Homo Gene As Primer Orden

74 ● CHAPTER 2 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The last equation is separable. Using partial fractions
du
(u 3)(u 3)
dx or
1 1

1
6 u3 u3
du dx
and then integrating yields
y
1
6
ln
u3
u3 x c1 or
u3
u3
e6x6c1 ce6x. ; replace e6c1 by c
Solving the last equation for u and then resubstituting gives the solution
3(1 ce6x ) 3(1 ce6x)

x u or y 2x . (6)
1 ce6x 1 ce6x
Finally, applying the initial condition y(0) 0 to the last equation in (6) gives
c 1. Figure 2.5.1, obtained with the aid of a graphing utility, shows the graph of
3(1 e6x)
the particular solution y 2x in dark blue, along with the graphs of
FIGURE 2.5.1 Solutions of DE in 1 e6x
Example 3 some other members of the family of solutions (6).
EXERCISES 2.5 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2.
Each DE in Problems 1 – 14 is homogeneous. Each DE in Problems 15 – 22 is a Bernoulli equation.

In Problems 1–10 solve the given differential equation by In Problems 15 – 20 solve the given differential equation by
using an appropriate substitution. using an appropriate substitution.
1. (x y) dx x dy 0 2. (x y) dx x dy 0 dy 1 dy
15. x y 2 16. y ex y2
3. x dx (y 2x) dy 0 4. y dx 2(x y) dy dx y dx
dy dy
5. (y 2 yx) dx x 2 dy 0 17. y(xy 3 1) 18. x (1 x)y xy2
dx dx
6. (y 2 yx) dx x 2 dy 0 dy dy
19. t2 y2 ty 20. 3(1 t2) 2ty( y3 1)
dy y x dt dt
7.
dx y x
In Problems 21 and 22 solve the given initial-value problem.
dy x 3y
8. dy
dx 3x y 21. x2 2xy 3y4, y(1) 12
dx
(
9. y dx x 1xy dy 0 ) 22. y1/2
dy
y3/2 1, y(0) 4
dx
dy
10. x y 1x2 y2, x 0
dx Each DE in Problems 23 – 30 is of the form given in (5).
In Problems 11 – 14 solve the given initial-value problem. In Problems 23 – 28 solve the given differential equation by
using an appropriate substitution.
dy
11. xy2 y3 x3, y(1) 2 dy dy 1 x y
dx 23. (x y 1) 2 24.
dx dx xy
dx
12. (x2 2y2) xy, y(1) 1 dy dy
dy 25. tan2 (x y) 26. sin(x y)
dx dx
13. (x ye y/x ) dx xe y/x dy 0, y(1) 0 dy dy
27. 2 1y 2x 3 28. 1 eyx5
14. y dx x(ln x ln y 1) dy 0, y(1) e dx dx
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ANSWERS FOR SELECTED
ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
EXERCISES 1.1 (PAGE 10) dA 1

9. A 0; A(0) 50
1. linear, second order 3. linear, fourth order dt 100
5. nonlinear, second order 7. linear, third order dA 7 dh c
11. A6 13. 1h
9. linear in x but nonlinear in y dt 600 t dt 450
15. domain of function is [2, ); largest interval of di dv
15. L Ri E(t) 17. m mg kv2
definition for solution is 2, ) dt dt
ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 2

17. domain of function is the set of real numbers except 2
d x
x 2 and x 2; largest intervals of definition fo 19. m 2 kx
dt
solution are (, 2), (2, 2), or (2, ) dv dm
et 1 21. m v kv mg R
19. X t defined on , ln 2) or on (ln 2, ) dt dt
e 2 d 2r gR 2 dA
23. 2
2 0 25. k(M A), k 0
27. m 2 29. m 2, m 3 31. m 0, m 1 dt r dt
33. y2 35. no constant solutions dx dy x 1x2 y2
27. kx r, k 0 29.
dt dx y
EXERCISES 1.2 (PAGE 17)
CHAPTER 1 IN REVIEW (PAGE 33)
1. y 1�(1 4ex )
3. y 1�(x 2 1); (1, ) dy
1. 10y 3. y k 2 y 0
5. y 1�(x 2 1); (, ) dx
7. x cos t 8 sin t 5. y 2y y 0 7. (a), (d)
9. (b) 11. (b)
13
9. x 4 cos t 14 sin t 11. y 32 ex 12 ex 13. y c 1 and y c 2e x, c 1 and c 2 constants
15. y x 2 y2
13. y 5ex1 15. y 0, y x 3 17. (a) The domain is the set of all real numbers.
17. half-planes defined by either y 0 or y 0 (b) either (, 0) or (0, )
19. half-planes defined by either x 0 or x 0 19. For x 0 1 the interval is (, 0), and for x 0 2 the
21. the regions defined by y 2, y 2, or 2 y 2 interval is (0, ).
23. any region not containing (0, 0)
25.
27.
yes
no
21. (c) y � x2,
x2,
x0
x 0
23. (, )
29. (a) y cx 25. (0, ) 31. y 12 e3x 12 ex 2x

(b) any rectangular region not touching the y-axis
33. y 32 e3x3 92 ex1 2x.
(c) No, the function is not differentiable at x 0.
31. (b) y 1�(1 x) on (, 1); 35. y 0 3, y 1 0
y 1�(x 1) on (1, ); dP
(c) y 0 on (, ) 37. k(P 200 10t)
dt
39. y 3sin 2x
41. y0
43. no solution EXERCISES 2.1 (PAGE 43)
21. 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor); 3 is unstable
(repeller).
23. 2 is semi-stable.
dP dP 25. 2 is unstable (repeller); 0 is semi-stable; 2 is
1. kP r; kP r asymptotically stable (attractor).
dt dt
dP 27. 1 is asymptotically stable (attractor); 0 is unstable
3. k1 P k2 P2 (repeller).
dt
dx 39. 0 P0 h�k
7. kx(1000 x) 41. 1mg>k
dt
ANS-1
ANS-2 ● ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
EXERCISES 2.2 (PAGE 51) 31. y 2x 1 5>x; (0, )

33. (x 1)y xlnx x 21; (0, )
1. y 15 cos 5x c 3. y 1 3x
3e c
35. y 2 3ecos x; (, )
4
5. y cx 7. 3e 2e 3x c 2y
�
1 2 x
1 3 1 3 1 2 2 (1 e ), 0 x 3
9. 3 x ln x 9 x 2 y 2y ln y c 37. y 1 6 2 x
2 (e 1)e , x3
11. 4 cos y 2x sin 2x c
�( e ) e
1
13. (e x 1) 2 2(e y 1) 1 c 32 ex ,
2
2 0 x1
cet 39. y
15. S ce kr 17. P
1
2
3
2
x 2
, x 1
1 cet
( 12 x2 c) �2x4x ln x1 (14e 4e, 0 x 1
2x
19. ( y 3) 5 e x c(x 4) 5 e y 21. y sin 41. y 2 2
)x2, x1
e(11/x)
23. x tan 4t 34 ( ) 25. y 2
12 1 ex (erf(x) erf(1))
2
x 43. y ex 1
29. y e�4 dt
13 x e-t 2
27. y 12 x 2 11 x2 53. E(t) E 0 e(t4)/RC

1 15
31. y 2x 2 x 1; �, 2 �.
33. y ln(2 ex ); (, ln2)
3 e4 x1 1. x2 x 32 y2 7y c 3. 5 2
2x 4xy 2y4 c
35. (a) y 2, y 2, y 2
3 e4 x1 5. x 2 y 2 3x 4y c 7. not exact
37. y 1 and y 1 are singular solutions of Problem 21; 9. xy3 y2 cos x 12 x2 c
y 0 of Problem 22 11. not exact
39. y 1 13. xy 2xe x 2e x 2x 3 c
41. y 1 101 tan (101 x) 15. x 3 y 3 tan1 3x c
17. ln cos x cos x sin y c
45. y tan x sec x c
19. t 4 y 5t 3 ty y 3 c
47. y [1 c(1 2x)]2 1 3
21. 3x x2 y xy2 y 43
1x 1x
49. y 221xe e 4
23. 4ty t 2 5t 3y 2 y 8
57. y(x) (4h�L2 )x 2 a 25. y 2 sin x x 3 y x 2 y ln y y 0
27. k 10 29. x 2 y 2 cos x c
2 2 3
31. x y x c 33. 3x 2 y 3 y 4 c
EXERCISES 2.3 (PAGE 61) 35. 2ye3x 103 e3x x c
1. y ce 5x, (, ) 2
37. ey (x2 4) 20
1
3. y e ce , (, ); ce
3x x x
is transient
4 39. (c) y1 (x) x2 1x4 x3 4
1 x 3 x3
5. y ce 3 , (, ); ce is transient
y2 (x) x2 1x4 x3 4
7. y x 1 ln x cx 1, (0, ); solution is transient
9. y cx x cos x, (0, ) x 9
45. (a) v(x) 8 (b) 12.7 ft/s
11. y 17 x3 15 x cx4, (0, ); cx4 is transient B3 x2
13. y 12 x2 ex cx2 ex, (0, ); cx2ex is transient
15. x 2y 6 cy 4, (0, ) EXERCISES 2.5 (PAGE 74)
17. y sin x c cos x, (p�2, p�2) 1. y x lnx cx
19. (x 1)e xy x 2 c, (1, ); solution is transient
3. (x y)ln x y y c(x y)
21. (sec u tan u)r u cos u c, (p�2, p�2)
23. y e3x cx 1e3x, (0, ); solution is transient 5. x y lnx cy
25. 15 x 1 76 5x 7. ln(x 2 y 2 ) 2 tan1( y�x) c
y 25 25 e ; (, )
9. 4x y(lny c) 2 11. y 3 3x 3 lnx 8x 3
27. y x1ex (2 e)x1; (0, ) 13. y/x
lnx e 1 15. y 3 1 cx3
1
17. y x 3 ce
3 3x
19. e t/y ct
29. i
E
R
E
�
i0 eRt>L; (, )
R � 21. y3 95 x1 495 x6
23. y x 1 tan(x c)
ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ● ANS-3
25. 2y 2x sin 2(x y) c 23. A(t) 1000 1000et /100

