RULES:

1. Thou shalt not vandalize thy file

2. Thou shalt not use the file to cheateth
3. Thou shalt be respectful of others
4. Thou shalt not erase the notes for no good reason
5. Thou shalt not add files that are inappropriate, pornographic, obscene, violent or are off-
topic
6. Thou shalt write thy name once thou have written on the file or used it as reference

Remember God is watching you!

LOG:
Alexa (Owner)
Chelsea

LEGEND:
Blue - document notes
Green - activities
Yellow - important terms/keypoints

Note: If you need help with understanding anything, leave a comment so someone can PM or
type in the explanation in the document - Alexa

1st Quarter:
Topic 1: Sequences
- Sequence: A set/list of things (usually numbers) arranged in a specific order.

Sequence
- Refers to a set/list of numbers that are arranged in a specific order
● Term: Each number/element in a sequence
● How are the terms arranged?: They are arranged based on the specific
order of the sequence
● Extremes: First and Last Terms of the Sequence
● Means: The terms between the Extremes
● Notation: The way that each element is listed, separated by a comma, and
then has curly brackets around the whole thing
Examples:
25 , 17 , 9 , …
a1 , a 2 , a3 , a n
 ● n: is the position of the term
● an: is any term in a sequence
● A sequence is formed by putting a specific set of numbers in a specific
pattern and in a specific way.
● General Term/nth Term: The fixed rule or property that the sequence is
formed according to.

Types of Sequences:
1. Infinite Sequence ( Has “…” which is called an ellipsis)
- Has no definite set of terms
- The three dots in the sequence means there are more terms that can’t be
listed because it means the sequence is infinite
2. Finite Sequence
- There is a definite set of terms

Example Problems:
1. { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 }
Rules of Sequence:
- The sequence of the first 4 odd numbers
- The sequence of the first 4 multiples of two
2. { a , n , g , e , l }
- The sequence of letters in the word Angel
3. { 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 , … }
- An infinite sequence where every term is doubled.
- The sequence of 1 that is multiplied by 2 every time.
4. { 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , … }
- An infinite sequence of perfect squares
5. { 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 21 , … }
- The sequence where after the first two numbers, the rest are the sum of
the two preceding terms.

Collaborative Activity:
{1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ...}
Possible Answers:
- An infinite sequence that starts at 1 and jumps 3 every time.
- An infinite sequence that starts at 1 and all succeeding terms are 3 more than the
previous term.

an = an-1 + 3
Recursive Formula:
- Makes use of the previous term to form the succeeding term
- You can find the value of the specific term, using the previous term
Example:
an = an-1 + 3

Explicit Formula:
- Quickly determines the value based on the position or pattern of the sequence.
- You don’t need to check the previous term to know the succeeding term
Example:
an = 3n - 2

a1 = 1 = 3(1)=3
a2 = 4 = 3(2)=6
a3 = 7 = 3(3)=9

More Example Problems:

- Find the indicated term of the sequence with the given general term.

an = 2n + 2

a. 8th term
a8 = 28 + 2
a8 = 2(8) + 2
a8 = 16 + 2
a8 = 18

b. 10th term
a10 = 210 + 2
a10 = 2(10) + 2
a10 = 20 + 2
a10 = 22

Reminders:
- You have to react to all the messages sent by Miss in the Google Chat, so that
Miss will know whether or not you are aware of the announcement
- Keep up with the weekly tasks
- Study about Series and Summation Notation
- We will be answering Assessment 1.1 next encounter
Collaborate Activity:

SET A SET B SET C

a 8 48 a1 0 a2

a 10 80 a 13 a 10

a 6 24 a6 a9

a 12 120 a7 a 11

a4 8 a9 a 14

a 11 99 a 10 a6

a 16 224 a 14 a8

a 20 360 a3 a 15

Topic 2: Series
- The indicated sum of the terms in a given sequence
- Adding all the terms in the sequence - Series
- Is what you get when you add up all the terms o f a sequence
 - Sum/Summation: The addition, and also the resulting value

● Infinite Series
- The sum of infinite terms

● Partial Sum
- The sum of part of the sequence
- These partial sums are sometimes called Finite Series (denoted as Sn).

