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Introduction To Dyeing
Introduction To Dyeing
Forces responsible
1. Force of repulsion which are developed
between the dye molecules and water.
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Phases of Dyeing process
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Rate Of Dyeing:
1. concentration of dye
2. Temperature
3. presence of electrolytes
4. Material to liquor ratio(The rate of dyeing decreases with
increasing ratio of goods to liquor)
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Classification of Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs can be classified by many methods
as follows:
1. by their ionic (e.g. cationic, anionic and
non-ionic)
2. by their fiber dyeabilities (e.g. on
cellulosic, protein, polyester, polyamide etc.)
3. by their names (e.g. acid, direct, disperse,
reactive, basic etc.)
4. by their chemical structures (e.g. azo,
anthraquinone
5. by their origins (e.g. natural, synthetic)
6. by their colors (e.g. red, green, black etc.)
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Choice of dye
??
1. Cost
2. Non-toxic
3. Compatible to other dyes and chemicals
4. High color strength
5. Better brightness
6. Better fastness
7. Good levelness on the materials
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Dyeing Methods
1. Mass-coloration
Advantage &
Disadvantage?
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2. Fiber Dyeing
dyeing fibers before blending with other
colors to give fancy yarns or fabrics.
Advantage &
Disadvantage? 15
3. Yarn Dyeing
Dyeing yarns in forms of hanks or packages
dyeing. This will give Scottish’s style
fabrics, carpet with many colors and styles.
Advantage &
Disadvantage? 16
4. Fabric Dyeing
Dyeing after weaving, knitting, or non-woven to
make fabrics. This is very popular method of
dyeing as the dyed fabrics will be processed
further to garment industries very easily.
Advantage &
Disadvantage? 19
Garment dyeing is done by placing a suitable number of garments (usually
about24 sweaters or the equivalent, depending on the weight) into large
nylon net bag. The garments are loosely packed. From 10 to 50 of the bags
are placed in large tubs containing the dye bath and kept agitated by a
motor– driven paddle in the dye tub. The machine is appropriately called a
paddle dryer
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Exhaustion Dyeing Process
This method is using lot of water as shown
in “Liquor Ratio This should immerse the
goods into dye solution for a long time in
order to let the dye penetrate into the goods.
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Direct Dyes (Anionic)
Properties:
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Yellow Pink Brown Turquoise
Forrest
Fushia Grey Green
Green
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Direct Dyes (Anionic)
The Effected factors :
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Direct Dyes (Anionic)
After treatments:
1. Diazotisation
Certain direct dyes having a base structure that
chemically combines with “Napthol” to form an
insoluble Azoic dyes
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Direct Dyes (Anionic)
After treatments:
2. Copper treatment
Treatment with CuSo4 and HAC,will form a copper
metal complex having a larger size dye molecules within
the fibre
Mainly to navy and balck shades
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Direct Dyes (Anionic)
After treatments:
3. Cationic agents
involves precipitation of anionic dyes in the cotton with
a cationic surfactant or polymer in warm water.
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Acid Dyes(Anionic)
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
Properties:
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
Sub Classes:
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
a. Simple Acid Dyes
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
Simple Acid Dyes Properties
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
b. Metal complex(pre-metallised) Acid Dyes
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
Metal complex(pre-metallised) Acid Dyes Properties
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Acid Dyes (Anionic)
The Effected factors :
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Basic Dyes(Cationic)
Basic dyes are used for dyeing wool, silk, and acrylic and
modacrylic fibre
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Basic Dyes (Cationic)
Properties:
1. Brilliant colors can be obtained than any other dye class
3. The basic dyes are poor fastness to light and vary with regard to
washing fastness from poor to moderate-Do back Tanning
4. The basic dyestuff will combine with direct or sulphur or some acid
dyestuffs. Sothey cannot be used together in the same bath.
5. Basic dyes are used for woolen goods when particularly bright
shades are requiredwhich cannot be obtained with an acid dyes
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Reactive Dyes (Anionic)
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Reactive Dyes (Anionic)
Properties:
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Reason of Popularity
Ability to produce bright shades of wide
range.
High leveling quality.
Good washing fastness.
Good light fastness.