27. 4( y 2x 3) (x c) 2 25. A(t) 1000 10t 101 (100 t) 2; 100 min
29. cot(x y) csc(x y) x 12 1 27. 64.38 lb
2 29. i(t) 35 35 e500t ; i : 35 as t :
35. (b) y 14 x cx3 1
x
( ) 31. q(t) 1 1 50t
100 e ; i(t) 12 e50t
100
�60(e
t /10
60 60e , 0 t 20
33. i(t) 2 t /10
EXERCISES 2.6 (PAGE 79) 1)e , t 20
1.
3.
y 2 2.9800, y 4 3.1151
y10 2.5937, y 20 2.6533; y e x
35. (a) v(t)
mg
k
v0
mg kt /m
k
e � �
5. y5 0.4198, y10 0.4124 mg
7. y5 0.5639, y10 0.5565 (b) v : as t :
k

9. y5 1.2194, y10 1.2696
13. Euler: y10 3.8191, y 20 5.9363
RK4: y10 42.9931, y 20 84.0132
(c) s(t)
mg
k
t
m
k 0
v
mg kt/m
k
e � �
m
k �
v0
mg
k �
1. A�k, a repeller for k 0, an attractor for k 0
� �
3
3. true
d 3y
39. (a) v(t)
g k
4k �
t r0
gr0
4k k
r0
t r0
�
5. x siny
dx 3
7. true (c) 3313 seconds
x
9. y c1ee
dy 41. (a) P(t) P0 e(k1k 2 )t
11. (sinx)y x 43. (a) As t : , x(t) : r>k.
dx
dy (b) x(t) r�k (r�k)ekt; (ln 2)�k
13. ( y 1) 2 ( y 3)2 47. (c) 1.988 ft
dx
15. semi-stable for n even and unstable for n odd;
semi-stable for n even and asymptotically stable
for n odd. EXERCISES 3.2 (PAGE 100)
19. 2x sin 2x 2 ln( y 2 1) c 1. (a) N 2000
21. (6x 1)y 3 3x 3 c 2000 et
23. Q ct1 251 t4 (1 5 ln t) (b) N(t) ; N(10) 1834
1999 et
25. y 14 c(x2 4)4 3. 1,000,000; 5.29 mo
27. y csc x, (p, 2p) 4(P0 1) (P0 4)e3t
5. (b) P(t)
29. (b) y 14 (x 2 1y0 x0) 2, (x0 2 1y0, ) (P0 1) (P0 4)e3t
(c) For 0 P0 1, time of extinction is
1 4(P0 1)
t ln .
3 P0 4
1.
3.
7.9 yr; 10 yr
760; approximately 11 persons/yr
7. P(t)
5
2

13
2
tan
13
2
t tan1
2P 0 5
13 � �;
5. 11 h time of extinction is
� �
7. 136.5 h 2 5 2P 0 5
9. I(15) 0.00098I0 or approximately 0.1% of I0 t tan1 tan1
13 13 13
11. 15,600 years
13. T(1) 36.67° F; approximately 3.06 min 9. 29.3 g; X : 60 as t : ; 0 g of A and 30 g of B
15. approximately 82.1 s; approximately 145.7 s
17. 390° 11. (a) h(t) 1H � 4Ah 2
Aw
t ; I is 0� t 1HAw �4Ah
19. about 1.6 hours prior to the discovery of the body
21. A(t) 200 170et /50 (b) 576 110 s or 30.36 min
13. (a) approximately 858.65 s or 14.31 min
(b) 243 s or 4.05 min

15. (a) v(t)
mg
Bk
tanh
kg
Bm
t c1 � � 1. dP�dt 0.15P
3. P(45) 8.99 billion
where c1 tanh1 � Bmgk v �
� 10 1100 y2
�
0
5. x 10 ln 1100 y2
y
mg
(b)
Bk BT1 T2 BT1 T2
7. (a) ,
(c) s(t)
m
k
ln cosh
kg
Bm
t c1 c2,� � 1B 1B
BT1 T2 T1 T2 k(1B)t
(b) T(t) e
where c2 (m�k)ln cosh c1 1B 1B
dv
�4t20,
1 2
17. (a) m mg kv2 V, 5t , 0 t 10
9. i(t)
dt t 10
where r is the weight density of water
ac1eak1 t
(b) v(t)
B
mg V
k
tanh
1kmg k V
m
t c1 � � 11. x(t)
1 c1eak1t
, y(t) c2 (1 c1 eak1 t ) k2 /k1
13. x y 1 c 2 ey
mg V
(c)
B k
15. (a) K(t) K0e(l1 l2)t,
19. (a) W 0 and W 2 l1
(b) W(x) 2 sech2 (x c1) C(t)
l1 l2 0
K 1 e(l1 l2)t , [ ]
(c) W(x) 2 sech2 x
l2
21. (a) P(t)
1 A(t)
l1 l2 0
K 1 e(l1 l2)t [ ]
(0.001350t 100.01)100
(b) approximately 724 months (b) 1.3 109 years
(b) approximately 12,839 and 28,630,966
(c) 89%, 11%
1. x(t) x0 e1 t EXERCISES 4.1 (PAGE 127)
x0 1
y(t) (e1 t e2 t ) 1. y 12 ex 12 ex
2 1
3. y 3x 4x ln x
z(t) x0 1 � 2
2 1
e1 t
1
2 1
e 2 t � 9. (, 2)
e sinh x
11. (a) y 2 (ex ex ) (b) y
3. 5, 20, 147 days. The time when y(t) and z(t) are the e 1 sinh 1
same makes sense because most of A and half of B 13. (a) y e x cos x e x sin x
are gone, so half of C should have been formed. (b) no solution
(c) y e x cos x ep/2 e x sin x
dx1
5. 6 252 x1 501 x2 (d) y c2 e x sin x, where c2 is arbitrary
dt 15. dependent 17. dependent
dx2 19. dependent 21. independent
252 x1 252 x2
dt 23. The functions satisfy the DE and are linearly independent
on the interval since W(e3x, e 4x ) 7e x 0;
dx1 x2 x1
7. (a) 3 2 y c1 e3x c2 e 4x.
dt 100 t 100 t 25. The functions satisfy the DE and are linearly independent
dx2 x1 x2 on the interval since W(e x cos 2x, e x sin 2x) 2e 2x 0;
2 3
dt 100 t 100 t y c1e x cos 2x c2 e x sin 2x.
(b) x1(t) x 2 (t) 150; x 2 (30) 47.4 lb 27. The functions satisfy the DE and are linearly
independent on the interval since W(x 3, x 4 ) x 6 0;
di2
13. L1 (R1 R2 )i2 R1 i3 E(t) y c1 x 3 c2 x 4.
dt 29. The functions satisfy the DE and are linearly independent
di on the interval since W(x, x2, x2 ln x) 9x6 0;
L2 3 R1 i2 (R1 R3 ) i3 E(t)
dt y c1 x c2 x2 c3 x2 ln x.
35. (b) yp x 2 3x 3e 2 x; y p 2x2 6x 13 e2x
15. i(0) i 0 , s(0) n i 0 , r(0) 0
EXERCISES 4.2 (PAGE 131) 21. y c1 c2 x c3 e6x 14 x2 376 cos x 371 sin x
1. y 2 xe 2x 3. y 2 sin 4x 23. y c1 ex c2 xex c3 x2 ex x 3 23 x3 ex
5. y 2 sinh x 7. y 2 xe 2 x/3 25. y c1 cos x c 2 sin x c 3 x cos x c 4x sin x
9. y 2 x 4 lnx 11. y2 1 x 2 2x 3
13. y 2 x cos(ln x) 15. y2 x 2 x 2
27. y 12 sin 2 x 12
17. y2 e2x, yp 12 19. y2 e2x, yp 52 e3x
29. y 200 200ex/5 3x 2 30x
31. y 10e2 x cos x 9e2 x sin x 7e4 x
F F
33. x 02 sin t 0 t cos t
EXERCISES 4.3 (PAGE 137) 2 2
1. y c1 c2 ex/4 3. y c1e 3x c 2 e2x 35. y 11 11ex 9xex 2x 12x2 ex 12 e5x
5. y c1e 4x
c2 xe4 x
7. y c1 e 2x /3 c 2 ex /4 37. y 6 cos x 6(cot 1) sin x x 2 1
9. y c1 cos 3x c 2 sin 3x