Example Problems:
2+4+6+8+…=n=6
3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + … = n = 8

S6 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = 42
S8 = 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 21 + 24

Summation Notation:
- The more concise way to express a particular sum
- It makes use of the symbol (sigma), a Greek letter equivalent to S

● Example/s:

The sum of 2n + 1 as n goes from 1 to 6

Topic 3: Arithmetic Sequence
- A sequence in which a constant,d, is added to the previous term to get the next term
- The constant,d, is called the common difference
- To find the common difference, by subtracting the succeeding terms together
Example/s:
__, __, 0, 7, 14, 21
-14, -7, 0, 7, 14, 21

Example Problems:
1. { 0 , 12 , 24 , 36 , … }
0 - 12 = 12
24 - 36 = 12
d = 12
2. { - 10 , - 9.5 , 9 , … }
-10 - 9.5 = 0.5
-9.5 - 9 = 0.5
3. { 6 , 18 , 30 , 42 , … }
6 - 18 = 12
30 - 42 = 12
d = 12
4. { - 22 , -17, -12 , … }
-22 - 17 = 5
-17 - 12 = 5
d=5
5. { 5 , -3 , -11 , … }
5 - 3 = -8
-3 - 11 = -8
d = -8

● Finding a specific term in the Arithmetic Sequences:

 - Finding the nth term of an a
- rithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common difference d is given by :
an = a1 + (n - 1) d

Derivation:
a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 -

a1 = a1
a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d
a4 = a3 + d = [(a1 + d) + d] + d
a5 = a4 + d = ([(a1 + d) + d] + d] + d

a2 = a1 + d

a3 = a1 + 2d

a4 = a1 + 3d

a5 = a1 + 4d

an = a1 + (n - 1)d

- The number of common differences you’ll need to add is always one less than
the term (n).

Example/s:
a10 = a1 + 9d
a20 = a1 + 21d
a18 = a1 = 17d

Example Problem/s:
1. To find the 10th term:
Let a1 = 28
d = -4
n = 10

an = a1 + (n - 1)d
a10 = 28 + (10 - 1) - 4
a10 = 28 + (9) - 4
a10 = 28 - 36
a10 = -8
2. Find the 22th term of the given sequence 9 , 14 , 19 , 24 , 29 , …
Let a1 = 9
D=5
 N = 22

An = a1 + (n - 1)d
A22 = 9 + (22 - 1) 5
A22 = 9 + (21) 5
A22 = 9 + 105
A22 = 114

● Finding the Arithmetic means:

- Are the terms of an arithmetic sequence that are between two nonconsecutive
terms.

Example/s:
1. Insert three arithmetic means between 17 and 1
(a1)17 , a2 , a3 , a4 , 1(a5)

Find the common difference:

Let a1 = 17
A5 = 1
N=5
D=?

An = a1 + (n - 1) d
A5 = a1 + (5 - 1) d
1 = 17 + 4d
1- 17 = 4d
-16 = 4d
-4 = d

The common difference of the sequence is -4

17 , 13 , 9 , 5 , 1
2. Insert four arithmetic means between -5 and 20.

Find the common difference:

Let a1 = -5
N=6
D=?
● Finding d given any term in the sequence:

1. __ , __ , __ , 34 , __ , __ , __ , __ , __ , 22
To find the common difference:
Let a4 = 34
A10 = 22
D=?

A4 + 6d = a10
34 + 6d = 22 - 34
6d = 22 - 34
6d = -12
D = -2

Solving for a1:

Let a4 =34
D=-2
N=4
A1 = ?

An = a1 + (n - 1)d
A4 = a1 + (4 - 1) - 2
34 = a1 + (3) - 2
34 = a1 - 6
34 + 6 = a1
40 = a1
 40 , 38 , 36 , 34 , 32 , 33 , 28 , 26 , 24 , 22 , …

Topic 4: Arithmetic Series

- Is an expression denoting the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence

N = number of terms
A1 = first term
An = nth term
D = common difference

Example/s:
1. Find the sum of the first 100 natural numbers
2nd Quarter:
Topic 1: Geometric Sequences and Geometric
Means
- A sequence in which a common r, that is multiplied to the previous term to get the next
term.
- The common r, is called the common ratio.
- You can find the common ratio by dividing any term in the sequence to its previous term.

{5, 15, 45, 135, …} Common Ratio: 3

{1, 4, 16, 64 , …} Common Ratio: 4
{-2, -8m -32, -128, …} Common Ratio: 4
{1/27, ⅓, 3, 27, …} Common Ratio: 9

Formula/s:
● Finding the general term of the sequence:
an = a1 (r^n-1)
an = 2(2^n-1)
● Finding the common ratio:
an = a1 (r^n-1)

Finding the general term of the sequence:

{2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
Let a1 = 2
r=2

an = a1 (r^n-1)
an = 2(2^n-1)

Note/s:
a1 can be substituted to any number closer to the first term (i.e a5)

Example/s:
To get the 10th term: a10 = a5 (r^10-5)
To get the 9th term: a9 = a3 (r^9-3)

Example Problems:
1. The second term of Geometric sequence is 45 while the 4th term is 1,125. What is the
common ratio? { __, 45, __, 1,125, …}

To find the common ratio:

 Let a2 = 45
a4 = 1,125
r=?

an = a1(r^n-1)
a4 = a2(r^4-2)
1,125 = 45(r^2)
25 = r^2
5=r

Note/s:
To eliminate a exponent extract the square root

Finding Geometric Means:

- Are the terms of a geometric sequence that are between two non-consecutive terms.

