Alloys:

It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal with non metal alloys
have properties different from constituent metals. Allowing is done to improve the
properties of metal like resistance to Corrosion, increased strength and hardness
etc.
E.g.: Pure iron is very soft and stretched easily. It is made hard and strong by
heating it with 0.05% carbon to produce steel. Steel is very hard and strong.
 Bronze = copper and tin .Used to make statues, medals, coins etc.
 Brass = copper and zinc. Used to make utensils, decorative articles etc.
Though copper is a good conductor of electricity, bronze and brass are poor
conductors of electricity.
 Solder = tin and lead. It has a low melting point and it is used for
Welding electric wires together.

 Amalgam: Alloy of any metal with mercury is called amalgam.

Preparation of alloy:
 Alloy is prepared by first melting the main metal and then mixing it with other
constituents and cooled at room temperature.
 Pure gold is 24 Carat, it means out of 24 parts all the parts are pure gold, but has
less workability and soft. Hence, it is mixed with Cu,
Ag as impurities.
E.g.: 22 carat gold has 22 parts of pure gold and 2 parts of impurity in every 24 hours.

Q. An ore on heating strongly gives out CO2 gas. An ore on treatment with dilute
acids gives CO2 gas. What is the ore? How do you extract pure metal from this ore?

Ans:
This ore is a carbonate ore MCO3, where M is a divalent metal (eg: ZnCO3 )
Step1:
Dressing or concentration of ore is done by suitable method is to remove the gangue from
impure ore.

Step2: Calcination:
The strong heating of carbonate ore in limited supply or absence of air to convert the
carbonate to metal oxide is called calcinations. It is easier to extract the metal from oxide
than from carbonate.
MCO3 →HEAT → MO + CO2
ZnCO3 →HEAT → ZnO + CO2

PbCO3 →HEAT → PbO + CO2

Step3: Reduction
The metal oxide obtained after calcinations is reduced to metal by using reducing agent
and heat.
MO + C → M + CO
ZnO + C → Zn + CO

Step4: Refining
The impure metal obtained above is refined by suitable process like electrolytic refining
etc; to get pure metal. FIG
…………………………………………………………………………………………
VERY IMPORTANT

1. Give mechanism by electron transfer (NaCl etc)

2. DRAW DIAGRAM FOR ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM.(NCERT FIG)