9-21 Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with air as the working fluid.

The maximum
pressure in the cycle is 1300 kPa while the maximum temperature is 950 K. If the entropy increase
during the isothermal heat rejection process is 0.25 kJ/kg·K and the net work output is 100 kJ/kg,
determine (a) the minimum pressure in the cycle, (b) the heat rejection from the cycle, and (c) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle. (d) If an actual heat engine cycle operates between the same
temperature limits and produces 5200 kW of power for an air flow rate of 95 kg/s, determine the
second law efficiency of this cycle.

9–22 An ideal gas is contained in a piston-cylinder device and undergoes a power cycle as follows:
1-2 isentropic compression from an initial temperature T1 = 20°C with a compression ratio r = 5
2-3 constant pressure heat addition
3-1 constant volume heat rejection
The gas has constant specific heats with cv= 0.7 kJ/kg·K and R = 0.3 kJ/kg·K.
(a) Sketch the P-v and T-s diagrams for the cycle.
(b) Determine the heat and work interactions for each process, in kJ/kg.
(c) Determine the cycle thermal efficiency.
(d) Obtain the expression for the cycle thermal efficiency as a function of the compression ratio r and
ratio of specific heats k.
9–37E A spark-ignition engine has a compression ratio of 8, an isentropic compression efficiency of
85 percent, and an isentropic expansion efficiency of 95 percent. At the beginning of the compression,
the air in the cylinder is at 13 psia and 60°F. The maximum gas temperature is found to be 2300°F by
measurement. Determine the heat supplied per unit mass, the thermal efficiency, and the mean
effective pressure of this engine when modelled with the Otto cycle. Use constant specific heats at
room temperature.
9–52E An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18.2. Air is at 1208F and 14.7 psia at the
beginning of the compression process and at 3200 R at the end of the heat addition process.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the cutoff ratio, (b) the
heat rejection per unit mass, and (c) the thermal efficiency.

9-60 The compression ratio of an ideal dual cycle is 14. Air is at 100 kPa and 300 K at the beginning of the
compression process and at 2200 K at the end of the heat-addition process. Heat transfer to air takes
place partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure, and it amounts to 1520.4 kJ/kg.
Assuming variable specific heats for air, determine (a) the fraction of heat transferred at constant
volume and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
9–70 An ideal Stirling engine using helium as the working fluid operates between temperature limits of 300
and 2000 K and pressure limits of 150 kPa and 3 MPa. Assuming the mass of the helium used in the
cycle is 0.12 kg, determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the amount of heat transfer in
the regenerator, and (c) the work output per cycle.
9–71 Consider an ideal Ericsson cycle with air as the working fluid executed in a steady-flow system. Air is at 27 °C
and 120 kPa at the beginning of the isothermal compression process, during which 150 kJ/kg of heat is rejected. Heat
transfer to air occurs at 1200 K. Determine (a) the maximum pressure in the cycle, (b) the net work output per unit
mass of air, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

9–90 A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the pressure limits of
100 and 1600 kPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the compressor at 40°C at a rate of 850
m3/min and leaves the turbine at 650°C. Using variable specific heats for air and assuming a
compressor isentropic efficiency of 85 percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88 percent,
determine (a) the net power output, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
9–94 A gas-turbine power plant operates on a modified Brayton cycle shown in the figure with an overall
pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at 0°C and 100 kPa. The maximum cycle temperature is
1500 K. The compressor and the turbines are isentropic. The high pressure turbine develops just
enough power to run the compressor. Assume constant properties for air at 300 K with cv = 0.718
kJ/kg·K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, k = 1.4.
(a) Sketch the T-s diagram for the cycle. Label the data states.
(b) Determine the temperature and pressure at state 4, the exit of the high pressure turbine.
(c) If the net power output is 200 MW, determine mass flow rate of the air into the compressor, in
kg/s.
9–99 A gas turbine for an automobile is designed with a regenerator. Air enters the compressor of this
engine at 100 kPa and 30°C. The compressor pressure ratio is 10; the maximum cycle temperature is
8008C; and the cold air stream leaves the regenerator 10°C cooler than the hot air stream at the inlet
of the regenerator. Assuming both the compressor and the turbine to be isentropic, determine the rates
of heat addition and rejection for this cycle when it produces 115 kW. Use constant specific heats at
room temperature.
9–168 A gas-turbine plant operates on the regenerative Brayton cycle with two stages of reheating and
two-stages of intercooling between the pressure limits of 100 and 1200 kPa. The working fluid is air.
The air enters the first and the second stages of the compressor at 300 K and 350 K, respectively, and
the first and the second stages of the turbine at 1400 K and 1300 K, respectively. Assuming both the
compressor and the turbine have an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent and the regenerator has an
effectiveness of 75 percent and using variable specific heats, determine (a) the back work ratio and
the net work output, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the secondlaw efficiency of the cycle. Also
determine (d) the exergies at the exits of the combustion chamber (state 6) and the regenerator (state
10)