Example Problems:
1. Find the three geometric between 32 and ⅛. {32, __, __, __, ⅛}
To find the common ratio:
Let a1=32
a5=⅛
r=?

an = a1(r^n-1)
a5 = a1(r^5-1)
⅛ = 32(r^4)
8(⅛) = 8*32(r^4)
1 = 256(r^4)
1/256 = r^4
4 √❑ = 4 √❑
¼=r

Finding the three terms:

● Second:
a2 = 32 * ¼ = 8
● Third:
a3 = 8 * ¼ = 2
● Fourth:
a4 = 2 * ¼ = ½

Note/s:
You can choose to first eliminate 32 or ⅛, in this equation, it is better to eliminate ⅛ to
not get a fraction,eliminate ⅛ by getting its reciprocal and multiply to eliminate.
Topic 2: Geometric Series
● The indicated sum of a geometric series

Finite Geometric Series:

● Determine the sum of the first six terms of the sequence, (3, 12, 48, 192, …).
Given:
a1=3
r=4
n=6
S6=?

Sn= a1(r^n-1)/r-1
S6= 3(4^6-1)/4-1
S6=3(4096-1)/3
S6=3(4095)/3
S6=12,285/3
S6=4,095

Infinite Geometric Series:

● The sum is harder to determine because the sequence is infinite.

Converging Series’s:
S∞ = a1/1-r

a1= first term

r= common ratio
/r/ <. 1

● A sequence is only able to satisfy the formula when the

Example:
Determine the sum of the infinite geometric series, 1 + ½ + ¼ + …
r=½
How..?
The partial sums don’t go beyond two, but are approaching two.
Since the common ratio are less than one, the partial sums don’t get bigger.
The partial sums converge to a certain value.
Given:
r=½
a1= 1
S=?

S∞ = a1/1-r
S∞ = 1/1-½
S∞ = 1/½
S∞ = 2

Note:
We can only determine the sum of an infinite series, if the ratio is less than one.

● The Series converges: When the common ratio is less than one. (⅔, ¼, ⅛ )
● The series diverges: When the common ratio is higher than one. (16, 4, 10, 11)

Example Word Problems:

a. Classes were suspended in a city due to a strong typhoon. Suppose the batch president
text 4 of her batch mates at 5 A.M., and then each of them forwarded the same text
message in a manner that excluded those who were already informed to four new mates
within an hour and so on, how many students will have received the same message by 8
A.M.?

Let:
a1= 4
r= 4
 Sn = a1(r^n - 1)/r - 1

a2= 4x4 = 16
a3= 16x4 = 64
a4= 64x4 = 256

Sn = a1(r^n - 1)/r - 1
S4 = 4(4^4 - 1)/4 - 1
S4 = 4(256 - 1)/3
S4 = 4(255)/3
S4 = 1020/3

Total: 340

Topic 3: Dividing Polynomials

Polynomial: An algebraic expression, in which variable(s) does (do) not occur in the
denominator, exponents of variable(s) are whole numbers and numerical coefficients of various
terms are real numbers, is called a polynomial.

Examples:
3x-y
⅓ a - b+7/2
1/4x^3 - 2y^2 + xy-8

Non-Examples:
x^3 - 1/x
√❑
x^⅔ + 5

In other words,
1. No term of a polynomial has a variable in the denominator
2. In each term of a polynomial, the exponents of the variable(s) are non-negative integers
3. Numerical coefficient of each term is a real number

Polynomials can be classified (named) by the number of terms…

Polynomial Degree Name

3x^3 1 Term Monomial

5x - 8 2 Terms Binomial
 4x^2 - 9x - 10 3 Terms Trinomial

Polynomials can be classified by the degree (largest exponent of the variable)...

Polynomial Degree Name

-24 0 degree (no power of x) Constant

2x^1-8 1st degree (x to the 1st Linear

degree)

3x^2-7 2nd degree (x^2) Quadratic

12x^3+10 3rd degree (x^3) Cubic

Example Problems (Classifying Polynomials):

