Poetry ❑– the attitude expressed in a poem that

is a form of literature that allows writers called “poets” to express a reader sees and feels
❑– the writer’s attitude toward thea
their thoughts, feelings, emotions, and ideas about a particular
subject or audience
theme or topic.
A. Structure
 Poet is the author of the poem or literary piece. 1. Form
 Persona is the SPEAKER or narrator of the poem. 2. Poetic Line/Line and kinds of metrical
 Poetry is cast in lines. It uses forms and elements and does not use line/numbers of feet
ordinary syntax.
 We do not use ordinary sentence formation since there are elements 3. Stanza and kinds of stanza
and techniques used by the poets. 4. Enjambment
5. Verse
B. Sound of Poetry
Theme 1. Rhythm
is the lesson about life or statement about human nature that the 2. Meter and Foot
poem expresses. 3. Types of Feet

➢ Though related to the concept of a moral, or lesson, themes are How to Find a Meter in AccentualSyllabic Verse
usually more complicated and ambiguous.
a. End rhyme
➢ To describe the theme of a poem is to discuss the overarching b. Internal rhyme
abstract idea or ideas being examined in the poem. c. Rhyme Scheme
d. Assonance
➢ A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his work, making e. Consonance
it the most significant idea in a literary work. f. Alliteration
g. Onomatopoeia
➢ A minor theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that appears h. Repetition
i. Refrain
in a work briefly and gives way to another minor theme.
j. Word Play

Presentation of Themes 1. Rhythm - is the basic beat in a line of a poem.

➢ the feelings of the main character about the subject
written about
➢ through the thoughts and conversations of different
characters
➢ the experiences of the main character in the course of
a literary work
➢ the actions and events taking place in a narrative
Example: “Whose woods these are, I think I know” is the first line from
“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost.
Notice that the accented words (underlined) give the line a distinctive beat.
2. Meter - is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter
happens when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem
are arranged in a repeating pattern. In meter, when poets write, they need to
count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak)
syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

Functions of Themes 3. Foot - is a unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables.
➢binds together various other essential elements Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.
of a poem
➢is a truth that exhibits universality and stands Types of Feet - The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of
true for people of all cultures stressed and unstressed syllables.
➢gives readers a better understanding of the main a. Trochee
character’s conflicts, experiences, discoveries, b. Anapest
and emotions c. Dactyl
➢gives readers an insight into how the world d. Spondee
e. Pyrrhic
works or human life can be viewed
f. Iamb

Theme vs. Subject 4. Rhythm - is the beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem. It
➢A poem’s subject is the topic of the poem, or can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration, and refrain.
what the poem is about
➢The theme is an idea that the poem expresses
How to Find a Meter in Accentual-Syllabic Verse
about the subject or uses the subject to explore
Example:
1. Find syllables that would ordinarily be accented in a dictionary and in
So, for example, in the Edgar
conversation. In the line "And justify the ways of God to men," for example,
Allan Poe poem “The Raven”,
the first syllable in justify and the syllables comprising ways, God, and man
the subject is the raven, who
would receive stress in normal conversation. There is a problem: although in
continually repeats a single
the dictionary and in analyzing meter, we usually talk as if there were only
word in response to the
two levels of stress (stressed and unstressed), linguists suggest that there
speaker’s questions.
may be as many as four in actual spoken English. Thus, in the word justify,
the just is stressed more than i or fy, but fy is stressed more than i.
Example:
Nevertheless, if you look at enough lines, you should be able to get an overall
The theme of the poem, however, is the
sense of the meter.
irreversibility of death—the speaker asks the
raven, in a variety of ways, whether or not he
2. Because poets want their work to sound natural, the meter of a given line,
will see his dead beloved again, to which the
or even passage, may vary slightly from the basic pattern; therefore, you
raven always replies “nevermore.”
need to go over 27 several lines assigning the stresses where they would fall
in normal conversation. If you look at enough lines, a general pattern should
Tone
emerge.
➢Tone has two (2) attitudes: one concerning
the people you’re addressing (your audience) 3. A stressed syllable will be accompanied by some unstressed syllables,
and the other concerning the thing you’re and in English they usually (though not always) come before the stressed
talking about (your subject). syllable. A stressed syllable and the unstressed syllable(s), which go with it,
➢Tone can also mean the general emotional are called a Foot. If you look at several lines, it should become clear whether
weather of the poem. the unstressed syllables precede or follow the stressed.

