Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
National Service Training Program

Chapter 4

Leadership Training
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the learners are expected to:

1. describe transformational leadership;

2. identify the characteristics of a leader; and

3. express commitment to teamwork

Overview
This chapter discusses leadership training in which the leader inspires the
followers to perform well and develop their own leadership potential.

Human Behavior

According to businessdictionary.com, human behavior is the capacity of

mental, physical, emotional, and social activities experienced during the five stages
of a human being’s life – prenatal, infancy childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It
includes the behaviors as dictated by culture , society, values, morals, ethics, and
genetics.”

Encyclopedia Britannica (2012) states that human beings have a typical life
course that consist of successive phases of growth, each of which is characterized by a
distinct set of physical, physiological, and behavioral features. These phases are
prenatal life, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (including old age).
Human development or developmental psychology is a field of study that attempts to
describe and explain the ch anges in human cognitive, emotional, and
behavioural capabilities and functioning over the entire life.

Motivation

Motivation encompasses the internal and external factors that stimulate desire
and energy in people to be continually interested in and committed to a job, role, or
subject, and to exert persistent efforts in attaining goal. It results from the interaction

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among conscious and unconscious factors such as the (a) intensity of desire or need,
(b) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (c) expectations of the individual and of
his/her significant others.

According to Swindell (2012), motivation means the drive and ambition needed
to achieve our goals. We all need that extra push at some stage of our life, whether it be
at work, school, or home; or maybe to give up a bad habit or shed a few pounds. We
need motivation to get a job done and achieve a goal. Self-motivation can work for
some people. For example, if you are trying to lose some weight, just imagine how you
will look and feel when you can fit again in your smaller-sized clothes. An old
photograph of a slimmer you could help motivate you to keep going.

If you work in sales, it is important to stay motivated to achieve your targets in

order to earn cash bonuses or even job promotion in addition to commission.

It is also easy to become demotivated. For example, you may be way off your
sales targets and you realize there is no chance of reaching them, so you just give up.
Negative people can demotivate you as well.

Good Leadership

Leadership pertains to the qualities exemplified by a leader. It also refers to acts

of leading or the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid
and support of others in the accomplishments of a common task.” It is often said that
some people are good leaders while others are not. But what is really the basis for
judging one’s capacity to be a good leader? From a follower’s perspective, good
leadership can be attributed to qualities that make people follow a leader. It would be
great to have all these qualities, but not all leaders do have them.

Characteristics of a Good Leader

Here are ten (10) essential characteristics of a good leader. Do you think you possess
them?

1. Vision – Good leaders know where they want to go and they can motivate people
to believe in their vision for their country, community, and family. Good leaders view
things as what they could be and not simply as what they are.

2. Wit – Good leaders can make sound judgments and decisions even during crucial
situations.

3. Passion – Good leaders are very passionate and intensely obsessed in whatever
they are focused on, be it business, sport, or hobby.

4. Compassion – Good leaders show compassion for their supporters and followers.
They possess exemplary coaching and development skills. While these leaders have
goals to accomplish, they can still consistently care for their constituents. They are not
selfish individuals who think only about their own wants and needs. They have a heart
for others.

5. Charisma – Good leaders are captivating, charming individuals who tend to draw
people toward them. It could be because of the way they talk , or carry themselves.
They excel in building relationships and eliciting performance from their groups.

6. Communication skills – Good leaders are usually great orators and persuaders.
They can express their ideals clearly and convincingly.

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7. Persistence – Good leaders are determined to attain their goals in spite of the
obstacles and problems. They believe that the benefits of attaining their goals outweigh
the risks and hardships.

8. Integrity – Good leaders mean what they say. They walk the talk, practice what
they preach, and keep their promises. They are reliable.

9. Daring – Good leaders are bold, willing to take a risks, and determined to chase
their dreams amid the reality of fear and uncertainty. Winston Churchill states that
courage is the virtue on which all others virtues rest.

10. Discipline – Good leaders observe self-control and order. Where most people
are easily distracted or dejected, good leaders manage to stay focused and steady
regardless of the situation.