Polynomial Number of Name of the Degree Name of

Terms Polynomial Polynomial

Example: x^2 + 2x + 1 3 Trinomial 2 Quadratic

x+1 2 Binomial 1 Linear Binomial

2x^4 + 3x^2 + 4x + 1 4 Polynomial 4 Quadratic

Polynomial

-5x^3 1 Monomial 3 Cubic Monomial

x^6 - 3x^3 + 1 3 Trinomial 6 6th Degree

Trinomial

3x^3 + 2x 2 Binomial 3 Cubic Trinomial

Speed Test:
1. (x)^5 (x)^5
x^10
2. (x)^5 + (x)^5
2x^5
3. (x^5)^5
x^10
4. x^5 - 3x^5 + 4x^5
2x^5
5. -a^3 - 3a^3 + 2a - 3a
-4a^3 - a
6. x^2 - 3 - (3x^2 - 4)
 -2x^2 + 1
7. a^5/a^3
a^2
8. 36x^4/4x
9x^3
9. 42^5/3x^5
14
10. -x^6/x^3
-x^3

Long Division:
1. Rewrite the given division problem in the form divisor/dividend. Arrange the polynomials
(dividend and divisor) in descending order of the exponents. If a term is missing, insert
zero as a placeholder.
2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor. This give the first term
of the quotient.
3. Multiply the quotient by the divisor and then subtract.
4. Repeat steps 1-3, with the difference obtained in step 3.

Dividend/Divisor = Quotient + Remainder/Divisor

Example/s:
1. (4x^3 + 8x - 3) by (2x + 2).
Synthetic Division:
1. Arrange the polynomials in descending order.
2. Insert placeholders for missing terms.
3. From x-p, determine p and put it at the left side of the pattern.
4. The final answer is made up of the numbers in the bottom row with the last number
being the reminder.
5. The degree of the final answer is one less than the dividend and the result must be
written in the form.

Example/s:
1. (2x^4 + 4x^3 + 6x + 5) by (x + 3)

Topic 4: Remainder and Factor Theorem

 ● The Remainder Theorem: If the polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - p), the remainder is
equal to f(p).
The theorem is useful when we are interested in finding the remainder only, which can
be easily determined by simply evaluating f(x) for x = p. In other words, we simply find
f(p).

x-p=o
x=P

● The Factor Theorem: (x - p) is a factor of f(x) if and only if f(p) = 0.

The Remainder Theorem and The Factor Theorem go hand in hand.

Example Problem/s:
1. If f(x) = x^4 - 3x^2 - 2x + 5 is divided by (x + 2), what is the remainder?
f(p)
x+2=0
x = -2
f(-2)

By the Remainder Theorem, f(-2) is the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 2.

f(x) = x^4 - 3x^2 - 2x + 5

f(-2) = (-2)^4 - 3(-2)^2 - 2(-2) + 5
f(-2) = 16 - 12 + 4 + 5
f(-2) = 13
The remainder is 13.

2. Determine whether x + 2 is a factor of f(x), without actually dividing, where f(x) = 3x^4 +
5x^3 - x^2 + x - 2.
x+2=0
x = -2
f(-2)

By the Remainder Theorem, f(-2) is the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 2.

f(x) = 3x^4 + 5x^3 - x^2 + x - 2

f(-2) = 3(-2)^4 + 5(-2)^3 - (-2)^2 + (-2) - 2

3. Find k so that x + 3 is a factor of f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 - kx + 12.

x+3=0
x = -3

f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 - kx + 12

f(-3) = (-3)^3 - 2(-3)^2 - k(-3) + 12 = []

Solving for k…
-27 - 18 + 3k + 12 = []
3k - 33 = []
3k = 33
k = 11
 4. Find the value of k so that when f(x) = x^3 + 8x^2 + kx + 4 is divided by (x + 2), the
remainder is 3.
x+2=0
x = -2

Solution:
Let f(x) = x^3 + 8x^2 + kx + 4
x = -2

By the Remainder Theorem…

f(-2) = (-2)^3 + 8(-2)^2 + k(-2) + 4 = 3
-8 + 32 - 2k + 4 = 3
28 - 2k = 3
-2k = -25
k = 25/2

Topic 1: Geometric Sequences and Geometric

Means
- A sequence in which a common r, that is multiplied to the previous term to get the next
term.
- The common r, is called the common ratio.
- You can find the common ratio by dividing any term in the sequence to its previous term.

{5, 15, 45, 135, …} Common Ratio: 3

{1, 4, 16, 64 , …} Common Ratio: 4
{-2, -8m -32, -128, …} Common Ratio: 4
{1/27, ⅓, 3, 27, …} Common Ratio: 9

Formula/s:
● Finding the general term of the sequence:
an = a1 (r^n-1)
an = 2(2^n-1)
● Finding the common ratio:
an = a1 (r^n-1)

Finding the general term of the sequence:

{2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
Let a1 = 2
r=2

an = a1 (r^n-1)
an = 2(2^n-1)

Note/s:
a1 can be substituted to any number closer to the first term (i.e a5)

Example/s:
To get the 10th term: a10 = a5 (r^10-5)
To get the 9th term: a9 = a3 (r^9-3)

Example Problems:
1. The second term of Geometric sequence is 45 while the 4th term is 1,125. What is the
common ratio? { __, 45, __, 1,125, …}

To find the common ratio:

Let a2 = 45
a4 = 1,125
r=?

an = a1(r^n-1)
a4 = a2(r^4-2)
1,125 = 45(r^2)
25 = r^2
5=r

Note/s:
To eliminate a exponent extract the square root

Finding Geometric Means:

- Are the terms of a geometric sequence that are between two non-consecutive terms.

