1,39 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

159
160 PniLIPPIKE ISLANDS. h^^
9) It is custamary in China for hidg officials to receive the visits of their
subordinates
on the first and fifteenth of each moon, and these days are the ordinary holidays of the people, has been boarded, the natives mix freely with the ship's folk. The chiefs are
on which they make ofiferthem
in the habit of using white umbrellas, for which reason the traders
visits.

5 46,98 gives
^°) WK f^ ^^^ ^^^^ character stands for
several quotations of analogous terms;
^ oto go to», Bto travels. Pei-wbn-yan-fu,
as gifts.
e. g.,
jjjg_ ^^^ «a farewell dinner to a parting
friends also «a viaticumn. The custom of the trade is for the savage traders to assemble in crowds
11) The feast of Kuan-yin, the patron of sailors, see supra, p. 69. Buddhism was not unknown
in Borneo in mediaeval times, though the date of its appearance there is uncertain. See
and carry the goods away with them in baskets; and, even if one cannot at 5
Lassen,
first know them, and can but slowly distinguish the men who
Indische Altherthumsk. IV, 582. Crawfurd, J. E. G. S., XXIII, 83.
remove the goods,
10 Can these pearls be the same Pigafetta speaks of in his Narrative? «They say that the
12) The savage traders will after this carry these goods
there will yet be no loss.
king of Burne (Brunei, W. Coest of Borneo) has two pearls as large as a hen's eggs, and so
on to other islands for barter, and, as a rule, it takes them as much as eight or
perfectly round that if placed on a smooth table they cannot be made to stand stiH». See First
Voyage round the World by Magellan (Hakl. Soc. edit.), 117, 120. -j^ '^ «humaushape», nine months till they return, when they repay the traders on shipboard with
according to the Fang-yea ^ossary in K'ang-hsi tzi-tien. The statue is placed in contrast with
what they have obtained (for the goods). Some, however, do not return within lo
15 the pearls.
13) The full text of this letter of the ruler of Borneo is given in Sung-shi, 489,18. The the proper term, for which reason vessels trading with Ma-i are the latest
king's name is there said to be Hiang-ta (fS] ^)
and that of the envoy P'u Lu-sie (»^ in reaching home.
'^^^ ^^"^S said in his letter to the Emperor of China concerning this envoy: ((Recently
fM. ^)0- The following places belong to this country: San-sii («Three islands*)),
there was a trader, P'u Lu-sie by name, whose ship arrived at the mouth of my river; I sent a
20 man to invite him to my place, and then he told me he came from China. The people of my
country were much pleased at this, and, preparing a ship, asked this stranger to guide them to
Pai-p'u-yen (^ >jf ^), (0
P'u-li-lu M ^W Li-kin-tung (H ^ ^),
the Court ....» See Groeneveldt, Notes, 109. It appears from this that it is to the enterprising
Liu-sin (^ ff) and Li-han (M MV- 15

Arab traders of Canton, or Ts'iian-chou, that belongs the credit of opening relations between The products of the country consist of yellow wax, cotton, pearls,
China and Borneo. tortoise-shell, medicinal betel-nuts (^ |^ ^) and yu-ta cloth (^ 3^
25 Sung-shi, 489,19* gives the name of the king of Borneo as Si-li-ma-jo (^^ j||
14) ^
^)*; and (the foreign) traders barter for these porcelain, trade-gold, iron
ffiR r^-)
which may be Sri Maharaja or Maradja. The mission sailed back from Ts'iian-chou.
censers, lead, coloured glass beads, and iron needles. "
15) These islands must probably be looked for in the Celebes and Moluccas; there is nothing
to indicate how the nineteen characters which give their names should be grouped. The division
here adopted is purely tentative. The first name may be Serang or Coram, the third Gilolo. Wu- Notes. 20

30 li-ma may be the same as the Wu-li (/^ JB) of Yuan-shi, 162 which Groeneveldt, Notes, 1) According Blumentritt, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen, 65. Mait,
to

27, thought might be Bali, but this seems doubtful. —

Tan-yu suggests Ternate, and Ma-jo meaning othe country of the Blacks», was tte name of the island of Mindoro. See B. Laufcr,
Mahono, but none of these islands produce any kind of gharu-wood. Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands, 251 — 252. Considering that our author says
that the Babuyan islands off the N. coast of Luzon, and Polillo island off the E. coast are a part
of Ma-i, it seems fair to assume that the latter name is used by him as applying to Mindoro and 25
Luzon at all events, if not to the whole Philippine group.
40. The name of Ma-i was first heard of in China in A. D. 982 when some traders from that
country brought valuable merchandise to Canton. Hervey St. Denis, Ethnographie, II, 502.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 2) When
Magellan discovered the Philippines, he found the people worshipping idols.
Referring to Qebu, Pigafetta says: «These idols are made of wood, they are concave or hollowed 30
out behind, and the feet turned upwards; they have a large face, with four large teeth like those
of a wild boar, and they are all painted)). Eirst Voyage round the World, (Hakl. Soc. edit.), 96.
35 , IWa-i (ifi ^). The images referred to by our author were probably of a like description. In the seventeenth
century Spanish writers mention the idols of the Negritos of the Philippines and their many gods.
The country of Ma-i is to the north of P'o-ni \ Over a thousand families
W. A. Reed, Negritos of Zambales, 26. 35
are settled together along both banks of a creek (or, gully ^). The natives 3) On San-sii, see infra, p. 161. Pai-p'u-yen are the Babuyan islands, off the N. coast of