Maxwell (1999) says that a leader should recognize, develop, and refine certain
personal characteristics needed to be a truly effective leader, the kind of leader people
will want to follow. These are some of the traits of the leader:

1. Character is the quality of a person’s behavior as revealed by his/her habits,

thoughts and expression, attitudes and interest, actions, and personal
philosophies in life. Be a piece of the rock. There are always two paths to choose
from: character and compromise. Opt for character.

2. Charisma is a special spiritual gift bestowed temporarily by the Holy Spirit on a group
or an individual for the general good. It is an extraordinary power in a person, group, or
cause, which takes hold of popular imagination and wins popular support.

3. Commitment engages one to do something as a continuing obligation. It is a state of

intellectual and emotional adherence to some political, social and religious theory of
action.

4. Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which

participants do not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and
share meaning. The meaning of communication is in the response and not in what is
said or how it is said.

5. Competence indicates a sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable someone to

act in a wide variety of situations. It is the capacity of a person to understand a situation
and to respond to it accordingly and reasonably. A core competency is fundamental
knowledge, ability, or expertise in a specific area.

6. Courage is the quality of the mind that enables a person to face difficulty and
danger without fear. It begins with an inward battle. It is making things right, not just
smoothing them over. It inspires commitment from followers. Life expands in
proportion to one’s courage.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Bass (1990) explains that transformational leadership that occurs when leaders
broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness
and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stimulate
their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group.

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 Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision, and most importantly
they manage to communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models,
they inspire employees to put the good of the whole organization above self-interest.
They also motivate employees to be more innovative, and they themselves take
personal risks and are not afraid to use unconventional (but ethical) methods to achieve
the collective vision.

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership

that emphasizes corrective action and mutual exchanges and rewards only when
performance expectations are met. Transactional leadership relies mainly on centralized
control. Managers direct most activities by telling each person what to do, when to do it,
and how to do it. Transformational leaders, on the other hand, trust their subordinates
and give them enough space to breathe and grow.

TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Transactional leadership is based on power that makes use of rewards and

coercion to deliver benefits to members (patronage), or to force or instil fear as
illustrated by colonization, vote-buying, and similar methods.

Transformational leadership or real leadership starts from the recognition of

what the members need and the steps toward achieving these needs, and relating
rewards to effort.

The leader acts as a role model. He/She lives out values, demonstrates
personal qualities, is approachable and accessible, and accepts pressure to perform.
The leader treats people as individuals and involves many in decision-making,
seeks to empower and give maximum freedom, and is concerned with developing
members collectively and individually.

Behaviors of a Transformational Leader

1. Is articulate in creating compelling vision of the future

2. Uses stories and symbols to communicate his/her vision and message

3. Specifies the importance of having a strong sense of purpose and a collective

mission

4. Talks optimistically and enthusiastically and expresses confidence that goals will
be achieved

5. Engenders the trust and respect of his/her followers by doing the right thing
rather than simply doing things right.

6. Instils pride in employees

7. Talks most about important values and beliefs

8. Considers the moral and ethical consequences of decisions

9. Seeks different perspectives when solving problems

10. Encourage employees to challenge old assumptions and to think about problems in
new ways

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11. Spends time teaching and coaching

12. Considers each individual employee’s different needs, abilities, and aspirations

13. Is compassionate, appreciative, and responsive to each employee and recognizes

and celebrates each employee’s achievements

Four Components of Transformational Leadership

1. Charisma – The leader’s charisma or idealized influence in envisioning and building
confidence, and he/she sets high standards to be followed.

2. Inspirational motivation – The leader’s inspirational motivation provides followers

with challenges and meaning/reasons for engaging in shared goals and undertakings.

3. Intellectual stimulation – The leader’s intellectual stimulation moves followers to

question assumptions and generate more creative solutions to problems.

4. Individualized consideration – The leaders treats each followers as an individuals

and provides coaching, mentoring and growth opportunities

The qualities of transformational leadership can be found at different levels

community, national, and even global communities; and in various sectors of the
society. The leaders are able to translate their vision and commitment into
institutional practice. Transformational leadership is non- hierarchical in structure and
participatory in the process. It is characterized by high moral and ethical standards in
each of the aforementioned components.