Example Problems:
1. Find the three geometric between 32 and ⅛. {32, __, __, __, ⅛}
To find the common ratio:
Let a1=32
a5=⅛
r=?

an = a1(r^n-1)
a5 = a1(r^5-1)
⅛ = 32(r^4)
8(⅛) = 8*32(r^4)
1 = 256(r^4)
1/256 = r^4
4 √❑ = 4 √❑
¼=r

Finding the three terms:

 ● Second:
a2 = 32 * ¼ = 8
● Third:
a3 = 8 * ¼ = 2
● Fourth:
a4 = 2 * ¼ = ½

Note/s:
You can choose to first eliminate 32 or ⅛, in this equation, it is better to eliminate ⅛ to
not get a fraction,eliminate ⅛ by getting its reciprocal and multiply to eliminate.

Topic 2: Geometric Series

● The indicated sum of a geometric series

Finite Geometric Series:

● Determine the sum of the first six terms of the sequence, (3, 12, 48, 192, …).
Given:
a1=3
r=4
n=6
S6=?

Sn= a1(r^n-1)/r-1
S6= 3(4^6-1)/4-1
S6=3(4096-1)/3
S6=3(4095)/3
S6=12,285/3
S6=4,095

Infinite Geometric Series:

● The sum is harder to determine because the sequence is infinite.

Converging Series’s:
S∞ = a1/1-r

a1= first term

r= common ratio
/r/ <. 1

● A sequence is only able to satisfy the formula when the

Example:
Determine the sum of the infinite geometric series, 1 + ½ + ¼ + …
 r=½

How..?
The partial sums don’t go beyond two, but are approaching two.
Since the common ratio are less than one, the partial sums don’t get bigger.
The partial sums converge to a certain value.
Given:
r=½
a1= 1
S=?

S∞ = a1/1-r
S∞ = 1/1-½
S∞ = 1/½
S∞ = 2

Note:
We can only determine the sum of an infinite series, if the ratio is less than one.

● The Series converges: When the common ratio is less than one. (⅔, ¼, ⅛ )
● The series diverges: When the common ratio is higher than one. (16, 4, 10, 11)

Example Word Problems:

a. Classes were suspended in a city due to a strong typhoon. Suppose the batch president
text 4 of her batch mates at 5 A.M., and then each of them forwarded the same text
message in a manner that excluded those who were already informed to four new mates
within an hour and so on, how many students will have received the same message by 8
A.M.?

Let:
a1= 4
 r= 4

Sn = a1(r^n - 1)/r - 1

a2= 4x4 = 16
a3= 16x4 = 64
a4= 64x4 = 256

Sn = a1(r^n - 1)/r - 1
S4 = 4(4^4 - 1)/4 - 1
S4 = 4(256 - 1)/3
S4 = 4(255)/3
S4 = 1020/3

Total: 340

Topic 3: Dividing Polynomials

Polynomial: An algebraic expression, in which variable(s) does (do) not occur in the
denominator, exponents of variable(s) are whole numbers and numerical coefficients of various
terms are real numbers, is called a polynomial.

Examples:
3x-y
⅓ a - b+7/2
1/4x^3 - 2y^2 + xy-8

Non-Examples:
x^3 - 1/x
√❑
x^⅔ + 5

In other words,
1. No term of a polynomial has a variable in the denominator
2. In each term of a polynomial, the exponents of the variable(s) are non-negative integers
3. Numerical coefficient of each term is a real number

Polynomials can be classified (named) by the number of terms…

Polynomial Degree Name

3x^3 1 Term Monomial

5x - 8 2 Terms Binomial
 4x^2 - 9x - 10 3 Terms Trinomial

Polynomials can be classified by the degree (largest exponent of the variable)...

