PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY- “love of wisdom”

- “philosophia”
- Philos- “love”
- Sophia- “wisdom”

MEANING AND PROCESS OF PHILOSOPHY

- “matters of utility”

HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE & PARTIAL POINTS OF VIEW

- Able to distinguish between holistic and partial point of view.

- Sets limit in coming up with conclusions

HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW

- looks at all aspects

- all aspects are important
- ties in together

PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW

- looks at only limited aspects

- biased

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

 AXIOLOGY- study of nature and valuation

 ETHICS- “ethos” means “custom”. (human conduct)
 AESTHETICS- aisthetikos meaning “sensitive” or “perceptive”. (idea of beauty)
 EPISTEMOLOGY- episteme means “knowledge”. (concerning knowledge)
 LOGIC- study of reasoning
 METAPHYSICS- “after physics”. Study of the nature of reality.
 PHILOSOPHERS- “seekers of wisdom”
 PRESOCRATIC- “investigators of nature” – Aristotle
 MILETIANS
- THALES OF MILETUS- father of philosophy. Earth floats on water
- ANAXIMANDER- beginning of the universe. Boundless stuff
- ANAXIMENES- air is the source of all
- HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS- fire is the origin of all things. “Unity of opposites”. Logos
- XENOPHANES OF COLOPHON- single god. (anthropomorphic god)

PYTHAGORAS (of samos)- cosmos

3 FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS:

- SOCRATES- “western philosophy” “Socratic method” (elenchus)

- PLATO- humanity. Idea was the only true reality
- ARISTOTLE- “greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, ethics”. “philosophy of truth”.
experience
- PLATO (60) ARISTOTLE (17)
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY- “middle ages”. Western roma empire (15th)- renaissance (16th)

- MONOTHEISTIC- one god

- POLYTHEISM- different gods.

PHILOSOPHERS IN THIS PERIOD.

- ST. ANSELM- god in proslogion. Ontological argument

- ST. AUGUSTINE- “the argument by analogy” against solipsism.
- ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- “summa theologica”

RATIONALISM- reason rather than experience

EMPIRICISM- experience is also a source of knowledge. (5 senses)

IMMANUEL KANT- “synthetic a priori knowledge”. Contrary to the philosophical views held by
rationalists and empiricists.

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE IN RELATION TO OBSERVATION:

- A PRIORI- knowledge not requiring observation

- A POSTERIORI- knowledge based on observation
- EXPERIMENTAL- knowledge resulting from observation

ANCIENT- COSMOCENTRIC- “world”

MEDIEVAL- THEOCENTRIC- “god”

MODERN- ANTHROPOCENTRIC- “I”

REFLECTION

METAPHYSICS- not everybody is the same as you

EPISTEMOLOGY (knowledge)- to make the situation valid, we need evidence.

THE METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY LEAD TO WISDOM AND TRUTH

Wisdom- is not all about on what you have learned but also, its about on how you will apply it to
yourself or to other people.

ALLEGORY- a picture that can be interpreted. A typical moral and political one.

Fire burning. The only world the the prisoners ever known. Shadows

Voice is a distorted echo.

METHOD OF PHILOSOPHY (hindi lang puro isip nang isip, it also involves the feeling of the person, as
well as emotions)
 1. SPECULATION/SPECULATIVE THINKING
- SPECULATION- haka-haka. Message expressing opinion. Thinking about something that
doesn’t have enough proof or evidence . “specula” means watch tower.
- SPECULATION is considered as detached because it is an activity best done alone in
isolation. It is often a result of contemplation. Nagsisimula sa isip ng tao. Nagsisimula ito
within ourselves. It helps us to think about all the possible perspectives on a subject.
2. PHILOSOPHY OF CRITICAL THINKING/ANALYSIS
- CRITICIZE- is to judge or analyze questions, judge and evaluate all principles that are
gained through speculation.
- CRITICAL ANALYSIS- insights are validated as well.
- MODES OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS: LOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC
- LOGICAL: problems are solved through a careful analysis of the logical structure.
Inaanalyze ang mga pangyayari. Inaanalyze ang isang bagay na tumutugma sa situation.
Pinasimple which is verified through observation.
- LINGUISTIC: mode of critical analysis. It is where the meanings of words are analyzed
from their clarity and consistency. It is to avoid confusion.
3. PHILOSOPHY AS REFLECTIVE INQUIRY
- “How we think” by John Dewey, characterized reflective thinking. Paano mag isip ang
tao.
- This reflection is seen as “meaning-making”. Moves a learner from one experience to the
next with a deeper understanding. Ang reflective thinkers must not only be aware of
himself/herself but mostly devote in themselves, deeply to a particular activity to gain a
better perspective.
- REFLECTIVE INQUIRY- support each other. Engaging.
- One has to ability to express oneself clearly and share ideas.