4 sin 13x
11. y e 2 x (c1 cos x c 2 sin x) 39. y 2x
sin 13 13 cos 13
13. (
y ex /3 c1 cos 13 12 x c2 sin 13 12 x )
�coscos2x2x sinsin2x2x,
5 1
15. y c1 c 2 ex c 3 e 5 x 6 3 sin x, 0 x >2
41. y 2 5
17. y c1 ex c 2 e 3 x c 3 xe 3 x 3 6 x >2
19. u c1 e t et (c2 cos t c3 sin t)
21. y c1 ex c2 xex c3 x 2 ex
23. (
y c1 c2 x ex /2 c3 cos 12 13 x c4 sin 12 13 x ) EXERCISES 4.5 (PAGE 155)
25. y c1 cos 12 13 x c2 sin 12 13 x 1. (3D 2)(3D 2)y sin x
c3 x cos 12 13 x c4 x sin 12 13 x 3. (D 6)(D 2)y x 6
27. u c1e r c 2 re r c 3 er c4 rer c5 e5r 5. D(D 5) 2 y e x
29. y 2 cos 4x 12 sin 4x 7. (D 1)(D 2)(D 5)y xex
31. y 13 e(t1) 13 e5(t1) 9. D(D 2)(D 2 2D 4)y 4
15. D4 17. D(D 2)
33. y0
19. D2 4 21. D 3 (D 2 16)
35. y 365 365 e6x 16 xe6x 23. (D 1)(D 1) 3
25. D(D 2 2D 5)
37. y e 5x xe 5x 27. 2 3 4
1, x, x , x , x 29. e 6x, e3x/2
39. y0 31. cos 15x, sin 15x 33. 1, e 5x, xe 5x
� � � �
3x
1 5 1 5 35. y c1e 3x
c2 e 6
41. y 1 e13x 1 e13x; 37. y c 1 c 2 ex 3x
2 13 2 13
5 39. y c1 e2x c2 x e2x 12 x 1
y cosh 13 x sinh13x 41. y c1 c2 x c3 ex 23 x4 83 x3 8x2
13
49. y 6y 5y 0 51. y 2y 0 43. y c1 e3x c2 e4x 17 xe4x
45. y c 1 ex c 2 e 3x e x 3
53. y 9y 0 55. y 2y 2y 0
47. y c1 cos 5x c2 sin 5x 14 sin x
57. y 8y 0
49. y c1 e3x c2 xe3x 491 xe4x 343 2 4x
e
51. y c1 e c2 e 6 x e 4 x e 14 xex 5
x x 1 3 x 1 2 x
EXERCISES 4.4 (PAGE 147) 53. y ex (c1 cos 2x c2 sin 2x) 13 ex sin x
1. y c 1 e x c 2 e 2x 3 55. y c 1 cos 5x c 2 sin 5x 2x cos 5x
3.
5.
y c1 e5 x c 2 xe5x 65 x 35
y c1 e2x c2 xe2x x2 4x 72
57. y ex/2 c1 cos
13
2 �x c2 sin
13
2
x �
7. y c1 cos 13x c2 sin 13x 4x2 4x 43 e3x ( ) sin x 2 cos x x cos x
11 2
9. y c 1 c2 e x 3x 59. y c1 c2 x c3 e8x 256 x 327 x3 161 x4
11. y c1 ex/2 c 2 xex/2 12 12 x2 ex/2 61. y c1 ex c2 xex c3 x2 ex 16 x3 ex x 13
13. y c1 cos 2x c2 sin 2x 34 x cos 2x 63. y c1 c2 x c3 ex c4 xex 12 x2 ex 12 x2
15. y c1 cos x c2 sin x 12 x2 cos x 12 x sin x 65. y 58 e8x 58 e8x 14
41 41 5x
17. y c1 ex cos 2x c2 ex sin 2x 14 xex sin 2x 67. y 125 125 e 101 x2 259 x
19. y c1 ex c2 xex 12 cos x 69. y cos x 113 sin x 83 cos 2x 2x cos x
12 9
25 sin 2x 25 cos 2x
71. y 2e2x cos 2x 643 e2x sin 2x 18 x3 163 x2 323 x
EXERCISES 4.6 (PAGE 161) EXERCISES 4.8 (PAGE 179)

1.
3.
y c1 cos x c2 sin x x sin x cos x ln cos x
y c1 cos x c2 sin x 12 x cos x
1. yp(x) �
1
4
x0
x
sinh 4(x t)f(t)dt
5.
7.
y c1 cos x c2 sin x 12 16 cos 2x
y c1 ex c2 ex 12 x sinh x
3. yp(x) � x
x0
(x t)e (xt) f(t)dt
9. y c1 e2x c2 e2x 14 e2x ln x e2x � � x
x0
e4t
t
dt , � 5. yp(x) �
1
3
x0
x
sin3(x t)f(t)dt
11.
x0 0
y c 1 ex c 2 e2x (ex e2x ) ln(1 e x ) 7. y c1e 4x c2e4x 14 � x
x0
sinh4(x t)te 2t dt
�
13. y c 1 e2x c 2 ex e2x sin e x x
15. y c1 et c2 tet 12 t2 et ln t 34 t2 et 9. y c1e x c2 xe x (x t)e (xt)etdt
x0
�
17. y c1 ex sin x c2 ex cos x 13 xex sin x
x
13 ex cos x ln cos x 11. y c1 cos3x c2 sin3x 1
3 sin3(x t)(t sint)dt
x0
1 x/2 3 x/2 1 2 x/2 1
19. y 4e 4e 8x e 4 xe
x/2
13. yp (x) 14 xe 2x 161 e 2x 161 e 2x
4 4x 25 2x 1 2x 1 x
21. y 9e 36 e 4e 9e
15. yp (x) 12 x 2 e 5x
23. y c 1 x 1/2
cos x c 2 x sin x x 1/2 1/2
p
17. yp(x) cosx sinx x sinx cosx lnsinx
25. y c1 c2 cos x c3 sin x ln cos x 2
sin x ln sec x tan x 19. y 25
16 e
2x
169 e 2x 14 xe 2x
27. y c1 ex c2 ex c3 e2x 301 e4x 21. y e 5x 6xe 5x 12 x2 e5x
23. y xsinx cosxlnsinx
25. y (cos1 2)e x (1 sin1 cos1)e2x e2x sine x
27. y 4x 2x 2 x lnx
1. y c 1 x 1 c 2 x 2
3. y c 1 c 2 ln x 29. y 46 3 1 2
45 x 20 x 361 16 ln x
5. y c 1 cos(2 ln x) c 2 sin(2 ln x)
7. y c1 x(216) c2 x(216) 31. y(x) 5ex 3ex yp (x),
( 15 ln x) c2 sin ( 15 ln x)
9. y c1 cos
11. y c 1 x 2
c2x 2
ln x
where yp (x) �11 cosh x, x 0
cosh x, x 0
33. y cosx sinx yp(x),
[ (
13. y x1/2 c1 cos 16 13 ln x c2 sin 16 13 ln x )
)] (
�
0, x0
15. y c1 x3 c2 cos( 12 ln x ) c3 sin( 12 ln x ) where yp(x) 10 10 cos x, 0 x 3
17. y c 1 c 2 x c 3 x 2 c 4 x 3 20cos x, x3
19. y c1 c2 x5 15 x5 ln x
21. y c 1 x c 2 x ln x x(ln x) 2
35. yp(x) (x 1) � 0
x
tf(t)dt x � x
1
(t 1)f(t)dt
23. y c 1 x 1 c 2 x ln x 37. yp(x) 12 x2 12 x

25. y 2 2x 2
sin(x 1) sinx
27. y cos(ln x) 2 sin(ln x) 39. yp(x) 1
sin1 sin1
29. y 34 ln x 14 x2 41. yp(x) ex cos x e x sin x ex
31. y c 1 x 10 c 2 x 2 43. yp(x) 12 (lnx)2 12 lnx
33. y c1 x 1 c2 x 8 301 x2
4
35. y x2 [c1 cos(3 ln x) c2 sin(3 ln x)] 13 103 x
1. x c 1 e t c 2 te t
37. y 2(x) 1/2 5(x) 1/2 ln(x), x 0
y (c 1 c 2 )e t c 2 te t
39. y c1(x 3)2 c2(x 3)7 3. x c 1 cos t c 2 sin t t 1
y c 1 sin t c 2 cos t t 1
41. y c1 cos[ln(x 2)] c2 sin[ln(x 2)]
5. x 12 c1 sin t 12 c2 cos t 2c3 sin 16t 2c4 cos 16t CHAPTER 4 IN REVIEW (PAGE 190)
y c1 sin t c2 cos t c3 sin 16t c4 cos 16t 1. y 0

3. false
7. x c1 e2t c2 e2t c3 sin 2t c4 cos 2t 15 et 5. y c1 cos5x c2 sin5x 7. x2y 3xy 4y 0
y c1 e2t c2 e2t c3 sin 2t c4 cos 2t 15 et 9. yp x2 x 2 11. (, 0); (0, )
9. x c1 c2 cos t c3 sin t 17 3t
15 e
13. y c1e c2e c3xe c4ex c5xex c6x2ex;
3x 5x 5x
4 3t y c 1 x 3 c 2 x 5 c 3 x 5 ln x c 4 x c 5 x ln x
y c1 c2 sin t c3 cos t 15 e c 6 x (ln x) 2
11. x c1 et c2 et/2 cos 12 13t c3 et/2 sin 12 13t 15. y c1 e(113) x c2 e(113) x
y (32 c2 ) cos 13t
1
13c3 e
2
t / 2 1
2 17. y c 1 c 2 e5x c 3 xe5x
( 12 13c2 32 c3) et/2 sin 12 13t
( )