Polynomial Degree Name

-24 0 degree (no power of x) Constant

2x^1-8 1st degree (x to the 1st Linear

degree)

3x^2-7 2nd degree (x^2) Quadratic

12x^3+10 3rd degree (x^3) Cubic

Example Problems (Classifying Polynomials):

Polynomial Number of Name of the Degree Name of

Terms Polynomial Polynomial

Example: x^2 + 2x + 1 3 Trinomial 2 Quadratic

x+1 2 Binomial 1 Linear Binomial

2x^4 + 3x^2 + 4x + 1 4 Polynomial 4 Quadratic

Polynomial

-5x^3 1 Monomial 3 Cubic Monomial

x^6 - 3x^3 + 1 3 Trinomial 6 6th Degree

Trinomial

3x^3 + 2x 2 Binomial 3 Cubic Trinomial

Speed Test:
1. (x)^5 (x)^5
x^10
2. (x)^5 + (x)^5
2x^5
3. (x^5)^5
x^10
4. x^5 - 3x^5 + 4x^5
2x^5
5. -a^3 - 3a^3 + 2a - 3a
-4a^3 - a
6. x^2 - 3 - (3x^2 - 4)
 -2x^2 + 1
7. a^5/a^3
a^2
8. 36x^4/4x
9x^3
9. 42^5/3x^5
14
10. -x^6/x^3
-x^3

Long Division:
1. Rewrite the given division problem in the form divisor/dividend. Arrange the polynomials
(dividend and divisor) in descending order of the exponents. If a term is missing, insert
zero as a placeholder.
2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor. This give the first term
of the quotient.
3. Multiply the quotient by the divisor and then subtract.
4. Repeat steps 1-3, with the difference obtained in step 3.

Dividend/Divisor = Quotient + Remainder/Divisor

Example/s:
1. (4x^3 + 8x - 3) by (2x + 2).
Synthetic Division:
1. Arrange the polynomials in descending order.
2. Insert placeholders for missing terms.
3. From x-p, determine p and put it at the left side of the pattern.
4. The final answer is made up of the numbers in the bottom row with the last number
being the reminder.
5. The degree of the final answer is one less than the dividend and the result must be
written in the form.

Example/s:
1. (2x^4 + 4x^3 + 6x + 5) by (x + 3)
Topic 4: Remainder and Factor Theorem
● The Remainder Theorem: If the polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - p), the remainder is
equal to f(p).
The theorem is useful when we are interested in finding the remainder only, which can
be easily determined by simply evaluating f(x) for x = p. In other words, we simply find
f(p).

x-p=o
x=P

● The Factor Theorem: (x - p) is a factor of f(x) if and only if f(p) = 0.

The Remainder Theorem and The Factor Theorem go hand in hand.

Example Problem/s:
1. If f(x) = x^4 - 3x^2 - 2x + 5 is divided by (x + 2), what is the remainder?
f(p)
x+2=0
x = -2
f(-2)

By the Remainder Theorem, f(-2) is the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 2.

f(x) = x^4 - 3x^2 - 2x + 5

f(-2) = (-2)^4 - 3(-2)^2 - 2(-2) + 5
f(-2) = 16 - 12 + 4 + 5
f(-2) = 13
The remainder is 13.

2. Determine whether x + 2 is a factor of f(x), without actually dividing, where f(x) = 3x^4 +
5x^3 - x^2 + x - 2.
x+2=0
x = -2
f(-2)

By the Remainder Theorem, f(-2) is the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 2.

f(x) = 3x^4 + 5x^3 - x^2 + x - 2

f(-2) = 3(-2)^4 + 5(-2)^3 - (-2)^2 + (-2) - 2

3. Find k so that x + 3 is a factor of f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 - kx + 12.

x+3=0
x = -3

f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 - kx + 12

f(-3) = (-3)^3 - 2(-3)^2 - k(-3) + 12 = []

Solving for k…
-27 - 18 + 3k + 12 = []
 3k - 33 = []
3k = 33
k = 11

4. Find the value of k so that when f(x) = x^3 + 8x^2 + kx + 4 is divided by (x + 2), the
remainder is 3.
x+2=0
x = -2

Solution:
Let f(x) = x^3 + 8x^2 + kx + 4
x = -2

By the Remainder Theorem…

f(-2) = (-2)^3 + 8(-2)^2 + k(-2) + 4 = 3
-8 + 32 - 2k + 4 = 3
28 - 2k = 3
-2k = -25
k = 25/2

3rd Quarter:
Topic 1: Circle
● A circle is the set of points in a plane equidistant, called the radius, from a given point
called the center of the circle.

A circle is named after its center point.

Parts of a Circle
● Sector
● Arc
● Segment
● Secant
● Diameter (Longest Chord)
● Chord
● Radius
● Tangent
● Point of Tangency
Secant:
● A chord that intersects the circle at two points.
● It extends from the circumference of a circle

Tangent:
● A line or ray that intersects the circle at one point only (Point of Tangency/Point of
Contact).

Arc:
● Part of the circumference of the circle
● Identified based on its endpoints
Ex.
A - B = Arc AB

Sector:
● A region that is bounded by two radii and an arc.

Segment:
● A region that is bounded by a chord and an arc.

