are projected from existing principal views.
3. However, auxiliary views can also be drawn first and then used to create a principal view.
This is done when a true measurement can only be obtained by an auxiliary view and that
measurement is needed in order to create a principal view. This technique is called reverse
construction.
4. Any number of auxiliary views of an object can be created. Successive auxiliary views can be
created by projecting from an existing auxiliary view.