cover themselves with a sheet of cotton cloth (^ ^ ^B ^), or hide the

Luzon. P'u-li-lu is

but Li-kin-tung may

identified,
Polillo island, off the E. coast of Luzon. The other three names are not
be Lingayen, an important port on the W. coast of Luzon, Liu-sin
lower part of the body with a sarong (lit., «loin-cloth» ^ ^). may he Luzon, and Li-han the island of Lubang — but this is pure guessing.
probably the cloth made from the ramie fiber (Boehmeria nivea), or the 40
Yu-ta cloth
There are bronze images of gods ('^), of unknown origin, scattered
4) is
40
abaca, the manila-hemp fiber of the Musa textilis, L. On the term «trade-gold)), see supra p. 82.
about in the grassy wilderness 2. Pirates seldom come to this country.
trading ships enter the anchorage, they stop in front of the
When
officials place, for that is the place for bartering of the country. After a ship
 ^'*^ ISLANDS OP CAU3IIAN, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN.
161
162 NOKTHEKN FOKMOSA. 1,41

41.
wMcli being ended they return the hostages. A ship will not remain at anchor
ISLANDS OF CALAMIAN, BUSUANGA, longer than three or four days, after which it proceeds to another place;

PALAWAN. for the savage settlements along the coast of San-sii are not connected by a

(Philippine Islands).
common jurisdiction (i. e., are all indepaident
J®)- ^ :^ j^
The coast faces south-west, and during the south-west monsoon the 5

surge dashes against the shore, and the rollers rush in so rapidly that vessels
5 San-sU i~ ^). cannot anchor there. It is for this reason that those who trade to San-sti

generally prepare for the return trip during the fourth or fifth moon (i. e.,
The San-sii, (or c<Three Islands*), belong to Ma-i; their
names are Kia-
ma-yen ijjf\ ^^ ^), Pa-lau-yu (Q ^g 0), and Pa-ki-nung(Q ± f^),
in May
The
or June).
following articles are exchanged in barter: porcelain, black damask lo
and each has its own tribes (@) scattered over the islands. When ships
and various other silks, (glass?) beads of all colours, leaden sinkers for nets,
arrive there, the natives come out to trade with them; the generic name (of
and tin.
10 these islands) is San-sii ^
P'u-li-lu is connected (^ J^) with San-sii, but its settlements are
Their local customs are about the same as those of Ma-i. Each tribe
more populous; most of the people are of a cruel disposition and given to
consists of about a thousand families. The country contains many lofty ridges,
robbery. The sea thereabout is full of bare ribs of rock with jagged teeth 15
and ranges of cliffs rise steep as the walls of a house.
like blasted trees, their points and edges sharper than swords and lances;
The natives build wattled huts perched in lofty and dangerous spots,
when ships pass by they tack out in time in order to steer clear of them;
and, since the no springs, the women may be seen carrying on
hills contain
15

their heads two or three jars one above the other in which they fetch water
from here come coral-trees, the tsHng-lang-kan (^ ^ Jf-) and the shan-hu

from the streams, and with their burdens mount the hills with the same ease
(^ ^) varieties; but they are very difficult to get ^.

The local customs and commercial usages are the same as in San-sii. 20
as if they were walking on level ground.

In the remotest valleys there lives another tribe called Hai-tan (-/^ Notes.
1) Kia-ma-yen is probably CalamiAn, the largest pf the Calamianes group of islands, N. E.
20 IS)^. They are small in stature and their eyes are round and yellow (brown), of Palawan; Pa-lau-yu may be Palawan, and Pa-ki-nung, it would seem, should be Busuanga Island.
they have curly hair and their teeth show (between their lips). They nest in Laufer, op. sup. cit., 252, note 1, identifies Pa-lau-yu with Penon de Cor6n, near the E. end of
Busuanga, and famous as one of the places where edible bird's nests are gathered. 25
tree tops. Sometimes parties of three of five lurk in the jungle, from whence
2) The Aeta {Aigta or Inagta, appears to be the original form of the word, de Quatre-
they shoot arrows on passers-by without being seen, and many have fallen fages, Distribution des Negritos, 6), the negrito aboriginals of the Philippines; they still occupy
the most mountainous and inaccessible parts of Luzon.
victims to them. If thrown a porcelain bowl, they will stoop and pick it up
3) See infra, Pt. II, Ch. XXXI.
25 and go away leaping and shouting for joy.

"Whenever foreign traders arrive at any of the settlements, they live on

board ship before venturing to go on shore, their ships being moored in mid-
42. 30
stream, announcing their presence to the natives by beating drums. Upon this

the savage traders race for the ship in small boats, carrying cotton, yellow NORTHERN FORMOSA.
30 wax, native cloth, cocoanut-heart mats, which they offer for barter. If the
prices (of goods they may wish to purchase) cannot be agreed upon, the chief
Liu-k'iu (^ ^).
of the (local) traders (^ ^) must go in person, in order to come to an under-
standing, which being reached the natives are offered presents of silk um- The country of Liu-k'iu is some five or six days' sail east of Ts'iian-
brellas, porcelain, and rattan baskets; but the foreigners still retain on board ch6u^ The king's family name is Huan-ssi (||Jj ^), but the natives style
35 one or two (natives) as hostages. After that they go on shore to
* 11
traffic, him K^o-lau (pf -p^). The king's residence is called P'o-lo-t'an-tung ('^ ^ 35