PHASES

1. The experiences
2. Spontaneous interpretatiom
3. Naming problems or questions
4. Generating possible explanations
5. Expand the explanations
6. E

REFLECTION- continuous learning process.

PHILOSOPHIZING- it is a lifetime activity

THE VALUE OF TRUTH

What is truth and opinion?

Realize the methods of philosophy

Evaluate philosophy

THE NATURE OF BELIEF

 - Refers to the acceptance that a statement is true or that something true
- - Any belief that we express either in a form of utterance or writing.

THE VALUE OF TRUTH AND OPINION

WHAT IS TRUTH

- Truth is a fact or belief that is accepted as true.

- Is a statement about the way the world actually
- Metaphysics and the philosophy of language, property of sentences, assertions, beliefs,
thoughts.
- Agree with the facts to state what is the case

3 THEORIES OF TRUTH

- Ginagamit sa investigation unit

- Categorize the truth

THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

COHERENCE THEORY

PRAGMATIC THEORY

THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

- TO SEE IS TOO BELIEVE

- Nag eexist
- The key to truth is the RELATION between PROPOSITIONS and the WORLD.
- “a belief is true if there is an existence of an appropriate entity, a fact to who\ich it
corresponds. If there is no such entity, the belief is false
- -tumutugma sa statement na nag eexist
- UNG STATEMENT, TUMUGMA DUN SA NAG EEXIST

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

- States of any true proposition in its coherence

- the coherence theory of truth insists that a belief is true
- “measures coherence and consistency among statements within a system”
- may connection, may pagkakaugnay-ugnay ang statement
- their statements are connected, nag aalign, lahat nag-aagree
- may consistency, may relation
- lahat nag- aagree
- mayroong scientific evidence
- consistent with other ideas
- lahat ay nag-aagree at iisa ang ating opinion

PRAGMATIC THEORY

- Holds that a proposition is true if its useful to believe it. Thus, utility is the essential mark
of truth.
- Very useful
 - Convenient, practical, useful
- Truth is arrived at based on beliefs that lead to the best “payoff” that give the ultimate
benefit or advantage that promote success.
- May advantage or beneficial

MAINPOINT (SHORTCOMINGS (WEAKNESSES) OF THE THEORIES OF TRUTH

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

- Criticized on

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

- Criticized for its vulnerability that clarifies the notion of consistency.

- Hindi na consistent

PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH

- Expediency seems to imply the relativity of truth, What is useful to one person might not
be useful to another.
- Benefit sayo, pero sa iba hindi

OPINIONS PURPOSE

- According to RENE DESCARTES- we have the obligation to withhold assent from all
propositions whose truth we do not clearly and distinctly perceive.

OPINION

- A personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

- Opinion is a person’s ideas and thoughts towards something eliminates
- A view, judjment, or appraisal formed in one’s person’s minds.
- “statement of belief or feeling”

IMAGING

- Greek word “eikasia” or conjecture which refers to the pictures and other images in the
lowest level of reality
- Haka-haka lang, sapantaha

BELIEF

- Greek word “pistis” which is based on the perception of ordinary physical objects.
- Plato believes that this is the most accurate possible conception

THOUGHTS

- Thought is in the intelligible realm, a step higher than belief.

- Nasa isipan mo.
- Knowledge domain
- Directed toward simple form of shapes, numbers and mathematical entities.
- Idea na nabuo sa isipan mo
KNOWLEDGE

- The HIGHEST LEVEL of all, are the most significant forms-true equality, beauty, truth and
good.
- Permanent objects of knowledge are directly apprehended by the intellect, the
funadamental capacity of Human reason
- Mga natutuhan na ginather mo sa utak mo

KNOWLEDGE is the compendium(collection of detailed information) of information in one’s mind

WISDOM is the ability to procure (na obtain mo yung knowledge and you know how to care and use
it.) the information when needed.

Procure- ginagamit sa tamang paraan at kabutihan.

KNOWLEDGE is knowing what to say. And WISDOM is knowing when to say it.
 HUMAN PERSON
WHO IS THE HUMAN PERSON?

- We are human person

- Throughout history, philosophers have come up with explanations of who the human person
is. This kind of philosophical history is ontological

ONTOLOGY- area of metaphysics (nature of reality)(who is God)(is He real)

- Concerned with the study of the nature and relations of being.

- Learn things theories

(OXFORD)- human being as a “man, woman or child of the species Homosapiens (Homo-human/men
Sapien- wise), distinguished from the other animals by superior mental development, power of
articulate speech and upright stance” (you are very proud of yourself) (both physical and mental)

- Human beings are also spiritual, ethical( which one is right and which one is wrong), and
existential beings.

WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO STUDY THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN PERSON?

- Life as you know, it is quite complex; thus, you need to discover who you are, what you are
capable of, and what you can become.
- You need to discover who you are.