Simple dyeing method therefore one stage
dyeing.
Low temperature dyeing (below 1000C)
Lower cost, i.e. cheaper.
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• A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically
with a substrate to form a covalent dye substrate
linkage, is known as reactive dye.
• Here the dye contains a reactive group and this
reactive group makes covalent bond with the
fiber polymer and act as an integral part of fiber.
• Reactive dyes are so called because this is the
only type of dye, which has reactive group, and
that reactive group reacts chemically with fiber
polymer molecules and form covalent bond.
Full Colour Gamut
Brilliant, bright colours
Colvalent fixation → high WashFastness (WF)
Varying reactivities
◦ Various temperatures
including low energy (cold dyeing)
Various methods of application
Inexpensive to apply (but dyes expensive)
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Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte
or dye absorption.
Fixation under the influence of alkali.
wash-off the unfixed dye from material
surface.
1) pH of the dye bath
2) Amount of alkali
3) Dyeing temperature
4) Electrolyte concentration
5) Time of dyeing
6) Liquor ratio
On the basis of dyeing temperature:
a) Cold brand:
These types of dyes contain reactive group of
high reactivity. So dyeing can be done in
lower temperature i.e. 30-400C.
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b) Medium brand:
This type of dyes contains reactive groups of
moderate reactivity. So dyeing is done in
higher temperature than that of cold brand
dyes i.e. in between 60-70 0C temperatures.
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c) Hot brand:
This type of dye contains reactive groups of
least reactivity. So high temperature is
required for dyeing i.e. 70-900 C temperature
is required for dyeing.
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Typical dyeing conditions for a bifunctional
monochlorotriazine dye
(Procion Red H-3B, C.I. Reactive Red 3) -
Hot Brand dye
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Continuous
◦ eg. Pad - Thermofix
Semi-Continuous
◦ eg. Pad - Batch
Batchwise Exhaustion *
◦ eg. Winch, Jet, Package and Beam Dyeing
Printing
◦ eg. Print - Thermofix
Uneven Dyeing
Batch to Batch Shade variation
Patchy dyeing effect
Roll to roll variation or Meter to Meter
variation
Crease mark
Dye spot
Wrinkle mark
Softener Mark
VAT Dyes(Anionic when soluble)
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VAT Dyes(Anionic when soluble)
Properties:
1. insoluble in water .
2. excellent washing and light fastness
3. expensive compared to other dye classes
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VAT Dyes(Anionic when soluble)
Vat dyes being insoluble in water, cannot be directly
applied to textile materials. They have to be
converted into water soluble form having affinity
for textile fibres such as cellulose fibres.
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Conversion of CI Vat Red 42
Reduction Na+
Oxidation NaOH
Na+
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VAT Dyes(Anionic when soluble)
1. Vatting
2. Dyeing
3. Oxidation
4. After Treatments-Soaping off
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Solubilised vat dyes (indigosols)
Properties:
1. Soluble in Water
2. Vatting operation is not necessary and hence can
be applied directly in the bath
3. Solubilised vat dye have less affinity for the
fibres
4. Suitable for light and medium depths
5. Posses a good coverage and leveling properties
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Sulfur Dye (Anionic when soluble)
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Sulphur Dyes(Anionic when soluble)
Properties:
1. insoluble in water.
2. Moderate wash & light fastness
3. Color range is limited to black,blue,brown
4. Popular for dark sulphur colors of navy and
black due to relatively low cost
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Non-ionic organic coloring substances which
are insoluble in water.
Developed for synthetic fibers which are
hydrophobic.
Disperse dyes were developed because these
fibers were not dyed with any other dye.
Polyester fibers have more crystalline region
which are closely packed (more compact
structure).
On the other hand disperse dye molecule size
is smaller, that is why disperse dyes are used
for these fibers.
Polyester fibers are extremely crystalline and
hydrophobic that is why difficult to dye with
medium or dark shades even by dyeing at the
boil.
Carrier Method
(at 100°C temp.)
Pollution problems.
No carrier cost.
Light Fastness:
Show fair to good light fastness properties (may be
attributed in part to the non-polar nature of the dye
molecule which will not readily attract water
molecules and other polar agents that may have a
degrading effect.