AP Stats chapter 5 review Name: ANSWER KEY

Eye color
Brown Blue Green Total
Gender Male 50 40 30 120
Female 30 15 15 60
Total 80 55 45 180

1. Select a student at random, what is the probability the student has brown
eyes?
P(Brown) = 80/180 = 0.44
2. What is the probability the student has brown eyes, given she is female?
P(Brown | Female) = 30/60 = 0.5
3. Are gender and eye color independent? No. Justify. In answers above, we
saw P(Brown) ≠ P(Brown | Female).
4. What is P(Brown eyes Ç Female ) = 30/180
5. Are “having brown eyes” and “female” mutually exclusive? Justify. No.
P(Brown eyes Ç Female ) ≠ 0
6. How would you fill in the table to make gender and eye color independent?
Eye color
Brown Blue Green Total
Gender Male 50 40 30 120
Female 25 20 15 60
Total 75 60 45 180
120 ∗ 75
= 50
180
7. If we draw two cards from a card deck (without
replacement), what is the probability that both cards are
aces? P(A Ç B) = P(A)*P(B | A) = (4/52)*(3/51) = .0046
8. The Law of Large Numbers says that the more times we repeat a random
process, the sample statistic (e.g., x , p̂ ) will approach the population
parameter (μ, ρ).
6% of Texans have a fear of giants (feefiphobia). What does the law of
large numbers say about this probability in context?
If we take many, many Texans at random, the proportion who fear giants
would be approximately 6%, and the proportion will tend to get closer to
6% as the sample size increases.
[Don’t say the “probability” approaches 6%. The population parameter
remains constant.]

9. Suppose P(A) = .4 and P(B) = .5.

a. If A and B are mutually exclusive, what is
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A Ç B) = .4 + .5 – 0 = .9
b. If A and B are independent, what is
P(A Ç B) = P(A)*P(B) = .4 * .5 = .2
c. If A and B are independent, what is
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A Ç B) = .4 + .5 - .2 = .7
10. Among your friends, 70% like
chocolate, 30% like strawberry and 20% like
both.
a. Draw and label a Venn diagram for this
data. C = likes cholates
S = likes strawberries
b. What is the probability a randomly
selected friend likes chocolate or
strawberry?

P(C U S ) = P(C) + P(S) – P(CÇS) = .7 + .3 - .2 = .8

= .5 + .2 + .1 = .8
c. Given that a randomly selected friend likes strawberry, what is the
probability he or she likes chocolate?
P(C | S) = P(CÇS)/P(S) = (.2)/(.2+.1) = 2/3
 11. Dr. Johnson goes to school by one of two routes, A or B. The
probability of going by route A is 30%. If he goes by route A, the probability
of being late for school is 20%. If he goes by route B, the probability of
being late is 10%.

We are given: P(A) = 0.3, P(late | A) = 0.2, P(late | B) = 0.1

Draw a probability tree diagram.

(i) Find the probability that Dr. Johnson is late for school
P(late) = 0.3*0.2 + 0.7*0.1 = 0.06 + 0.07 = 0.13
(ii) Given that Dr. Johnson is late for school, find the probability that he went via
route A.
P(A| late) = P(A Ç late)/P(late) =
= 0.06/0.13 = 0.462
(iii) Are route and lateness independent? Justify.
Note that P(A) = 0.3 and P(A| late) = 0.462.
Since P(A) ≠ P(A| late), they are not independent.
 12.The probability of winning a carnival game is 0.37. You want to estimate
the probability of winning exactly two games in five.

(i) Describe how you would use a random digit table to simulate the
proportion of times that you would win exactly two games in five if the
chance of winning is 0.37.

00-36 represents a win OR 01-37 represents a win

37-99 represents a loss 38-99, 00 represents a loss
Go left to right across the table and read 5 pairs of numbers.
Count the number of wins in 5 pairs. Repeat many times.
(i) Carry out 10 trials of the simulation using the random digit table below.
(Show your work.)

1 9, 2 2, 3 9, 5 0, 3 4 | 0 5, 7 5, 6 2, 8 7, 1 3 | 9 6, 4 0, 9 1, 2 5, 3 1

4 2, 5 4, 4 8, 2 8, 5 3 | 2 5, 6 7, 6 4, 7 1, 5 0 | 9 9, 4 0, 0 0, 1 9, 2 7

2 7, 7 5, 4 4, 2 6, 4 8 | 8 2, 4 2, 5 3, 6 2, 9 0 | 4 5, 4 6, 7 7, 1 7, 0 9

8 1, 4 8, 6 6, 1 8, 8 7 | 6 0 5 1 3 0 9 2, 9 7 0 0 4 1 2 7 1 2 3 8

(ii) Write your conclusion in the context of the question. Simulation results
Frequency

In 4 out of 10 trials, there were exactly two wins in five ••••

•••
games. Therefore, the probability of winning two games ••
•

in five is estimated to be 40%. 0 1 2 3 4 5

Wins in 5 games
 Chocolate Strawberry
C = Likes chocolate
S = Likes strawberry
.5 .2 .1
.2
CC Ç S C

C Ç SC CÇS CC Ç S

Late P(AÇlate) = 0.3*0.2 = 0.06

.2

.3 .8
On time

Late P(BÇlate) = 0.7*0.1 = 0.07

.1
.7
B

.9
On time