19. y c1 ex / 3 e3x / 2 c2 cos 12 17x c3 sin 12 17x
4 t
13. x c1 e 4t
3e (
21. y e3x / 2 c2 cos 12 111x c3 sin 12 111x 45 x3 36
25 x
2
)
y 34 c1 e4t c2 5et 46
125 x 222
625
1 2
15. x c1 c2 t c3 e c4 e t t
2t 23. y c1 c2 e2x c3 e3x 15 sin x 15 cos x 43 x
y (c1 c 2 2) (c 2 1)t c4 et 12 t2
25. y ex (c1 cos x c2 sin x)
17. x c1 et c 2 et / 2 sin 12 13t c3 et / 2 cos 12 13t
ex cos x ln sec x tan x
y c1 et ( 12 c 2 1
)
13c3 et / 2 sin 13t
2
1
2 27. y c 1 x 1/3 c 2 x 1/2
( 1
2 13c2 1
2 c3 )e t/2
cos 13t 1
2
29. y c 1 x 2 c 2 x 3 x 4 x 2 ln x
31. (a) y c1 cos x c2 sin x A cos x
(
z c1 et 12 c 2 12 13c3 et/2 sin 12 13t )
B sin x, ;
( 12 13c2 1
2 c3 ) et / 2 cos 12 13t y c1 cos x c2 sin x Ax cos x
19. x 6c 1 et 3c 2 e 2t 2c 3 e3t Bx sin x,
y c 1 e t c 2 e 2t c 3 e 3t (b) y c1 e x c2e x Ae x , ;
z 5c 1 e t c 2 e2t c 3 e 3t
21. x e 3t3 te 3t3 y c1 e x c2e x Axe x ,
y e 3t3 2te 3t3 33. (a) y c 1 cosh x c 2 sinh x c 3 x cosh x
23. mx 0 c 4 x sinh x
my mg; (b) y p Ax 2 cosh x Bx 2 sinh x
x c1t c2 35. y e xp cos x
y 12 gt2 c3 t c4
37. y 134 ex 54 ex x 12 sin x
39. y x 2 4
43. x c1 et 32 c2 e2t 52
3. y ln cos (c1 x) c2 y c1et c2 e2 t 3
1 1 45. x c 1 e t c 2 e 5 t te t
5. y 2 ln c1 x 1 x c2 y c 1 e t 3c 2 e 5t te t 2e t
c1 c1
1 3
7. 3y c1 y x c2
9. y 23 (x 1)3>2 43
12
1. 3. x(t) 14 cos 4 16 t
11. y tan ( 1
4 )
12 x , 12 x 32 8
13. y
1
11 c21 x2 c2
5. (a) x (12) 14 ; x ( 8 ) 21 ; x ( 6 ) 14 ;
c1
x ( 4 ) 12; x (932 ) 12
4
15. y 1 x 12 x2 12 x3 16 x4 101 x5
(b) 4 ft/s; downward
17. y 1 x 12 x2 23 x3 14 x4 607 x5
(2n 1)
19. y 11 x2 (c) t , n 0, 1, 2, . . .
16
7. (a) the 20-kg mass d 2x dx

35. (a) m k(x h) or
(b) the 20-kg mass; the 50-kg mass dt 2
dt
(c) t np, n 0, 1, 2, . . . ; at the equilibrium position; d 2x dx
2 2x 2h(t),
the 50-kg mass is moving upward whereas the 20-kg dt 2
dt
mass is moving upward when n is even and where 2l b�m and v 2 k�m
downward when n is odd.
9. (a) x(t) 12 cos 2t 34 sin 2t
(b) x(t) e2t 56
13 cos 2t ( 72
13 sin 2t 56)
13 cos t
32
13 sin t
213
(b) x(t) 4 sin(2t 0.588) 37. x(t) cos 2t 18 sin 2t 34 t sin 2t 54 t cos 2t
(c) x(t) 213
cos(2t 0.983) F0
4 39. (b) t sin t
2
11. (a) x(t) 23 cos 10t 12 sin 10t 45. 4.568 C; 0.0509 s
5 47. q(t) 10 10e3t (cos 3t sin 3t)

6 sin (10t 0.927)
i(t) 60e3t sin 3t; 10.432 C
5
(b) ft; 49. q p 100 150
13 sin t 13 cos t
6 5
(c) 15 cycles ip 100
13 cos t
150
13 sin t
(d) 0.721 s 53. q(t) 12 e10t (cos 10t sin 10t) 32 ; 32 C
(2n 1)
(e)
(f)
20
0.0927, n 0, 1, 2, . . .
x(3) 0.597 ft
57. q(t) q0 � E0C
1 2LC
cos
t
1LC �
(g) x (3) 5.814 ft/s t E0 C
1LCi0 sin cos t
(h) x(3) 59.702 ft/s2 1LC 1 2 LC
(i) 8 13 ft/s
(j) 0.1451
n n
; 0.3545 , n 0, 1, 2, . . .
i(t) i0 cos
t

1
q
E0 C
1LC 1LC 0 1 2LC
sin
t
1LC � �
5 5 E0C
sin t
n 1 2LC
(k) 0.3545 , n 0, 1, 2, . . .
5
23 EXERCISES 5.2 (PAGE 215)
13. 120 lb/ft; x(t) 12 sin 813 t
17. (a) above w0
1. (a) y(x) (6L2x2 4Lx3 x4)
(b) heading upward 24EI
19. (a) below w
3. (a) y(x) 0 (3L2 x2 5Lx3 2x4)
(b) heading upward 48EI
()
21. 41 s; 12 s, x 12 e2; that is, the weight is approximately
5. (a) y(x)
w0
(7L4 x 10L2 x3 3x5 )
0.14 ft below the equilibrium position. 360EI
23. (a) x(t) 43 e2t 13 e8t (c) x 0.51933, ymax 0.234799
(b) x(t) 23 e2t 53 e8t
w0 EI P
(
25. (a) x(t) e2t cos 4t 12 sin 4t ) 7. y(x)
P2
cosh
BEI
x
�
( )
�
25 sinh x
(b) x(t) e2t sin 4t 4.249
2 w0 EI P w L 1EI BEI
sinh L 0
(c) t 1.294 s P2 BEI P 1P P
5 5 5
cosh L
27. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 0 2 BEI
w0 2 w0 EI
29. x(t) et / 2 � 43 cos 247
t 64
3 147 sin 247 t� x 2
2 2 2P P
103 (cos 3t sin 3t) 9. l n n 2 , n 1, 2, 3, . . . ; y sin nx
1 4t 1
31. x(t) 4e te4t cos 4t 4 (2n 1)2 2
11. n , n 1, 2, 3, . . . ;
33. x(t) 12 cos 4t 94 sin 4t 12 e2t cos 4t 4L2
(2n 1) x
2e2t sin 4t y cos
2L
1 1
13. l n n 2, n 0, 1, 2, . . . ; y cos nx 21. (a) q(t) 150 sin 100t 75 sin 50t
n2 2 n x (b) i(t) 23 cos 100t 23 cos 50t

15. n , n 1, 2, 3, . . . ; y ex sin
25 5 n
2
(c) t , n 0, 1, 2, . . .
17. l n n , n 1, 2, 3, . . . ; y sin(n ln x) 50
19. l n n4p 4, n 1, 2, 3, . . . ; y sin npx d 2x
25. m kx 0
21. x L�4, x L�2, x 3 L�4 dt 2
27. mx fk sgn(x ) kx 0
n 1T n x
25. n , n 1, 2, 3, . . . ; y sin
L1 L
27. u(r)
ba r
�
u0 u1 ab u1 b u0 a
ba � 1. (1,1], R 1 3. [12, 12), R 12

5. (5, 15), R 10 7. [0, 23 ], R 13

(1)n n
9. (75 75 75
32 , 32 ), R 32 11. � n
x
EXERCISE 5.3 (PAGE 224) n0 n!2

(1)n
1 n
d 2x
7. 2 x 0
13. � n1 xn
n0 2
15. �
n1 n
x
dt
(1)n
15. (a) 5 ft (b) 4 110 ft/s (c) 0 t 38 110; 7.5 ft 17. �
n0 (2n 1)!
(x 2p) 2n1
17. (a) xy r 11 (y )2.
19. x 23 x3 152 x 5 315
4 7
x ...
When t 0, x a, y 0, dy�dx 0.
(b) When r 1, 21. 1 12 x 2 245 x 4 720
61 6
x . . ., (p>2, p>2)
��
1r 1r
a 1 x 1 x
y(x)
2 1r a

1r a
23. � (k 2)ck2 x k
k3
25. � [(k 1)ck1 ck ]x k
k0

ar
1 r2
27. 2c1 � [2(k 1)ck1 6ck1]xk
k1
When r 1,
29. c0 2c2 � [(k 2)(k 1)ck2 (2k 1)ck]x k
y(x)
1 1 2 1 a
(x a 2) ln k1
2 2a a x 1 x2
��
k

1
35. y c0 � (5x)k 37. y c0 �
(c) The paths intersect when r 1. k0 k! k0 k! 2
l g
19. (a) u(t) v0 sin t
Bg Bl EXERCISES 6.2 (PAGE 246)
(b) use at umax, sin 1g>l t 1 1. 5; 4
2!1 x 4!1 x 6!1 x . . .