Segments that intersect a circle have special names

Segments that Intersect Circles

 ● A radius (plural radii) is a segment
with endpoints at the center and on
the circle.

● A chord is a segment with endpoints

on the circle.
● Chords do not go through the center
of the circle.

● A diameter is a segment that passes

through the center of the circle and
has endpoints on the circle. (Collinear
radii.)

Angles:
a. Central Angle
● An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle.
● It is equal to the arc it intercepts

b. Inscribed Angle
● It is formed by two chords whose endpoints are on the circle

● Intercepted Arc
- The intercepted arc of an intercepted angle is twice as much as the angle’s
measurement

The sum of all central angles in a circle is equivalent to 360

Example Problem/s:
Identifying radii
MP
PR
RJ

PMK

ROJ
NOL
JON
PMJ

Radius and Diameter Relationships

Radius Formula Diameter Formula

r = d/2 or r = 1/2d d = 2r

● All radii in a circle are congruent

Radius and Diameter Relationships:

Radius and Diameter Relationships

Radius Formula: Diameter Formula:

● All radii in a circle are congruent

1. If the radius of a circle is 10, what is the diameter?

Answer:
The diameter is 20 because the diameter is twice the radius.

2. If the diameter of a circle is 14, what is the radius?

Answer:
The radius 7 because the radius is half the diameter.
Circle Pairs:
Circle Pairs

Congruent Circles: Concentric Circles:

Two circles are congruent if they have Coplanar circles that have the same center.
congruent radii.

⊙A with radius AB and A with radius ⊙AC are

GH ≅ JK, so ⊙G ≅ ⊙J concentric.

Two circles can intersect in two different ways:

2 points of intersection 1 point of intersection No points of Intersection

Circumference:

Measuring Angles and Arcs:

● Major Arc
● Minor Arc
● Central Angle
● Semicircle (Half Circle)

Major Arc
A major arc is the longest arc connecting two endpoints on a circle.

Major Arc = 360 - x.

Minor Arc
A minor arc is the shortest arc connecting two endpoints on a circle.
Its measure is less than 180.
It is equal to the central angle.

Central Angle
A central angle is an angel with its vertex in the center of the circle.
It is equal to the arc it intercepts.

Semicircle (Half Circle)

● A semicircle is an arc with endpoints that lie on a diameter.
● It is equal to 180.
Example Problem/s:

SR: 50 degrees
ST: 40 degrees
UP: 40 degrees
UT: 50 degrees

FORMULAS:

RADIUS = r = d/2 or r = 1/2d (half of diameter)

DIAMETER = d = 2r (2 radii)

MAJOR ARC = 360 - x (assuming that minor arc is x)

----------------------------------------------------

MAJ. ARC = n > 180

MIN. ARC = n < 180

SEMICIRCLE = n = 180

Theorem/s:
● Inscribed Angle Theorem
● Bisecting Arcs and Chords Theorem
● Central Angle Theorem

Inscribed Angle Theorem:

● An inscribed angle is an angle with its vertex on the circle.
● It is equal to ½ the arc it intercepts.

Note:
The arc is equal to 2 times the angle

(Basically dividing the inscribed angle’s arc measure to get the measure of the THE angle.)

Bisecting Arcs and Chords

Bisecting Arcs and Chords

● In a circle, if a radius or a diameter is

perpendicular (⊥) to a chord, then it
bisects the chord and its arcs.

Since EA ⊥ BD, then AE bisects BD

Therefore, BC ≅ CD and BA ≅ AD.

Note/s:
You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the lengths. By drawing in a radius, you create a
right triangle.

BE, ED, and EA are radii.

Example Problem/s:

Central Angle Theorem

Topic 2: Angle and Segment Relationships in
Circles
Pointers:
● Basic Concepts of Circles
● Central and Inscribed Angles
● Theorems Involving Chords Angle and Segment
● Relationships in Circles
● A secant

4th Quarter:
Topic 1: Radians to Degrees
● Degrees measure angles by how far we tilted our heads.
● Radians measure angles by distance traveled
● Is a unit used to represent the measurement of an angle

Radians:
● The length of the arc is equal to the radius of the circle.
● To mathematicians, this is the most logical way to measure angles, it’s because we’re
measuring angles in relation to the circle.

