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Integrated Science (Week2)
Integrated Science (Week2)
Temperature affects the change of state. The melting and boiling points are affected by impurities and
atmospheric pressure. The change from a liquid to a gas occurs at fixed temperatures for various substances.
The change from a solid to a liquid occurs at fixed temperatures which is specific for that substance.
Heating results in an increase in the movement and volume of matter. Gases expand the most when heated
while solids expand the least when heated. When solids are heated the energy of each particle is increased. It
vibrates more according to the amount of energy supplied so the particles are able to move. When liquids
are heated the energy of each particle is increased. The particles move more and further apart.
Inertia
1
Diffusion of matter:
Particles move at random in liquids and gases. The movement of colours in a liquid is due to the movement
of particles in a liquid. Over time the random movement will result in the spreading out of particles from a
region where they are concentrated (more). This movement of particles from a region of high concentration
to a region of low concentration until they are evenly distributed is called diffusion. In other words,
diffusion occurs to spread particles equally across a given area/volume.
Diffusion takes place more quickly in a gaseous state than in a liquid state. This is because the particles in a
gas have more energy and move more quickly than the particles in a liquid.
The use of diffusion in maintaining life process include: gaseous exchange, absorption of digested food,
mixtures of liquids/ gases. The sense of smell depends on the diffusion of gas particles.
Examples of diffusion include: the smelling of perfume because it diffuses into the air and makes its way
into your nose, a teabag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water, cigarette smoke diffuses into
the air. The factors that influence the rate of diffusion are temperature and concentration. The rate of
diffusion is affected by increased: quantity, temperature, movement
Activity:
2
Air pressure
Air pressure is the weight of air molecules pressing down on the earth. The pressure of air molecules
changes as you move upwards from sea level into the atmosphere. Devices which make use of air pressure
are: the manometer and barometer.
A barometer is any instrument that measures air pressure. Barometers come in two basic forms: the aneroid
barometer and the mercury barometer. Aneroid barometers use cells that expand and contract as air pressure
changes. Air pressure is measured by attaching a needle into these cells. A mercury barometer, on the other
hand, uses mercury that rises and falls in response to air pressure changes.
Figure 6: A manometer
3
Worksheet: All questions should be answered in your Integrated Science notebook
d) Have ever observed an adult using a pressure cooker? Give your understanding of how heat energy
b) Give the meaning for each variable in the formula given in 2(a)
b) Explain how the rate of diffusion is affected any ONE of the factors named on 2 (a)
c) The following lab should be executed with care and caution and completed in your lab book
Title: Diffusion
Apparatus /Materials: Transparent glasses, water, drink mix, table spoon, and timer
Before After
4
Method: To be written in past tense
- Add one tablespoon of drink mix to the glass and immediately start the timer
-Record observations as soon the drink mix is added and then for every five minutes for 15
minutes.
Observations/Results:
Discussion: What is diffusion? What caused the observation to change after every 5 minutes? Give one
example each for diffusion in air and liquid (other than what was mentioned in the handout)
Conclusion: what did you find out after conducting this experiment?
5
Section 2 Notes
All pure substances have their own unique set of properties, or characteristics All
mixtures contain two or more pure substances, which have their own distinct
properties (some of which may be hidden)
Mechanical
Mixtures
Mixtures
Solutions
Matter Suspensions
& Colloids
Pure
Substances
Homogenous Mixtures
- mixtures which look as though they have only one set of properties.
- the blended mixture has equal amounts of both substances (all parts of the
mixture are the same)
- if the homogenous mixture does not have any settling of any of the
substances it is made of, then it is called a solution
- solutions occur because each particle slips between each other particle and
is evenly distributed throughout the entire mixture
Heterogeneous Mixtures
- the properties of the pure substances, in a heterogeneous mixture, are not
hidden
- if there are two or more materials that are visible within a mixture, then it
is called a heterogeneous mixture
In‐Between Mixtures
- a heterogeneous mixture, in which the particles settle slowly after mixing,
is called a suspension (eg. orange juice)
- a heterogeneous mixture, in which particles do not settle at all, is called a
colloid (eg. fog)
- mixtures that are obviously two or more substances are called mechanical
mixtures.
Paper Chromatography
A filter paper is placed partially in a solution – if the fluid moves up to only one
level it is a pure substance – if it moves up to multiple levels showing each
substance, then it is a solution.
The filter paper used in the paper chromatography test is called a chromatogram.
The distance a substance move up the chromatogram depends on its attraction to
the paper. Those with a stronger attraction to the paper don’t move up as far as
those with a weaker attraction.
Filter paper Chromatogram
Solvent
Ink spots
Applications of Chromatography
Separation systems are used in a wide variety of industrial and scientific
applications. These systems isolate and analyze products that come from
mixtures formed during chemical synthesis. Chromatography applications are
used in many scientific analyses, including:
- Medical/biomedical research, quality control of pharmaceuticals, routine
clinical determination, and drug screening
- Space‐related and geo‐chemical research and development
- Forensic sciences
- Food and cosmetic chemical measurement
- Process control in the petroleum industry
- Environmental monitoring and pollution control
- Investigation of the chemistry and metabolism of biological systems.
Measuring Concentration
The concentration of a solution is the actual amount of solute in a specific
amount of solvent. example: 50 grams of solute dissolved in 100 ml of water has
a concentration of 50g/100ml (Another common way to express concentration is
how much solute is dissolved in a 100 ml of a solvent ). Concentration can also be
stated as a percentage ‐ ie. 5% (means, 5g/100ml). Extremely low concentrations
are stated in ppm (parts per million).
Comparing Concentrations
To compare concentrations of two solutions, you need to know the amount of
solute in the same volume of solvent for each solution.
97% of the water on Earth is Ocean water, 2% is frozen and only about 0.5% is
'usable' (and even this has materials already dissolved in it that can be harmful),
Solutions are not only made up of liquids. The chart on p. 29 illustrates other
mixtures that can make solutions.
Thermal Pollution
This decrease in the solubility of gases can have a serious effect on the
environment. If the temperature of water increases (warm industrial waste water
poured directly into lakes and rivers) then there is less oxygen that can be
dissolved in the water – thus, affecting the living organisms in the water. This is
called thermal pollution.
2.4 The Particle Model of Matter and The Behaviour of Mixtures
The particles flow in a fluid by moving freely past one another and at rest have a
flat surface. For this reason, solids do not flow, because at rest, they form a
coneshaped heap.
Temperature