4. The meter depends on the Type and Number of feet in a line. In the
Tone example below, the type of foot has an unstressed syllable followed by a
stressed, and there are five such feet. The meter would therefore be labeled Nervous
iambic pentameter (iambic for the type of foot and pentameter for the Anticipating
number). The cur/ few tolls/ the knell/ of part/ ing day. Derisive

STRUCTURE
a. End rhyme
b. Internal rhyme FORM
c. Rhyme Scheme -usually refers to the structure
d. Assonance that holds or gives shape to
e. Consonance the poem—in a way, what it
f. Alliteration looks like to you on the page
g. Onomatopoeia - one place to begin is to
h. Repetition simply describe what the
i. Refrain poem looks like, and how this
j. Word Play influences how you read the
poem

Characteristics of Poetry Poetic Line or Line

It expresses creative thoughts in a much briefer way than a short story or - a group of words
novel. that form a single
It has musical quality. line of poetry
It has structure.
It is used to express intense personal emotions and experiences. EXAMPLE
The content of a poem shows the universal truth and connotes a deeper My father got me strong and straight and slim,
meaning. And I give thanks to him;
It does not use everyday language. My mother bore me glad and sound and sweet,
It uses elements such as rhythm, imagery, verse and meter, and poetic I kiss her feet.
devices.
METER
Elements of Poetry - a pattern of
Theme stressed and
Theme is the overarching abstract idea or ideas being examined in the poem. unstressed syllables
It is related to the concept of a moral, or lesson.
The theme is the lesson about life or statement about human nature that the METER
poem expresses. happens when the stressed
/ ´/and unstressed / ˘/ syllables
Presentation of Themes of the words in a poem are
The feelings of the main character about the subject written about. arranged in a repeating
Through the thoughts and conversations of different characters. pattern
The experiences of the main character in the course of a literary work.
The actions and events taking place in a narrative. METER
when poets write, they need
Functions of Themes to count out the number of
Binds together various other essential elements of a poem. stressed (strong) syllables and
Is a truth that exhibits universality and stands true for people of all cultures. unstressed (weak) syllables
Gives readers better understanding of the main character’s conflicts, for each line.
experiences, discoveries, and emotions.
Gives readers an insight into how the world works or how human life can be METER
viewed. They repeat the
pattern throughout
Theme vs. Subject the poem.
A poem’s subject is the topic of the poem, or what the poem is about. EXAMPLE
The theme is an idea that the poem expresses about the subject or uses the Shall I /compare /thee to /a sum/mer’s day?
subject to explore. Thou art/ more love/ly and /more tem/perate.
Example
In "The Morning After I Killed Myself," what do you think are the subject and FOOT
theme? - a unit of meter
The subjects are "life" and "realizations."
The theme could be: FOOT
Life, despite its ordinariness, is precious. - can have two or
A person or thing’s importance is realized most when they are gone in our three syllables.
lives.
TYPE OF FEET
Tone - determined by the
Tone suggests two attitudes: one concerning the people you’re addressing arrangement of
(your audience), and the other concerning the thing you’re talking about stressed and unstressed
(your subject). syllables.
It can also mean the general emotional weather of the poem.
The attitude expressed in a poem that a reader sees and feels. TYPE OF FEET
The writer’s attitude toward the subject or audience. 1. iamb (iambic) unstressedstressed
Example 2. trochee (adjective form,
Persuasive trochaic) stressedunstressed,
Dry 3. anapest (anapestic) unstressed-unstressedstressed, duh-duh-DUH, as
Playful in, Get away!
Assertive 4. dactyl (dactylic) stressed-unstressedunstressed, DUH-duh-duh,
Pessimistic as in, Honestly
Nostalgic
Regretful Kinds of Metrical Lines/Numbers of Feet
Joyful To build a line of verse, poets
Envious can string together one of these
Example types of feet, such repetitions
Inspirational are named like these:
Sympathetic
Ironic monometer = one foot on a line
Conflicted dimeter = two feet on a line
Fearful trimeter = three feet on a line
Reverent
tetrameter = four feet on a line In the forest of the night.
pentameter = five feet on a line What immortal hand or eye
hexameter = six feet on a line Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
heptameter = seven feet on a line “The Tyger” by William Blake
octometer = eight feet on a line
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
STANZA But I have promises to keep,
- a section of a poem And miles to go before I sleep,
named for the number And miles to go before I sleep.
of lines it contains. “Stopping by the Woods in Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost

Kinds of Stanza END RHYME

Couplet = a two line stanza - has same or similar
Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza sounds at the end of
Quatrain = a four line stanza – This words that finish different
is the usual kind of stanza lines.
Quintet = a five line stanza
Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
Septet = a seven line stanza But I have promises to keep,
Octave = an eight line stanza And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
ENJAMBMENT “Stopping by the Woods in Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost
- when there is no written or
natural pause at the end of a INTERNAL RHYME
poetic line, so that the wordflow carries over to the next - has same or similar
line. sounds within the words
on a line
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love When they said the
That alters when it alteration finds time to hide was mine,
Or bends with the remover to remove: - “The Rabbit” by Elizabeth Maddox Roberts
Shakespeare's "Sonnet 116"
RHYME SCHEME
- affects the forms - a pattern of rhyme in a
of the poem on a poem (usually end
page. rhyme but not always).
- can create certain
form relevant to a EXAMPLE
poem’s content. A quatrain – a stanza of four lines in
which the second and fourth lines
VERSE rhyme – has the following rhyme
- can be seen within poetry scheme: abcb
or inside a poem and also EXAMPLE
even within the types of A mighty creature is the germ, a
poems. Though smaller than the pachyderm. a
- a line in traditional His customary dwelling place b
poetry that is written in Is deep within the human race. b
meter. His childish pride he often pleases c
By giving people strange diseases. c
TYPES OF VERSE Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? a
Traditional Form You probably contain a germ. A
With rhyme and with
Meter ASSONANCE
- the repetition of
Free Verse vowel sounds within
has no set meter; words in a line.
that is to say there is no rhyming EXAMPLE
scheme present, and the poem doesn’t The children were nestled all snug in their beds
follow a set pattern. “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” by Clement Clarke Moore:

Blank Verse CONSONANCE

no rhyming effect present - the repetition of
in a blank verse consonant sounds
within words in a line.
has an iambic pentameter EXAMPLE
Your breath has time to straighten,
usually employed for presenting Your brain to bubble cool,
passionate events, and to create an Deals one imperial thunderbolt
impact on the reader. That scalps your naked soul.
Emily Dickinson’s “Poem 315” (1862)
Shakespeare was an
ardent user of blank verse. ALLITERATION
- the repetition of
SOUND consonant sounds at the
beginning of words.
RHYTHM EXAMPLE
- the basic beat in “Sarah Cynthia Sylvia
a line of a poem. Stout would
- can be created by not take the garbage out”
meter, rhyme, alliteration, and refrain. - By Shel Silverstein