Degrees vs. Radians:

Degrees Radians

● Is a unit used to represent the ● Is the angle made at the center of a

measurement of an angle. circle by an arc whose length is equal
 to the radius of the circle
● Usually denoted by °
● Is denoted by “rad”
● Used when you are measuring angles
using a protractor, or describing a ● Used when you are looking at objects
physical picture moving in a circular paths or parts of
circular path.
°
36 0
● ~ 57.2958° ● 1 Radian
2 pi

Radians to Degrees:
Radians x 180

Example/s:
7π/6 = 7π/6 x 180 = 210º
3π = 3π x 180 = 540º
5π/9 = 5π/9 x 180 = 100º
7π/9 = 7π/9 x 180 = 140º
7π/4 = 7π/4 x 180 = 315º
5π/12 = 5π/12 x 180 = 75º

Degrees to Radians:
Degrees/180

Example/s:
210º = 210/180 = 7π/6
270º = 270/180 = 3π/2
450º = 450/180 = 5π/2
20º = 20/180 = 1π/9
30º = 30/180 = 1π/6
180º = 180/180 = 1π
Example Problem/s:

- Result should not be more than one radian

1. To convert degrees to radians:

 2. ?
3.
4. 2πrad = 360°
180°
Multiply radians by
πrad
5. ?
4π 180 °
6. rad x = 144°
5 πrad
180
Multiply radians by
πrad

Guide Questions:
1. What is the distance around a circle? A Circumference.
2. How is the length of an arc related to the distance around a circle? It is a part of the
circumference. As long as it doesn’t comprise of the entirety of the circle then it’s just a
part.
3. What values do we need to be able to determine the length of an arc?
● What part is in the circumference of the circle
● The degree measure of the angles.
● The length of the radius
● The circumference of the circle

Example Problem/s:
Topic 2: Arc Length and Finding the Area of a
Sector
[Placeholder for Outline]

Definition of Terms:
● The length of an arc or arc length is the distance around the arc.
● A sector of a circle is a region bounded by a central angle and its intercepted arc.
● A segment of a circle is a region bounded by an arc and its chord.

Finding Arc Length:

For a circle of radius r, a central angel 0 intercepts an arc of length s given by s = r0
Where 0 is the radian measure of central angle/the arc to be solved for.
https://cicm.aralinks.net/mod/url/view.php?id=45130

Example Problem/s:
A pie was baked in a 12 in. round pan and cut into 6 equal slices.
a. What is the degree measure of each slice?

b. What is the area of each slice?

c. If a string is cut and used to measure around the outer edge of the pie, how long would
the string be?

d. How long would the string be that measures the arc of a single slice of pie?
Help
I’m sorry, I don’t understand too ;w;

Topic 3: The Distance and Midpoint Formula and

The Equation and Graph of a Circle
Equation:
● Given the Center and Radius of a circle.
● Given the Endpoints of its diameter of a circle.
● Find the center and radius of each circle.
● Given Center and Passing through the given points:
● Center and radius of a circle:

Formula/s:
x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
Midpoint Formula: ( , )
2 2
Distance Formula: ¿

Given the Center and Radius of a circle:

Example/s:
1. center (-2, -6), r = 4 units (Number 1, Page 198)
¿
¿
 ¿

2. center (1, -5), r = 3 units (Number 2, Page 198)

¿
¿
¿

Given the Endpoints of its diameter of a circle:

x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
( , )
2 2

d = √❑
d=r

Example/s:
1. (-2 x1 -8 y1) and (0 x2 0 y2) (Number 12, 198)
Finding the center:
x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
( , )
2 2
(−2)+0 (−8)+0
( , )
2 2
−2 −8
( , )
2 2
(-1, -4) < This is h and k AND x3 and y3. I don’t know why, but it do be like that.

Finding the radius:

d = √❑
= √❑
= √❑
= √❑
r = √❑

¿
¿

2. (4 x1 , -2 y1) and (-4 x2 -6 y2) (Number 12, 198)

Finding the center:
x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
( , )
2 2
4+(−4) (−2)+(−6)
( , )
2 2
 0 −8
( , )
2 2
(0, -4)

Finding the radius:

d = √❑
= √❑
= √❑
= √❑
r = √❑

Other Way to Find the Radius:

¿
¿
¿
2
16+ 4=r
2
20=r

¿
¿

Find the center and radius of each circle:

Example/s:
1. x2 + y2 = 16 (Number 16, 199)

2. x2 + (y - 2)2 = 9 (Number 17, 199)

Given Center and Passing through the given point:

¿

Example/s:
1. center is at (2, 1) and passing through (4, -3) (Number 1, 199)
Finding the radius:
¿
¿
¿
2
4 +16=r
2
20=r

¿
 ¿

2. center at (-2, -3) and passing through (0,0) (Number 2, 199)

Finding the radius:
¿
¿
¿
2
4 +9=r
2
13=r

¿
¿

3. center at (3, -4) and passing through (2, 0) (Number 3, 199)

Finding the radius:
¿
¿
¿
2
1+16=r
2
17=r

¿
¿

Find the center and radius of a circle:

Example/s:
1. x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 (Number 6, 199)
2. x2 + y2 + 4x + 10y + 20 = 0 (Number 7, 199)