The transformation of values, processes, and instructions appears as follows:

A. Transformation of Values

 from power as dominion to power as liberation

 from war and conflict to peace

 from efficiency consideration to equality and equity (balance between

genders)

 from growth to sustainability

 from “winner-take-all” norm to sharing and caring

B. Transformation of processes

 from hierarchical to participatory

 from corrupt to clean

 from secretive to transparent

 from burdensome to empowering

C. Transformation of institutions

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  from bureaucratic to egalitarian, responsive, and accountable

Moving from transactional leadership to transformational leadership requires a

shift in leadership functions.

1. People are taking more responsibility for their own decisions. This situation
requires the leaders to provide conditions for creativity and develop fewer levels
of leadership-flatter structures.

2. Leaders concentrate on strategy to help people respond to the changing

world.

In this context, transformational leadership is critical for an organization. The

primary leader needs to come from the ranks of members. Leadership cannot be left to
the executives. The organization must grow its own leaders.

Transformational leadership has three types of functions: task functions, team

functions, and individual functions. There has to be balance among the three
functions.

1. Transformational leadership and task functions:

 Defining the tasks─ involves others

 Making the plan─ involves others

 Allocating the tasks─ involves others rather than the leader giving out
tasks

 Controlling the tasks─ uses peer pressure and self-control rather than
being disciplinary

 Checking the performance─ more self-management within the

transformational approach

 Adjusting the plan─ with group review

2. Transformational leadership and team functions:

 Setting the standard─ involves the group

 Enforcing discipline

 Promoting team spirit

 Encouraging and motivating

 Developing sub-leaders

 Communicating with the group─ has to be open and honest

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  Training─ lifelong learning process everyone needs to undergo

3. Transformational leadership and individual function:

 Attending to personal problems

 Praising individuals - enhancing confidence

 Giving status pride

 Using abilities of the people within the organization─ training as a

continuing process

 Involving individuals in decision-making processes

Leadership Development
 Develop a pool of leaders

 find people with basic leadership qualities

 widen the “catchment area”

 assure a democratic process

 Provide knowledge and skills

 build leaders’ personal capacities

 recognize this as a lifelong process

 Support active leaders

 Actively support leaders continuously and not to place them in

positions and leave them there

Virtuous Cycle of Leadership Control

There has to be awareness of the framework through which transformational
leadership must operate, emphasizing that an active and informed membership is
critical to effective leadership.

A leader has wholehearted faith and belief in the rightness of a cause. A leader
who shows his/her full support to an organization indirectly tells the member to do the
same.

1. A leader should be energetic, sympathetic, friendly, and understanding to

ensure the enthusiastic cooperation of followers.

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 2. He /She should have confidence in knowing and doing his/her job to gain
the confidence of followers.

3. He /She should be an example to followers.

Seven Habits of Highly Effective People

Adopted from Habits of highly Effective People by Stephen Covey (2007)

1. Be proactive.

Proactive means being able to take responsibility for your life. You have the
freedom to choose your behaviour and response to stimuli. Use your creativity and have
some initiative. You are the one in charge.

2. Begin with the end in mind.

Know where you want to go. When making plans and decisions, see to it that the
time and effort that will be spent conform to what you want to achieve. Envision your
goal and make it happen.

3. Put first things first.

Practice self-management. Know your priorities.

4. Think win-win.

Look at life as a cooperative arena, not a competitive one. Enter agreements or

make solutions that are mutually beneficial and satisfying to both parties.

5. Seek first to understand, than to be understood.

As the saying goes, “The best way to understand is to listen.” The practice of
empathy governs this habit. It is about putting yourself in someone else’s shoes. By
listening to a person’s explanation, only then can you evaluate, probe, give advice, and
interpret his/her feelings.

6. Synergize.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. More tasks can be done if all
things within reach are maximized and utilized. Synergize is the habit of creative
cooperation. Better results can be produced as a group than as individuals.