“Whose woods these ONOMATOPOEIA

are, I think I know” - words that sound like
the first line from “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost their meaning
EXAMPLE
Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright buzz, swish,
hiss, gulp
REFRAIN
- a line or stanza
repeated over and over
in a poem or song.
EXAMPLE
Jingle Bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way!
Oh, what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh!
REPETITION
- sounds, words, or phrases
that are repeated to add
emphasis or create rhythm.
Parallelism is a form of
repetition.
EXAMPLE
Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that
catch!
“Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll
WORD PLAY
- to play with the sounds
and meanings of real or
invented words.
EXAMPLE
Claptrap, bombast,
rodomontade,
Hogwash, jargon, and rant
“Synonyms” by Susan Moger
D. FORMS OF POETRY
FOUND POEMS
are created through the
careful selection and
organization of words and
phrases from existing
text.
These take existing
texts and refashion
them, reorder them, and
present them as poems.
The literary equivalent of a
collage found poetry is often
made from newspaper articles,
street signs, graffiti, speeches,
letters, or even other poems.
TANAGA
is a type of Filipino poem
which consists of four lines
with seven syllables each with
the same rhyme at the end of
each line. It has a 7-7-7-7
syllabic verse
1. “Oh be resilient you Stake
Should the waters be coming!
I shall cower as the moss
To you I shall be clinging.”
2. Inumit na salapi
Walang makapagsabi
Kahit na piping saksi
Naitago na kasi.
Like the Japanese
haiku, Tanagas
traditionally do not
have any titles.
Most are handed down by
oral history, and contain
proverbial forms, morals,
and snippets of a code of
ethics.
DIONA
is an ancient form of poetry
that is composed of 7 syllables
for every verse/line, 3
verses/lines for every stanza,
and has a single rhyme scheme.
1. Kung ang aso hinahanap
Pag nagtampo’t naglayas
Ikaw pa kaya anak.
– Ferdinand Bajado
2. Lolo, huwag malulungkot
Ngayong uugod-ugod
Ako po’y inyong tungkod
– Gregorio Rodillo
HAIKU
is a Japanese poem written
in three lines following the
Five Syllables, Seven
Syllables and Five Syllables.
Often focusing on images
from nature, haiku
emphasizes simplicity,
intensity, and directness of
expression.
1. I call to my love
on mornings ripe with sunlight.
The songbirds answer.
2. An old pond!
A frog jumps in—
the sound of water.
ACROSTIC
is a poem where the first letters
of each line spell out a word or
phrase vertically that acts as the
theme or message of the poem.
Sometimes a word or phrase
can also be found down the
middle or end of the poem,
but the most common is at the
beginning.
A lot of people use these
poems to describe people or
holidays, and lines can be
made up of single words or
phrases.
Acrostic poems do not
follow a specific rhyme
scheme, so they are
easier to write.
A FRIEND
F is for the fun we had together
R is for the relaxing time we shared together
I is for the interesting moments we had
E is for the entertaining time we spent
N is for the never-ending friendship that we'll
have
D is for the days we'll never forget
SONNET
is a poem that has 14
lines and follows a
specific rhyme
scheme.
It comes from the
Italian word that
means “little song.”
There are various types of
sonnets, and each one is
formatted a little differently,
following various rhyme
schemes.
The three main types are the
Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet,
the English (or
Shakespearean) sonnet, and
the Spenserian sonnet.
They are named
after the poets who
made them famous.
These forms have
been around since the
sixteenth century.
The poem is written
in three quatrains and
ends with a couplet.
HOW DO I LOVE THEE?
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day's
Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
I love with a passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints, I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life! and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
CONCRETE POEM
➢is a poem that
uses words to form the shape of
the subject of the poem (also
known as a “shape poem”).
LYRIC POEM
is a short poem that usually
written in first person point of
view and expresses an emotion
or an idea or describes a
scene.
I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD
CINQUIAN
➢is a five-line untitled
poem, where the syllable pattern
increases by two for each line,
except for the last line, which ends
in two syllables (2,4,6,8,2).
NARRATIVE POEM
is a form of poetry that tells
a story, often making the
voices of a narrator and
characters as well; the
entire story is usually written
in metered verse.
Narrative
poems do not
need rhyme.
Edgar Allan Poe was an
American writer, poet, editor,
and literary critic. Poe is best
known for his poetry and
short stories, particularly his
tales of mystery and the
macabre. He is widely
regarded as a central figure
of Romanticism in the United
States, and of American
literature.
C. ELEMENTS OF FICTION FOUND IN POETRY
SETTING
 the time and place
where a story or
poem takes place.
POINT OF VIEW / NARRATIVE VOICE
 the person narrating a story or
poem (the story/poem could be
narrated in first person (I, we),
second person (you), or third
person limited or omniscient
(he/she, they).
CHARACTERIZATION
 the development of the characters
in a story or poem (what they look
like, what they say and do, what
their personalities are like, what
they think and feel, and how they
are referred to or treated by others).
DIALOGUE
 the conversation
between the
characters in a story
or poem.
DIALECT OR COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE
 the style of speaking of the narrator and the characters in a story or
poem (according to their region, period, and social expectations).
CONFLICT
 the problem or situation a character or characters face in a story or
poem.
PLOT
 the series of events in a story or
poem.
TONE AND VOICE
 the distinctive, idiosyncratic way a narrator has of telling a story or
poem (tone and voice depend on the intended audience, the purpose
for writing, and the way the writer or poem feels about (his/her
subject).
STYLE
 the way a writer uses words to craft a story or poem.
MOOD
 the feelings and emotions the writerwants the reader to experience.
THEME AND MESSAGE
the main topic of a story or poem, and the message the author or
poet wants to convey about that topic.
Group 8 – Hernando Ocampo

Leader: Capili, Neil Benedict A.

Assistant Leader: Medallada, Shulamite

Members:
Sangutan, Nicole M.
Tesoro, Justin
Pahuay, Katerine
Bermudez, Kurt Andrew
Cain, Dave Jorgio
Astillero, Armie P.

LA, Who Am I To Love You?

LA, I'm from nowhere, who am I to love you?

LA, I've got nothing, who am I to love you
when I'm feeling this way and I've got nothing to offer?

LA, not quite the city that never sleeps

Not quite the city that wakes,
but the city that dreams, for sure
If by dreams, you mean in nightmares

LA, I'm a dreamer, but I'm from nowhere, who am I to dream?

LA, I'm upset, I have complaints, listen to me

They say I came from money and I didn't

And I didn't even have love, and it's unfair

LA, I sold my life rights for a big check and I'm upset
And now I can't sleep at night and I don't know why
Plus, I love Saks, so why did I do that when I know it won't last?

LA, I picked San Francisco because the man who doesn't love me lives there

LA, I'm pathetic, but so are you, can I come home now?
Daughter to no one, table for one
Party of thousands of people I don't know at Delilah