3 ASPECTS OF HUMAN NATURE:

- SOMATIC
- BEHAVIORAL
- ATTITUDINAL

SOMATIC

- Its or body, katawang panlupa

BEHAVIORAL

- Person’s mode of acting

- Mga kinikilos natin
- Theory of behaviorism stated that any condition or event.
- The human person acts in accordance to his/her condition as a human distinctly uniquely
from any other beings.
- Whatever your race is
ATTITUDINAL

- Human person’s inclinations, feelings, ideas, convictions, and prejudices or prejudgments,

and biases.
- Iba-iba ang attitude ng tao, may generous, humble, greedy
- Person’s mental reactions.
- It may define a person’s future actions
- What he/she values as right and wrong.

THEORIES ON HUMAN NATURE

- Comparison

DIFFERENT THEORIES OF HUMAN NATURE:

 THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (PLATO)

 THE HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY (ARISTOTLE)
 THE HUMAN PERSON AS A “THINKING THING” (RENE DESCARTES)

THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL

- Human person has a soul according to plato

- Every soul is immortal or endless
- Ang nagpapamove sa atin ay soul.
- Soul- battery
- Source of movement.

3 ELEMENTS OF SOUL:

- THE APPETITES- desires, comforts, pleasures, physical satisfaction, bodily ease

- THE SPIRITED OR HOT-BLOODED- part of us that loves to face and overcome great-
challenges
- THE MIND- analyze, looks, what the best for you, for your family and loved ones.

THE HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND SOUL

- Hindi lang soul ang importante, ang importante ay body and soul
- Importante ang body, it is meant to have self- nutrition and growth and decay
- Ito ang nagpapagalaw sa atin. That’s why we eat, we take care of our body.
Pag namatay ang ating body, humihiwalay na ang soul.
- Without soul the body doesn’t have life

DISTINGUISHED 3 KINDS OF SUBSTANCE:

- Matter
- Shape/form
- Product of both
THE HUMAN PERSON AS A “THINKING THING”

- Ang body niya is a non-thinking thing.

- Mind over matter.
- Malakas ang mind.
- “the mind is a thinking thing, and the BODY is a non-thinking thing
- he can exist without the body as long as there’s mind.

HUMAN CONDITON
- Nature which defines human nature.
- through the human condition, a person realizes how it is to be human.
- “madaling maging tao, ngunit mahirap magpakatao”
- inevitable- hindi kayang labanan
- through human condition, a person realizes how it is to be human.

MAN AS FREEDOM

- jean paul Sartre, “Being a Nothingness”- A phenomenological Essay on Ontology- one of the
best-known book.

EXISTENTIALISM- your existence

- Philosophical tradition that focuses on the centrality or significance of the human person’s
existence.
- EXISTENTIALIST- authenticity, anxiety, freedom, absurdity.
- In his book, the human person has free will and he/she has to exercise this capacity because
it is only in choosing that the human person’s existence becomes authentic.
- Human person has no fixed nature- that his/her reality is his/her freedom.

2 TYPES OF BEING:

 BEING-IN-ITSELF
 BEING-FOR-ITSELF

BEING-IN-ITSELF

- it means fixed na siya, andon na,

- hindi kayang baguhin yung sarili niya
- e.g chair

BEING-FOR-ITSELF

- it means kaya mong kontrolin ang sarili mo.

- There’s improvement.
- Your culture can change
 HUMAN NATURE AS FREEDOM
CONCEPT OF “BAD FAITH” BY SARTRE:

- Freedom as Sartre is the CHOICE OF AUTONOMY.

EXISTENCE PRECEDED ESSENCE

- Each individuals has unique existence

- We are sum of our decisions or conscious choices.

THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT

HUMAN PERSON AS EMBODIED SPIRIT

EMBODIED- kumakatawan

- Ung body natin nagrerepresent ng spirit

- Ung spirit, nagkatawang lupa

WHAT IS THE UNION OF BODY AND SOUL AS DEFINE BY ARISTOTLE?

ARISTOTLE (DE ANIMA II)- the soul is the source of these phenomena and characterized by them,
the power of self-nutrition, sensation, thinking and movement. It follows that the soul

- Pag namatay ang body natin or nadecay, ang soul natin ay hindi masisira.
- Mayroong life after death.
- Mayroong SOUL and SPIRIT, na ang tao pag namatay, mayroong immortal soul na hindi
namamatay.
- DE ANIMA II, the primary principle of what animate man from nourishment to
understanding- is the soul (Ang nagbibigay satin ng buhay ay yung soul.)
- Lahat ng tao ay mamamatay

EXISTENTIALISM- tanggap na ang tao ay nakakaranas ng limitations.

TRANCENDENCE- na oovercome or surpass the limitations. Nagtatagumpay ka and it leads to

excellence.