7. Sharpen the saw.

What you have learned a couple of years back will have become out dated. Many
things evolve and develop so fast that you need to update through various food-for-the
brain resources. A sense of humor is vital to relieve tension and boredom as well as to
defuse hostility. Effective leaders know how to use humor to energize his/her followers.
Humor is a form of power that provides some control over the work environment even
as it fosters camaraderie.

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Teamwork
Teamwork is the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in
order to achieve a goal. It is often crucial part of a business as it is often necessary for
colleagues to work well together and try their best in any circumstance. Teamwork
means that people will try to cooperate by using their individual skills and providing
constructive feedback, despite any personal conflict between individuals. Teamwork
brings people together for a common purpose or goal and subordinates the needs of
individuals to the needs of the group. Many management gurus define team as a group
of individuals passionately committed to their end goal. When groups have common
goals, teamwork is vital to success. Teachers expect teamwork among students;
employers expect employees to function effectively as a team; and most organizations
convene teams to handle problems or projects. Therefore, it is important to learn
teamwork skills even if you prefer to work independently.

What does teamwork look like in action? Basically, group members focus on the
goal. They put aside individual differences and pretty grievances to get the job done.
They show passion for the project and each contributes to its success.

Time Management
The succeeding sections have been adopted from the writing of Paulla Estes
edited by Niki Foster (May 28, 2021).

Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling, and budgeting

one’s time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity. There is
an abundance of books, classes, workshop, day-planner and seminars on time
management, which teach individuals and corporations how to be more organized and
productive. Time management has become crucial in recent years, thanks to the 24/7,
busy world in which we live.

Time management is important for everyone. While time management books and
seminars often place their focus on business leaders and corporations, time
management is also necessary for students, teachers, factory workers, professionals,
and homemakers. Time management is perhaps most essential for the person who runs
a business of his/her own or not. Managing work and home responsibilities under the
same roof takes a special type of time management.

An important aspect of time management is planning ahead. Sometimes,

successful time management involves putting in more time at the outset in order to
reorganize one’s life. Though many time management books and teachings differ in
their suggestions, most agree that the first step in efficient time management is to
organize the workspace. Even if one’s schedule is well ordered but if the office and filing
systems are a disaster, time will be wasted trying to work efficiently in a disorderly
place.

After cleaning, purging, and reorganizing the home or office, the next step in time
management is to look at all activities one participates in during a week. Every last
detail should be written down, including the time it takes to shower, dress, commute,
attend meetings, make phone calls, clean the house, cook dinner, pick up the children

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from school, take them to after-school activities and eat meals. Also include time for
entertainment or exercise, such as driving to the gym, going for a walk, watching
television, or surfing the Internet.

Often, when individuals write down every last activity, they find that there is very
little time left for sleeping. The end result is that many activities must be pared down,
eliminated, consolidated, or delegated. Prioritizing activities on a scale of one to three
─one being the most important and three being least─ can help with this task.

Lastly, good time management involves keeping a schedule of the tasks and
activities that have deemed important. Keeping a calendar or daily planner is helpful to
stay on task, but self-discipline is also required. The most efficient to-do list in the world
will not help someone who does not look at or follow his/her own daily planner.

Of course, the other side of the argument is to remember to live. Get on top of
your time management, get organized and stay on task, but live your life. Schedule
some time off every day and at least one day off each week. Be organized, but do not
be a slave to time management.

Decision-making
Decision-making is a process that involves selecting the most logical choice from
among two or more options. An example is deciding whether to move to a new
apartment, to live with the in-laws, or stay in the same apartment. Making a decision is
instrumental in the survival and prosperity of human beings. The right choice is what
sets an average individual from the rest. Although the ability of making the correct
decision within a short span of time is a highly valued trait, we cannot simply follow a set
of patterns when deciding on a course of action at all points in time. There are different
types of decision-making that we do depending on the situation at hand.

Consider the following in decision-making:

1. Identification of alternative solutions

2. Evaluation of possible options to determine which one meets the

decision objectives

3. Selection of the best option after an in depth evaluation.

Involvement in Decision-making
Every group has to make a decision at one time or another and all the members
have to make a commitment to choose the best option available. The following are the
different types of involvement in making decisions:

1. Consensus or agreement involves compromising various possibilities

after all opinion have been heard. Disagreements and minority viewpoints are
discussed fully. Everyone feels free to express himself/herself. This method
helps build understanding, unity, cooperation, and commitment.