1 2
(c) use cos umax 1 2 umax 3. y1(x) c 0 1 2 4 6
(d) vb 21,797 cm/s

y (x) c x x x x . . .
1 1 1 3 5 7
2 1
3! 5! 7!
5. y1(x) c0
1. 8 ft 3. 45 m
5. False; there could be an impressed force driving the
system.
2!1 x 3!1 x 4!1 x . . .
y2(x) c1 x 2 3 4
7. y (x) c 1
7. overdamped 1 1 3 6
x x
9. y 0 since l 8 is not an eigenvalue 1
3�2
0
6�5�3�2
11. 14.4 lb
x
1 9

13. x(t) 23 e2t 13 e4t 9�8�6�5�3�2
y (x) c x
15. 0 m 2 1 1 4 7
2 x 1 x
17. 13 8 4�3 7�6�4�3
3
19. x(t) e4t ( 2617 cos 2 12 t 2817 12 sin 2 12 t ) 178 et

1
x10
10 � 9 � 7 � 6 � 4 � 3
9. 2!1 x 4!3 x 216! x

y1(x) c0 1 2 4 6
17. r1 78, r2 0
y (x) c x x x x
2
1
1
5 45 3 5 7
y(x) c1 x7/8 1 2
15
x
22
23 � 15 � 2
x2
3! 5! 7!
11. y (x) c 1 x x
1
1
0
4 7 �4
x
3
2
6
2 2
9

23
31 � 23 � 15 � 3!
x3
3! 6! 9!
y (x) c x x
2 5 �2
x
2
4
2 2
7

c2 1 2x
22 2
9�2
x
2 1
4! 7!

8 �5 �2
x
2 2 2
10

23
17 � 9 � 3!
x3
10!
19. r1 13 , r2 0
1
13. y1 (x) c0 ; y2 (x) c1 � xn
n1 n
1
y(x) C1 x1/3 1 x 2
3
1 2
3 �2
x
[ ]
15. y1 (x) c0 1 12 x2 16 x3 16 x4
y2 (x) c1 [x 2 x 2 x 4 x ]
1 2 1 3 1 4
1
3
3 � 3!
x3
1
17. y1 (x) c0 1 x2
4
7 4 23 � 7 6
4 � 4!
x
8 � 6!
x 1

C2 1 x
2
1 2
5�2
x
1
8�5�2
x3
y (x) c x x x
1 14 34 � 14 3 5 7 21. r1 52, r2 0
2 1 x
6 2 � 5! 4 � 7!
19. y(x) 2 1 x x x 6x
1 1 1 2 3 4
y(x) C1 x5/2 1 2�2
7
x
22 � 3 2
9�7
x
2! 3! 4!
8x 2e x
23 � 4 3
11 � 9 � 7
x
21. y(x) 3 12x 2 4x 4
[
23. y1(x) c0 1 16 x3 120
1 5
x ]
1
3
1
6
1
C2 1 x x2 x3
6
y2 (x) c1 [x 12 x 180 x ]
1 4 1 6
23. r1 23, r2 13

[
y(x) C1 x2/3 1 12 x 285 x2 211 x3 ]
1. x 0, irregular singular point [
C2 x1/3 1 12 x 15 x2 120
7 3
x ]
3. x 3, regular singular point; 25. r1 0, r2 1
x 3, irregular singular point
1
1
5. x 0, 2i, 2i, regular singular points y(x) C1 �
n0 (2n 1)!
x2n C2 x1 �
n0 (2n)!
x2n
7. x 3, 2, regular singular points
1
1
9. x 0, irregular singular point; C1 x1 �
n0 (2n 1)!
x2n1 C2 x1 �
n0 (2n)!
x2n
x 5, 5, 2, regular singular points
1
x(x 1)2 [C1 sinh x C2 cosh x]
11. for x 1: p(x) 5, q(x) x
x1 27. r1 1, r2 0
5(x 1)
for x 1: p(x)
x1
, q(x) x2 x y(x) C1 x C2 x ln x 1 12 x2 [
13. r1 13, r2 1 121 x3 721 x4 ]
3
15. r1 2 , r2 0 29. r1 r2 0
2
y(x) C1 x3/2 1 x
5 22
7�5�2
x2
1

y(x) C1 y(x) C2 y1(x) ln x y1 (x) x x2
4 �

23
9 � 7 � 5 � 3!
x3
1 3
3 � 3!
x
1 4
4 � 4!
x �
1

23 3
C2 1 2x 2 x2
3 � 3!
x where y1 (x) � xn ex
n0 n!

(1)n (
sin 1 t ) 19. x 0 is an ordinary point
33. (b) y1(t) � ( 1 t)2n 1 t
n0 (2n 1)!
(1) cos 1 t n ( )
1
21. y(x) c0 1 x3 2
3
1
3 � 2!
x6 3
1
3 � 3!
x9
y2(t) t1 � 1 t 2n ( )
n0 (2n)!

t 1 1 7
c1 x x4 x
4 4�7
(c) y C1 x sin
1
C2 x cos
1
� � � �
x x
1
4 � 7 � 10
5 1
x10 x2 x3
2 3
1. y c1 J1/3(x) c 2 J1/3(x)

1
32 � 2!
x6 3
1
3 � 3!
x9
3. y c1 J5/2 (x) c 2 J5/2 (x)

5. y c1 J0 (x) c 2 Y 0 (x)
7. y c1 J 2 (3x) c 2 Y 2 (3x) 2 s 1 1 1
9. y c1 J2/3(5x) c 2 J2/3 (5x) 1. e 3.2
2 es
s s s s
11. y c1 x1/2 J 1/2(ax) c2 x1/2 J1/2(ax)
1 e s 1 s 1
13. y x1/2 [c1 J1 (4x 1/2) c 2 Y1 (4x 1/2)] 5. 2 7. e 2 es
15. y x [c1 J1(x) c 2 Y1(x)] s 1 s s
17. y x1/2 [c1 J3/2(x) c 2 Y 3/2(x) 1 1 1 e7
9. 2 2 es 11.
19. [ ( )
y x1 c1 J1/2 12 x2 c2 J1/2 12 x2 ( )] s s s s1
23. y x 1/2 [c1 J1/2(x) c2 J1/2(x)] 1 1
13. 15. 2
C1 sin x C2 cos x (s 4)2 s 2s 2
[
( )
25. y x1/2 c1 J1/2 18 x2 c2 J1/2 18 x2 ( )] 17.
s2 1
19.
48
(s2 1)2 s5
C1 x 3/2
sin(8 x ) C2 x
1 2 3/2
cos(18 x2)
4 10 2 6 3
21. 2 23. 3 2
35. y c1 x1/2 J1/3(32 ax3/2) c2 x1/2 J1/3(32 ax3/2) s s s s s
45. P2(x), P3(x), P4(x), and P5(x) are given in the text, 6 6 3 1 1 1
25. 4 3 2 27.
P6 (x) 161 (231x6 315x4 105x2 5), s s s s s s4
P7 (x) 161 (429x7 693x5 315x3 35x) 1 2 1 8 15
29. 31. 3 2
47. l1 2, l 2 12, l 3 30 s s2 s4 s s 9
53. y x 4x3 165 x 5 e kt ekt

33. Use sinh kt and linearity to show that
2
CHAPTER 6 IN REVIEW (PAGE 271) k

{sinh kt} .
s2 k2
1. False
1 1 2
3. [12, 12] 35. 37. 2
2(s 2) 2s s 16
7. x 2(x 1)y y y 0
9. r1 12, r2 0 4 cos 5 (sin 5)s 1p 31p
39. 43. 45.
[
y1(x) C1 x1/2 1 13 x 301 x2 630
1 3
x ] s2 16 s1>2 4s5>2
[
y2 (x) C2 1 x ]1 2
6x
1 3
90 x
11. y1 (x) c0 [1 32 x2 12 x3 58 x4 ] 1 2
1. 2t 3. t 2t 4
y2 (x) c1 [x 12 x3 14 x 4 ]
5. 1 3t 32 t 2 16 t 3 7. t 1 e 2t
13. r1 3, r2 0 9. 14 et/4 11. 57 sin 7t
[
y1 (x) C1 x3 1 14 x 201 x2 120
1 3
x ] t
13. cos 15. 2 cos 3t 2 sin 3t
y2 (x) C2 1 x 12 x2 [ ] 2
17. 13 13 e3t 19. 3 3t
4e 14 et
[
15. y(x) 3 1 x2 13 x4 151 x6 ]
[ ]
1 2t
2 x 12 x3 18 x5 481 x7 21. 0.3e0.1t 0.6e0.2t 23. 2e e3t 12 e6t
1
17. 1
6
25. 5 15 cos 15 t 27. 4 3et cos t 3 sin t
29. 1
t 16 sin 2t 31. y 1 e t 71. x(t) 54 t 165 sin 4t 54 (t 5) (t 5)
3 sin
33. y 101 e4t 19