- E.g. manny pacquiao- mahirap to mayaman

- Lahat tayo ay makakaranas ng pain.

LIMITATIONS- poverty, death, suffering, pain, sickness

ANIMATES- bring to life, merge to combine, unite. Drawing na nagkakaroon ng buhay at nagsasalita.

-nagkakaroon ng buhay
EXISTENTIALIST- mga tao na naniniwala na after ng mga sufferings or pain, ay will come into pass or
lilipas din. Sila yung mga tao na naniniwala sa existentialism. E.g. after ng bagyo, there is a silver
lining. (may pag-asa). POSITIVE THINKER

- They are positive thinker because they believe that after pain, nagkakaroon ng trancedence.
- After pain and sufferings ng mga tao, ay malalagpasan iyon.

*The soul has the power of communication

- ang soul at spirit ay magkasama na parang iisa, pero in some way magkaiba sila. Ang SIPIRT ito ang
nagbibigay ng will sa mga tao, andito ang ating mga emotions, may feeling ang spirit. Andito ang
feeling and emotion. Ang SOUL, ito yung walang emotion or feeling, pero ito ang nag eenergize at
nagbibigay buhay sa atin. for example, sa laruan, ung battery is the one that gives the toy the energy
pero walang feeling and emotion. SOUL and SPIRIT are immortal, hindi nasisira.

SOUL and SPIRIT- IMMATERIAL. Ang body natin ay MATERIAL SUBSTANCE.

SUMMA THEOLOGICA- ST. THOMAS AQUIANAS

- It is the body’s moving principle

- CORPOREAL- it means ito yung body o katawang lupa.

ST. THOMAS AQUIANAS- “The soul is not a body”.

- Kahit mamatay ang tao, mabubuhay pa rin sya sa pamamagitan ng soul and spirit.

3 SUBSISTENT:

EXISTENCE IS ATTRIBUTING TO BODY AND SOUL AND NOT TO THE SOUL ALONE

- Mayroong eternal life kahit mamatay ang body.

THE BODY WHICH EXISTS OPERATE YET THE SOUL DOES NOT

SUBSISTENT THINGS OPERATE APART FROM THE BODY, WHILE THE SOUL, APPARENTLY, DOWS
NOT OPERATE APART FROM THE BODY

PHENOMENOLOGY- study of conscious experience as experience from the first-person point of view.

EDMUND HUSSERL- April 8, 1859

- Sekozlovakia
- German philosopher.
- FOUNDER OF PHENOMENOLOGY
- Naniniwala na ang tao ay may experience, yung experience na yon, pare pareho ng
perception. For example bumagyo, naniniwala sya na ang tao pare pareho ng perception na
makakabago sila.
- POSITIVE THINKER (EXISTENTIALIST)

PHENOMENOLOGY- studies the structure

VOLITION-

LINGUISTIC ACTIVITY- pag aaral ng ibat ibang salita o language.

MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU- PONTY- 14, MARCH, 1908

- PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION
- French Philosopher
- The human perceives the world it is immediately synonymous.
- Naniniwala sya na ang mga tao ay pare pareho ng experience pero may iba’t ibang
perception. Iba iba ang pananaw pero pare parehas ng experience.
- Influenced by Husserl

GABRIEL MARCEL- university of paris

- THE MYSTERY OF BEING (book)

- EXISTENTIAL PHENOMENOLOGY
- “my body”
- Pareho ni HUSSERL
- Pare pareho ng experience, pare pareho rin ng perception
- Life can have a positive thinking

2 DISTINCT TYPES OF REFLECTION:

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REFLECTION- nagkakahawig sa partial and holistic. Reflection,

contemplation, pinag-iisipan.

PRIMARY REFLECTION- knowledge of something is arrived

- Mayroong selfishness o selfish thinking

- Example:May kinaibigan sya para may mautangan sya
- Selfishness
- Mababaw ang paningin sa isang bagay

SECONDARY REFLECTION

- Unselfish
- Iniisip para sa iba or paano cumonnect sa ibang tao
- It allows us to think holistically
- Makatao ito unlike primary reflection
- Example: Naniniwala sya na kakaibigan mo ang mga tao dahil kailangann nila ng respect,
care, and love
- Humanitarian
- Mas malalim o deeper ang paningin sa isang bagay. Dig deeper

PROBLEM OF THE SOUL:

OWEN FLANAGAN- James B. Duke professor of PHILOSOPHY and PROFESSORE OF NEUROLOGY AT

DUKE UNIV.

- DE SOULING PERSON
- there is a certainty that there are NO such things as souls or nonphysical minds.
- Demystify- aalisin
- There is a certainty that there are NO such things as souls or nonphysical minds.
- Hindi sya naniniwala na may soul or nonphysical minds.