2. Majority voting is considered the most effective way to make a decision.

However, one may lose the interest or loyalty of the members of the minority
who voted against the decision, especially if they feel their side was not heard.

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 3. The minority is not consciously organized, but a few powerful personalities
dominate the group, often unconsciously. These people later wonder why the
others are apathetic.

4. The silent consensus of some groups leads to unanimous decisions. This

type of involvement in decision-making is rarely applied when tackling
important issues. Unanimous agreement is sometimes assumed when some
members do not want to disagree and have chosen to stay silent.

5. The clique is a small group whose members plan beforehand to get their
way in decision-making. Because they are better organized than those who
disagree, they are often successful in getting/having their own way in
resolving an immediate issue, but they bring a spirit of rivalry, rather than
cooperation, to the group.

6. The handclaps happens when one person makes a suggestion and

another commends it. Without further discussion, the matter is decided.
Resentment, however, surfaces later on.

7. The one-person decision is quickly made, but later when the decider needs
free or voluntary support from others to implement the decision; he/she might find
trouble getting it.

8. The plop occurs when a group makes a decision by not making a decision
at all. Someone makes a suggestion, but it is dropped or junked altogether
and no one pays any attention to it.

Difficulties in Decision-making
1. Fear of consequences brings division and disagreement.

2. Conflicting loyalties of one person as a member of different groups frequently leads to

divided loyalties about decisions.

3. Interpersonal conflicts and personal differences evoke various feelings among

members, which interfere with sound decision-making.

4. Hidden agenda or secret motive can hinder decision-making for reasons a member
does not share with the group.

5. Blundering methods include using rigid procedure that leaves little room for
expressing differing views, substituting personal opinions for adequate information, and
disregarding proper consultation or consensus.

6. Inadequate leadership restricts the expression of opinions and discussion on issues.

Leaders fail to provide assistance in selecting appropriate methods for decision-making
or are insensitive to the factors that cause difficulty in the group.

7. Clash of interest occurs when different groups or individuals within an organization

have opposing interests.

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Conclusion:
Transformational leadership is an organizational system framework that
influences people to come together around a common vision. One of the marks of a
good leader is the ability to listen, learn, and lead his/her followers toward the
attainment of goals. He/She is adept in teamwork, time management, and decision-
making.

Task # 1
Direction: Create picture collage showing good governance, Transformational
leadership, and great involvements of the members or citizens of the country.

Task # 2
Direction: Interview at least one of the Barangay Officials in your respective barangays
and ask on the following.

I- Profile of the interviewee including the Name, Age, year of service as a public servant,
position and etc,)

II- (Questions)
1. What is the key in order to achieve a well-organized project or program?

2. How do you lead in your Barangay?

3. For you what is Team work?

4. What characteristics of a good leader do you believe that a specific leader must
possess?

5. What is your opinion about bad and good governance?

(Note: Attached your Documentation, it will serve as your evidence that you really
conducted an interview.)

Assessment:
Direction: Give your statements or opinions on the given questions.

1. If you will become a public servant in our community or country what will you do? And
why is it so? (10 points)

2. The Barangay election is move again by next year, if ever today is the election, what
characteristics of a leader did you preferred to vote for, and why? (10 points)

Reference: NSTP-CWTS 1 Work text for College Students Second Edition By:
Herminigildo S. Villasoto and Noemie S. Villasoto

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1. According to Swindell (2012), ______________means the drive and ambition
needed to achieve our goals.

a. Motivation c, Persistent

b. Values d. Character

2. What kind of leadership relies mainly on centralized control?

a. Transparent Leadership c. Transformational Leadership

b. Transactional Leadership d. Developmental Leadership

3. It is the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order to achieve

a goal.

a. Interaction c. Recreational Activity

b. Team work d. none of the above

4. ___________ refers to acts of leading or the “process of social influence in which

one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishments of a
common task.”

a. Leadership

b.

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6-10

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