10 e
6t
35. y 43 et 13 e4t 165 sin 4(t 5) (t 5) 254 (t 5)
37. y 10 cos t 2 sin t 12 sin 12 t 254 cos 4(t 5) (t 5)
39. y 89 et /2 19 e2t 185 et 12 et
73. q(t) 25 (t 3) 25 e5(t3) (t 3)
41. y 14 et 14 e3t cos 2t 14 e3t sin 2t
1 10t 1 10
75. (a) i(t) e cos t sin t
101 101 101
1.
1
3.
6
101
e � 32 �
10 10(t3 /2)
t
(s 10)2 (s 2)4
cos�t � �t �
10 3 3
1 2 1 3
5. 7. 101 2 2
2 2
(s 2) (s 3) (s 4)2 (s 1)2 9
101 �
sin t � �t �
1 3 3
s s1 s4
9. 3 2 2
s2 25 (s 1)2 25 (s 4)2 25
1 2 2t (b) imax 0.1 at t 1.7, imin 0.1 at t 4.7
11. 2t e 13. e3t sin t
2
15. e2t cos t 2e2t sin t 17. et tet w0 L 2 wL w
77. y(x) x 0 x3 0 x4
19. 5 t 5et 4tet 32 t 2 et 16EI 12EI 24EI
21. y te4t 2e4t 23. y et 2tet
25. 1 2 2 3t 10 3t
y 9 t 27 27 e 9 te 27. y 32 e3t sin 2t

w0
24EI
x
L 4
2 �
x
L
2 � � �
29. y 12 12 et cos t 12 et sin t
w0 L 2 2 wL
31. y (e 1)tet (e 1)et 79. y(x) x 0 x3
48EI 24EI
115 7 115 7t/2 115
33. x(t) 32 e7t/2 cos 2 t 10 e sin 2 t
es e2s e2s

w0 5L 4
60EIL 2
x x5 x
L 5
2
x
L
2 � � � �
37. 2 39. 2 2
s s s dT
81. (a) k[T 70 57.5t (230 57.5t)(t 4)]
s 1 dt
41. e s
43. 2 (t 2)2 (t 2)
s2 4
45. sin t (t ) 47. (t 1) e(t1) (t 1) EXERCISES 7.4 (PAGE 309)
49. (c) 51. (f)
53. (a) 1 s2 4
1. 3.
2 4 3s (s 10)2 (s2 4)2
55. f (t) 2 4 (t 3); {f (t)} e
s s 6s2 2 12s 24
5. 7.
e e e s s s
(s2 1)3 [(s 2)2 36]2
57. f (t) t2 (t 1); {f (t)} 2 3 2 2
s s s
9. y 12 et 12 cos t 12 t cos t 12 t sin t
1 e2s e2s
59. f (t) t t (t 2); {f (t)} 2 2 2 11. y 2 cos 3t 53 sin 3t 16 t sin 3t
s s s
eas ebs 13. y 14 sin 4t 18 t sin 4t
61. f (t) (t a) (t b); {f (t)}
s s 18 (t ) sin 4(t )(t )
63. y [5 5e(t1) ] (t 1) 6
17. y 23 t 3 c1 t 2 19.
65. y 14 1 1 2t 1 s5
2t 4e 4 (t 1)
12 (t 1) (t 1) 14 e2(t1) (t 1) s1 1
21. 23.
(s 1)[(s 1)2 1] s(s 1)
67. y cos 2t 16 sin 2(t 2 ) (t 2 )
s1 1
13 sin (t 2 ) (t 2 ) 25. 27.
s[(s 1)2 1] s2(s 1)
69. y sin t [1 cos(t )] (t )
3s2 1
29. 31. et 1
[1 cos(t 2 )] (t 2 ) s (s2 1)2
2
33. et 12 t 2 t 1 37. f (t) sin t 11. x 12 t2 t 1 et
39. f (t) 18 et 18 et 34 tet 14 t 2et 41. f (t) et y 13 13 et 13 tet
1 216 2 2
43. f (t) 38 e2t 18 e2t 12 cos 2t 14 sin 2t 13. x1 sin t sin 16 t cos t cos 16 t
5 15 5 5
45. y(t) sin t 12 t sin t 2 16 4 1
x2 sin t sin 16 t cos t cos 16 t
47. i(t) 100[e10(t1) e20(t1)] (t 1) 5 15 5 5
100[e10(t2) e20(t2) ] (t 2) 15. (b) i2 100 100 900t
9 9 e
i3 809 809 e900t
49.
1 eas
s(1 eas )
51.
a 1
�
bs
1
s bs e 1 � (c) i1 20 20e900t
coth ( s>2) 17. i2 20
13 e
2t 375 15t
1469 e 145
113 cos t
85
113 sin t
53.

s2 1 30 2t 250 15t 280 810
i3 13 e 1469 e 113 cos t 113 sin t
1
55. i(t) 1 eRt/L
R
( ) 6 6
19. i1 e100t cosh 5012 t
912 100t
e sinh 50 12 t
5 5 10
2
� (1)n (1 eR(tn)/L) (t n) 6 6 612 100t
R n1 i2 e100t cosh 50 12 t e sinh 50 12 t
5 5 5
57. x(t) 2(1 et cos 3t 13 et sin 3t)
4 [
� (1)n 1 e(tn ) cos 3(t n ) 1 2
n1
1. es 3. false
s2 s2
1 (tn )
3e sin ]
3(t n ) (t n ) 1
5. true 7.
s7
EXERCISES 7.5 (PAGE 315) 2 4s
9. 2
11. 2
1. y e3(t2) (t 2) s 4 (s 4)2
1
3. y sin t sin t (t 2 ) 13. 6t5 15. 12 t 2 e 5t
17. e5t cos 2t 52 e5t sin 2t
5. y cos t t ( )
2 cos t (t 32 )
19. cos (t 1) (t 1) sin (t 1) (t 1)
7. y 12 12 e2t [ 1 1 2(t1)
2 2e ] (t 1) 21. 5
9. y e 2(t2 )
sin t (t 2 ) 23. ek(sa) F(s a)
11. y e2t cos 3t 23 e2t sin 3t 25. f (t) (t t0)
13 e2(t ) sin 3(t ) (t ) 27. f (t t0) (t t0)
13 e2(t3 ) sin 3(t 3 ) (t 3 ) 29. f (t) t (t 1) (t 1) (t 4);
1 1 1
� � �
P0 L 2 1 3 L {f (t)} 2 2 es e4s;
x x , 0 x s s s
EI 4 6 2
13. y(x) 1 1
P0 L 2 1
4EI 2
x
L
12
,
L
2 � � x L
{et f (t)}
(s 1)2 (s 1)2
e(s1)
1
e4(s1)
s1
EXERCISES 7.6 (PAGE 319) 31. f (t) 2 (t 2) (t 2);
1. x 13 e2t 13 et 3. x cos 3t 53 sin 3t 2 1
{f (t)} 2 e2s;
y 13 e2t 23 et y 2 cos 3t 73 sin 3t s s
2 1
5. x 2e3t 52 e2t 12 7. x 12 t 34 12 sin 12 t {et f (t)} e2(s1)
s 1 (s 1)2
y 83 e3t 52 e2t 16 y 12 t 34 12 sin 12 t
33. y 5te t 12 t 2 et
2 1
9. x 8 t 3 t 4 35. y 256 15 t 32 et 13 254 (t 2)
50 e
5t
3! 4!
2 3 1 4 15 (t 2) (t 2) 14 e(t2) (t 2)
y t t 9 5(t2)
3! 4! 100 e (t 2)
[
37. y(t) e2t 14 12 (t 1) 14 e2(t1) (t 1) ] 19. No; W(X1, X2, X3) 0 for every t. The solution
[
2 14 12 (t 2) 14 e2(t2) (t 2) ] vectors are linearly dependent on (, ). Note
that X3 2X1 X2.
[
14 1
(t 3)
2
1 2(t3)
4e ] (t 3)
1 2
39. y 1 t 2t
41. x 14 98 e2t 18 e2t
y t 94 e2t 14 e2t
43. i(t) 9 2t 9e t/5
1. X c1 �12� e 5t
c2 �11� e t
45. y(x)
w0
12EIL
1 L
L2 L3
x5 x4 x3 x2
5 2 2 4
3. X c1 �21� e 3t
c2 �25� e t
� � �x L2�
5
1 L

5
x
2 5. X c1 �52� e 8t
c2 �14� e 10t
0 0 0
47. (a) 1 (t) cos t 0 cos 1 2 2K t
��
2 2 1 2 1
0 0 7. X c1 0 et c 2 3 e2t c3 0 et
2 (t) 0 cos t 0 cos 1 2 2K t
2 2 0 1 2
49. (a) x(t) (v0 cos u) t, y(t) 12 gt2 (v0 sin u)t
� � ��
g sin u 1 1 1
(b) y(x) 2 2
x2 x; solve y(x) 0 9. X c1 0 et c 2 4 e3t c3 1 e2t
2v0 cos u cos u
and use the double-angle formula for sin 2u 1 3 3
��
(d) approximately 2729 ft; approximately 11.54 s 4 12 4
11. X c1 0 e c2
t
6 et / 2
c3 2 e3t / 2
1 5 1
1. X
3
� 5
X, � where X �� x 13. X 3 �11� e t/2
2 �01� e t / 2
4 8 y
�13� c �13� t � �
1
� � ��
4
3 4 9 x 19. X c1 2 1
4
3. X 6 1 0 X, where X y
�11� e �11�te �0� e

