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development LICs and
MICs
 As of July 2019, low-income economies are defined as those with a GNI per
capita, calculated using the Word bank atlas method, of $1,025 or less in
2018; lower middle economies are those with a GNI per capita between
$1.026 and $ 3,995; upper middle income economies are those between
$3,996 and $12,375

 GNI gross national income

 World Development Indicators (WDI) is the primary World Bank collection of
development indicators, compiled from officially recognized international
sources.
 All 27 of the World's Low-Income Countries (World Bank 2022)

Low-income countries are often synonymous with underdeveloped countries,

also known as developing countries, emerging markets, or newly
industrialized countries.
 What are the characteristics of low income countries?
 Characteristics of LDCs (especially low-income countries or LICs)
 Varying income inequality.
 Varying political systems.
 Small political elite.
 Low political institutionalization.
 Most had experience of colonialism.
 Extended family.
 Peasant agricultural societies (LICs)
 High proportion of labor force in agriculture.
 What makes a country a LIC?
 The World Bank uses the names: low income countries (LIC) - these
are countries with a GNI per capita of $1,045 or less, eg Chad and Ethiopia.
medium income countries (MIC) - these are countries with a GNI per capita of
more than $1,045 but less than $12,746, eg Mexico and Iraq.
 Which factors cause poverty in low income nations?
 11 Top Causes of Global Poverty
 INEQUALITY AND MARGINALIZATION. ...
 CONFLICT. ...
 HUNGER, MALNUTRITION, AND STUNTING. ...
 POOR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS — ESPECIALLY FOR MOTHERS AND CHILDREN. ...
 LITTLE OR NO ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE. ...
 CLIMATE CHANGE. ...
 LACK OF EDUCATION. ...
 POOR PUBLIC WORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE.
 Who defines low and middle-income countries?
 Definition: Income level as defined by GNI per capita. Method of estimation:
World Development Indicators database: Low income is $1 045 or less,
middle income is $1 046 to $12 745, high income is $12 745 or more.
 What are 5 characteristics of a less developed country?
 Low per capita income and widespread poverty 2. Shortage of capital 3.
Population explosion and high dependency 4. Massive unemployment and
Others.
Public health development LICs and MICs
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