1
10 4 3 z 3
21. X c1 2t
c2 2t 2t
� � � � ��
1 1 1 0 t 1
5. X 2 1 1 X 3t 0
2
0 ,
��
1 1 1
1 1 1 t2 t 2
23. X c1 1 et c 2 1 e2t c3 0 e2t
��
x 1 0 1
where X y
��
4 2
z
25. X c1 5 c 2 0 e5t
dx
7. 4x 2y et 2 1
dt
� � � �
dy 2 12
x 3y et
dt c3 0 te5t 12 e5t
dx 1 1
9. x y 2z et 3t
dt
� � � � � �
0 0 0
dy
3x 4y z 2et t 27. X c1 1 et c 2 1 te 1 et
t
dt
1 1 0
dz
2x 5y 6z 2et t
� � � � � �
1
dt 0 2 0 2
t t
17. Yes; W(X 1, X 2 ) 2e 8t 0 implies that X 1 and X 2 c3 1 e 1 tet 0 et
2
are linearly independent on (, ). 1 0 0
�21� e �2tt 11� e �31� e �19� e � � e

55
29. X 7 4t
13 4t
5. X c1 3t
c2 7t 36
19
t
��
3
31. Corresponding to the eigenvalue l 1 2 of multiplicity 1 1 1 2
five, the eigenvectors ar 7. X c1 0 et c 2 1 e2t c3 2 e5t 72 e4t
0 0 2 2
��
1 0 0
0
K1 0 ,
0
K2 1 ,
0
K3 0 .
9. X 13 �11� e 2 �46� e �96�
t 2t
0
0
0
0
1
0
11. X c1 �11� c �32� e �1111� t �1510�
2
t
�21� e �103� e � � te � �e
13 15
� cos t
� sin t
� � 13. X c1 t/2
c2 3t / 2 2 t/2 2 t/2

33. X c1 e4t c 2 e4t 13 9
2 cos t sin t 2 sin t cos t 4 4
35. X c1 �coscost t sin t� e 4t

c2 �sin sint t cos t� e 4t 15. X c1 �21� e c �11� e �33� e �42� te
t
2
2t t t
��
4
4 3t
� � � �
5 cos 3t 5 sin3t 2 3t 12 3
37. X c1 c2 17. X c1 e c2 e t 4
4 cos 3t 3 sin 3t 4 sin 3t 3 cos 3t 1 1 0 3
� � � � � �
1
1 t t
��
1 cos t sin t 19. X c1 e c2 1 et 2
et
1 t 2
39. X c1 0 c 2 cos t c3 sin t 2
0 sin t cos t
21. X c1 �cos
sin t �
t
c �
cos t� � sin t �
sin t

cos t
t2
��
0 sin t cos t
41. X c1 2 et c 2 cos t et c3 sin t et
1 cos t sin t
�sin
cos t �
t
ln cos t
�cos
sin t �
t
e c �
cos t�
sin t
e �
sin t �
cos t
��
28 4 cos 3t 3 sin 3t 23. X c1 t
te
2
t t
43. X c1 2t
5 e c 2 5 cos 3t e2t
25 0 25. X c1 �sin
cos t
t�
c �
cos t� �sin t�
sin t

cos t
t 2
� �
3 cos 3t 4 sin 3t
c3 5 sin 3t
0
e2t �sinsin
t tan t� �cos t�
t

sin t
ln cos t
�2cossintt� e c �2sin t�
cos t
e �
cos t�
3 sin t
��
25 cos 5t 5 sin 5t 27. X c1 t
te
2
t
3
t
2
45. X 7 e
t
cos 5t
6 cos 5t �cossint t� e ln sin t �2sin
1
2
t
t�
cos t
e ln cos t t
� �
5 cos 5t sin 5t
� � ��
6 sin 5t 1 1 0
sin 5t 29. X c1 1 c 2 1 e c3 0 e3t
2t
0 0 1
� �
14 e2t 12 te2t
EXERCISES 8.3 (PAGE 354) et 14 e2t 12 te2t
1 2 3t
2t e
1. X c1 �11� e t
c2 �31� e �13�
t
31. X �22� te �11� e �22� te �20� e
2t 2t 4t 4t
3. X c1 � � 1 2t
1
e c2
1 4t
1
e
14 2
3 t
4
�� 33. �ii � 2 �13�e
1
2
2t

6
29 1
e � �
3 12t

4 19
29 42
cos t � �
� � t �2�
1
4 83
� �
4
1 3 sin t
4 4 29 69
��
2 0 7
9. X c1 3 e2t c 2 1 e4t c3 12 e3t
�e0 e0 �; �e0 �
t t
0
1. eAt 2t
eAt 1 1 16
e2t
�10� e �41� e �4

16
� t �1
11
�
� �
t1 t t 11. X c1 2t
c2 4t
3. eAt t t1 t
2t 2t 2t 1
13. X c1 �cos cos
t sin t�
t
c �
sin t cos t� �1�
sin t

1
2
5. X c1
1 t
��
e c2
0 2t
e ��
0 1
�sin tsin tcos t� ln csc t cot t
� � � � � �
t1 t t
� � � � ��
7. X c1 t c 2 t 1 c3 t 1 1 1
2t 2t 2t 1 15. (b) X c1 1 c 2 0 c3 1 e3t
0 1 1
9. X c3 �� 1 t
0
e c4
0 2t
1
e
3
1
2
��
11. X c1 �cosh
sinh t �
t
c �
cosh t� �1�
sinh t

1
2
1. for h 0.1, y5 2.0801; for h 0.05, y10 2.0592
� � � � � �
t1 t t 3. for h 0.1, y5 0.5470; for h 0.05, y10 0.5465
13. X t 4 t1 6 t 5. for h 0.1, y5 0.4053; for h 0.05, y10 0.4054
2t 2t 2t 1 7. for h 0.1, y5 0.5503; for h 0.05, y10 0.5495
9. for h 0.1, y5 1.3260; for h 0.05, y10 1.3315
� e �
3 2t 1 2t 3 2t
2e 2e 4e 34 e2t 11. for h 0.1, y5 3.8254; for h 0.05, y10 3.8840;
15. eAt ;
2t 2t
e 12 e2t 32 e2t at x 0.5 the actual value is y(0.5) 3.9082
�ee ee � c � ee ee �
3 2t 1 2t 3 2t 3 2t
X c1 2 2 4 4
or 13. (a) y1 1.2
2t 2t 2 1 2t 3 2t
2 2
h2 (0.1)2
(b) y(c) 4e2c 0.02e2c 0.02e0.2
X c3 � � 3 2t
2
e c4
1 2t
2
e � � 2 2
0.0244
(c) Actual value is y(0.1) 1.2214. Error is 0.0214.

�e �
2t
3te2t 9te2t
17. eAt 2t
; (d) If h 0.05, y2 1.21.
te e 3te2t
2t
(e) Error with h 0.1 is 0.0214. Error with h 0.05
�1 t 3t� e �19t
3t�
is 0.0114.
X c1 2t
c2 e 2t
15. (a) y1 0.8
� �c � �
3 3t 1 5t
e 2e 12 e3t 1 5t
2e
h2 (0.1) 2
23. X c1 23 3t 3 5t 2 or (b) y(c) 5e2c 0.025e2c 0.025
2e 2e 12 e3t 3 5t
2e
2 2
for 0 c 0.1.
X c3 �11� e 3t
c4 �13� e 5t
(c) Actual value is y(0.1) 0.8234. Error is 0.0234.
(d) If h 0.05, y2 0.8125.
(e) Error with h 0.1 is 0.0234. Error with h 0.05
is 0.0109.
17. (a) Error is 19h2 e3(c1).
1. k 13
h2
(b) y(c) 19(0.1)2 (1) 0.19
5. X c1 �11� e c �11� te �01� e
t
2
t t 2
(c) If h 0.1, y5 1.8207.
If h 0.05, y10 1.9424.
7. X c1 �sin
cos 2t
2t � e c �
cos 2t�
sin 2t
t
e 2
t (d) Error with h 0.1 is 0.2325. Error with h 0.05
is 0.1109.
1 h2 9. x1 3.9123, y1 4.2857;
19. (a) Error is 2
.
(c 1) 2 x2 3.9123, y2 4.2857
11. x1 0.4179, y1 2.1824;
(b) y(c) h2
2 (1)
(0.1)2
2
0.005 x2 0.4173, y2 2.1821
(c) If h 0.1, y5 0.4198. If h 0.05, y10 0.4124.
(d) Error with h 0.1 is 0.0143. Error with h 0.05 EXERCISES 9.5 (PAGE 383)
is 0.0069.
1. y1 5.6774, y2 2.5807, y3 6.3226
3. y1 0.2259, y2 0.3356, y3 0.3308,
EXERCISES 9.2 (PAGE 371) y4 0.2167
1. y5 3.9078; actual value is y(0.5) 3.9082 5. y1 3.3751, y2 3.6306, y3 3.6448, y4 3.2355,
3. y5 2.0533 5. y5 0.5463 y5 2.1411

7. y5 0.4055 9. y5 0.5493 7. y1 3.8842, y2 2.9640, y3 2.2064, y4 1.5826,
11. y5 1.3333 y5 1.0681, y6 0.6430, y7 0.2913
13. (a) 35.7130 9. y1 0.2660, y2 0.5097, y3 0.7357, y4 0.9471,
y5 1.1465, y6 1.3353, y7 1.5149, y8 1.6855,
mg kg
(c) v(t) tanh t; v(5) 35.7678 y9 1.8474
Bk Bm 11. y1 0.3492, y2 0.7202, y3 1.1363, y4 1.6233,
15. (a) for h 0.1, y4 903.0282; y5 2.2118, y6 2.9386, y7 3.8490
for h 0.05, y8 1.1 1015 13. (c) y0 2.2755, y1 2.0755, y2 1.8589,
17. (a) y1 0.82341667 y3 1.6126, y4 1.3275
h5 h5 (0.1)5
(b) y(5)(c) 40e2c 40e 2(0)
5! 5! 5!
3.333 106
1. Comparison of numerical methods with h 0.1:
(c) Actual value is y(0.1) 0.8234134413. Error is
3.225 106 3.333 106. Improved
(d) If h 0.05, y2 0.82341363. xn Euler Euler RK4
(e) Error with h 0.1 is 3.225 106. Error with
h 0.05 is 1.854 107. 1.10 2.1386 2.1549 2.1556
1.20 2.3097 2.3439 2.3454
h5 24 h5 1.30 2.5136 2.5672 2.5695
19. (a) y(5) (c)
5! (c 1)5 5! 1.40 2.7504 2.8246 2.8278
24 h5 (0.1)5 1.50 3.0201 3.1157 3.1197
(b) 5
24 2.0000 106
(c 1) 5! 5!
(c) From calculation with h 0.1, y 5 0.40546517. Comparison of numerical methods with h 0.05:
From calculation with h 0.05, y10 0.40546511.
Improved
xn Euler Euler RK4
1.10 2.1469 2.1554 2.1556
1. y(x) x e x; actual values are y(0.2) 1.0214, 1.20 2.3272 2.3450 2.3454
y(0.4) 1.0918, y(0.6) 1.2221, y(0.8) 1.4255; 1.30 2.5409 2.5689 2.5695
approximations are given in Example 1. 1.40 2.7883 2.8269 2.8278
3. y4 0.7232 1.50 3.0690 3.1187 3.1197
5. for h 0.2, y5 1.5569; for h 0.1, y10 1.5576
7. for h 0.2, y5 0.2385; for h 0.1, y10 0.2384
3. Comparison of numerical methods with h 0.1:
Improved
xn Euler Euler RK4
1. y(x) 2e 2x 5xe 2x; y(0.2) 1.4918,
0.60 0.6000 0.6048 0.6049
y 2 1.6800
0.70 0.7095 0.7191 0.7194
3. y1 1.4928, y 2 1.4919
0.80 0.8283 0.8427 0.8431
5. y1 1.4640, y 2 1.4640
0.90 0.9559 0.9752 0.9757
7. x1 8.3055, y1 3.4199;
1.00 1.0921 1.1163 1.1169
x 2 8.3055, y 2 3.4199
� �
Comparison of numerical methods with h 0.05: 2 2 1
1
21. nonsingular; A 1
13 5 7
Improved 9
xn Euler Euler RK4 8 1 5
0.60
0.70
0.6024
0.7144
0.6049
0.7193
0.6049
0.7194
23. A1(t)
1
3t �
3e4t e4t
2e 4et 2et �
0.80 0.8356 0.8430 0.8431
� �
5et
0.90 0.9657 0.9755 0.9757 dX
1.00 1.1044 1.1168 1.1169 25. 2et
dt
7et
5. h 0.2: y(0.2) 3.2; h 0.1: y(0.2) 3.23
7. x(0.2) 1.62, y(0.2) 1.84 27.
dX
dt
4
1 2t
1
e 12
1 � �
2 3t
e ��
ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • APPENDIXS
�4e2 � � e 4 �
4t 1 8 1
sin t 4 4 0
EXERCISES FOR APPENDIX I (PAGE APP-2) 29. (a) (b)
6t 6
41 81
(c) � �
1 4t 1
1. (a) 24 (b) 720 (c) (d) e 4 (1/ ) sin t
4
3 15 t 2
t3 t
3. 0.297
31. x 3, y 1, z 5
33. x 2 4t, y 5 t, z t
EXERCISES FOR APPENDIX II (PAGE APP-18) 35. x 12, y 32, z 72
37. x1 1, x2 0, x3 2, x4 0
1. (a) �22 111� (b) �614 1
�
� �
19 0 2 1
3 3
(c) �
12 12�
2 28 41. A1 0 13 23
1
3 23 0
�1117 6
� �32
4 1�
27
� �
3. (a) (b) 5 6 3
22
43. A1 2 2 1
(c) �
31�
(d) �
3 22�
19 18 19 6 1 1 1
30
� �
12 23 16 7
6
5. (a) �93 248� (b) �63 8

16� 45. A1
1
0 13
1
3
1
3
13
43
1
3
(c) �
0 0�
(d) �
10�
0 0 4 5 12 1 1 1
2 2
8
�27�, K �11�
47. 1 6, 2 1, K1
� � ��
4 8 10 6 2
7. (a) 180 (b) 8 16 20 (c) 12

49. 4, K � �
1
10 20 25 5 1 2 1
4
9. (a) � 7
10
38
75 � (b) � 7
10
38
75 � 51. 1 0, 2 4, 3 4,
� � ��
9 1 1
11. �141� K1 45 , K2 1 , K3 9
25 1 1
13. �
2�
38
53. 1 2 3 2,
15. singular
� � ��
2 0
17. nonsingular; A1

1 5
4 3 � 8
4 � K1 1 , K2 0
0 1
55. 1 3i, 2 3i,
� �
0 1 1
1
19. nonsingular; A 2 2 2
�1 5 3i�, K �1 5 3i�
1

2 K1 2
4 3 5

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74 ● CHAPTER 2 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The last equation is separable. Using partial fractions

3(1  ce6x ) 3(1  ce6x)

EXERCISES 2.5 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2.

Each DE in Problems 1 – 14 is homogeneous. Each DE in Problems 15 – 22 is a Bernoulli equation.

EXERCISES 1.1 (PAGE 10) dA 1

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 2

29. (a) y cx 25. (0, ) 31. y 12 e3x 12 ex 2x

EXERCISES 2.2 (PAGE 51) 31. y 2x  1  5>x; (0, )

27. y 12 x  2 11 x2 53. E(t) E 0 e(t4)/RC

25. 2y 2x  sin 2(x  y) c 23. A(t) 1000 1000et /100

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3 IN REVIEW (PAGE 113)

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 4

EXERCISES 4.6 (PAGE 161) EXERCISES 4.8 (PAGE 179)

9. y c1 e2x  c2 e2x  14 e2x ln x e2x � � x

23. y c 1 x 1  c 2 x ln x 37. yp(x) 12 x2 12 x

31. y c 1 x 10  c 2 x 2 43. yp(x) 12 (lnx)2  12 lnx

y c1 sin t  c2 cos t  c3 sin 16t  c4 cos 16t 1. y 0

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 5

7. (a) the 20-kg mass d 2x dx

5 47. q(t) 10 10e3t (cos 3t  sin 3t)

n2 2 n x (b) i(t) 23 cos 100t  23 cos 50t

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 6

 2!1 x  4!1 x 6!1 x  . . .

(d) vb 21,797 cm/s

19. x(t) e4t ( 2617 cos 2 12 t  2817 12 sin 2 12 t )  178 et 

9.  2!1 x 4!3 x 216! x   

EXERCISES 6.3 (PAGE 255)

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 7

53. y x 4x3  165 x 5 e kt ekt

CHAPTER 6 IN REVIEW (PAGE 271) k

33. y 101 e4t  19

es e2s e2s

33. et 12 t 2 t 1 37. f (t) sin t 11. x 12 t2  t  1 et

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 7

�11� e �11�te  �0� e 

�21� e �2tt  11� e �31� e �19� e  � � e

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 8

35. X c1 �coscost t sin t� e 4t

EXERCISES 8.4 (PAGE 359)

�10� e �41� e  �4

(c) Actual value is y(0.1) 1.2214. Error is 0.0214.

15. (a) y1 0.8

ANSWERS FOR SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 9

5. (a) �93 248� (b) �63 8

7. (a) 180 (b) 8 16 20 (c) 12

17. nonsingular; A1

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EXERCISES 2.2 (PAGE 51) 31. y 2x 1 5>x; (0, )

27. y 12 x 2 11 x2 53. E(t) E 0 e(t4)/RC

25. 2y 2x sin 2(x y) c 23. A(t) 1000 1000et /100

9. y c1 e2x c2 e2x 14 e2x ln x e2x � � x

23. y c 1 x 1 c 2 x ln x 37. yp(x) 12 x2 12 x

31. y c 1 x 10 c 2 x 2 43. yp(x) 12 (lnx)2 12 lnx

y c1 sin t c2 cos t c3 sin 16t c4 cos 16t 1. y 0

5 47. q(t) 10 10e3t (cos 3t sin 3t)

n2 2 n x (b) i(t) 23 cos 100t 23 cos 50t

2!1 x 4!1 x 6!1 x . . .

19. x(t) e4t ( 2617 cos 2 12 t 2817 12 sin 2 12 t ) 178 et

9. 2!1 x 4!3 x 216! x

53. y x 4x3 165 x 5 e kt ekt

33. y 101 e4t 19

33. et 12 t 2 t 1 37. f (t) sin t 11. x 12 t2 t 1 et

�11� e �11�te �0� e

�21� e �2tt 11� e �31� e �19� e � � e

�10� e �41� e �4