TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Oogenesis
44 + XX Oogonia
25th week of IUL
Growth

Arrested in 44 + XX 1⁰ oocyte
At Birth Prophase-I (Diplotene)
At Puberty
Meiosis - I

22 + X 2⁰ oocyte 1st
Ovulation Arrested in Metaphase-II 22 + X Polar Body
Sperm contact Meiosis –II

2nd
22 + X Ovum/Ootid Polar Body
22 + X
TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Differences Between Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Blood Primary
Tertiary follicle
vessels follicle

Graafian
follicle

Ovum

Corpus luteum
TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

Follicular cells
become
columnar
Flat follicular cells

Primary Oocyte
Primary Oocyte

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

PRIMARY FOLLICLE

Columnar follicular cells

become granular
Membrana
Columnar
granulosa
follicular cells

Zona
pellucida

Primary Oocyte

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

SECONDARY FOLLICLE

Theca folliculi
(interna + externa)

Membrana granulosa
Zona pellucida
Primary Oocyte

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

TERTIARY FOLLICLE

Theca externa

Theca interna

Membrana granulosa

Antrum

Primary Oocyte

Secondary Oocyte

Zona pellucida

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

Theca externa

Theca interna

Membrana granulosa

Antrum

Cumulus oophorus

Secondary oocyte

Zona pellucida

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Blood Primary
Tertiary follicle
vessels follicle

Graafian
follicle

Ovum

Corpus luteum
TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Formation of Corpus Luteum

Soon after ovulation, the granulosa cells of ruptured graafian follicle
proliferete and these cells become yellow due to accumulation of
pigment called lutein. These cells are called lutein/luteal cells which
constitute the corpus luteum.

Blood Primary Tertiary follicle

vessels follicle

Graafian
follicle

Ovum
Corpus luteum
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

FATE OF CORPUS LUTEUM
Fertilization
YES
Corpus luteum become stable for
next nine months by the help of
hCG secreted by embryonic cells
(trophoblast or blastocyst)
TG: @Chalnaayaaar
TG: @Chalnaayaaar
NO
Corpus luteum starts degenerating
after about 9 days of its formation
(23rd day of M.cycle) and converted
into corpus albicans about 28th day
of M. cycle.
Corpus albicans does not secrete
any hormone
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

NCERT 2021-2022 ,PAGE-48-49

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-3
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 08 The minute cells which separate from the developing

ova during their maturation are called as:-
(1) Polar bodies
(2) Primary oocyte
(3) Oogonia
(4) Germinal cell

Answer (1) Polar bodies

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-3
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 09 In gametogenesis, reduction division take place during :-

(1) Multiplication phase
(2) Growth phase
(3) First maturation division
(4) Second maturation

Answer (3) First maturation division

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-3
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 10 Which cell organelle is absent in Ovum?

(1) Nucleus
(2) Cell membrane
(3) Mitochondria
(4) Centriole

Answer (4) Centriole

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-3
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 11 10 oogonia yield 10 primary oocytes, then how many ova

are produced on completion of oogenesis ?
(1) 5
(2) 10
(3) 20
(4) 40

Answer (2) 10

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-3
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 12 How many polar bodies are produced during the entire process
of oogenesis in unmarried/virgin human female ?
(1) Three
(2) Two
(3) One
(4) Four

Answer (3) One

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-4
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 01 Number of eggs released in the life time of a woman is

approximately :-
(1) 40
(2) 400
(3) 4000
(4) 20000

Answer (2) 400

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-4
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 02 Corpus luteum develops from:-

(1) Oocyte
(2) Nephrostome
(3) Graafian follicle
(4) Antrum

Answer (3) Graafian follicle

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Menstrual Cycle

❖ The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the
structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes
pregnancy possible.
❖ The reproductive cycle in the female primates (e.g.
monkeys, apes and human beings) is called
menstrual cycle.

▪ The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called

menarche.

▪ In human females, menstruation is repeated at an

average interval of about 28/29 days, and the cycle of
events starting from one menstruation till the next one is
called the menstrual cycle.

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Phases of Menstrual cycle

1 Menstrual or
27 28 2
26 3 bleeding phase
25 4
24 5
Luteal phase or 23 6
secretory phase 22 7
21 8
20 9
19 10
18 11 Proliferative or
17 12 follicular phase
16 15 14 13

OVULATION

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
1. Menstrual or bleeding phase
Hormones level - ▪ On day 1 pituatory hormones (LH,FSH) & ovarian hormones (Estrogen &
Progesterone) are low.

▪ Due to absence of negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone ,

levels of FSH & LH start increasing in terminal stage of this phase
Ovarian changes -

Uterine changes -

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Hormone levels
Pituitary
FSH LH

Developing Regressing
Developing follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Corpus luteum

Ovarian
events
Ovulation

Uterine events Hormone levels

Estrogen
Ovarian
Progesterone

Menses

Days
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
Follicular phase Luteal phase Next cycle
Menstruation (Proliferative phase) (Secretory phase) begins

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH
12th DAY 22nd DAY
Positive ANTERIOR PITUITARY Negative
Feedback Feedback
FSH & LH

Ovulation OVARY

Endometrium development Estrogen

Progesterone

Endometrial secretions

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
2. Proliferative or follicular phase
▪ Duration – Day 6 to Day 14

Hormones changes-

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
2. Proliferative or follicular phase

Ovarian changes -

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
2. Proliferative or follicular phase

Uterine changes - ▪ Endometrial hyperplasia (formation

of stratum functionalis)

▪ Myometrial hypertrophy (increase

in size of cells)

▪ Increase vascularity of
endometrium

▪ Ultimately increases the thickness of

the uterine wall

Stratum functionalis
Endometrium
Stratum basalis

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
3. Luteal phase or secretory phase

Hormones changes-

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
3. Luteal phase or secretory phase

Ovarian changes -

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
3. Luteal phase or secretory phase

Uterine changes -

▪ Increases secretory nature of

endometrium.

▪ Increases adhesive nature of

endometrium

▪ Decrease myometrial
contractions

▪ Maintains thickness of the

uterine wall

Stratum functionalis
Endometrium
Stratum basalis

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

❑ AMENORRHOEA
Absence of menstruation cycle.

❑ MENORRHAGIA
A normal menstrual blood loss is 50-80 ml, and does not exceed 100 ml.
In menorrhagia the menstrual cycle is unaltered but the duration and
quantity of the menstrual blood loss are increased.

❑ DYSMENORRHOEA
Painful menstruation

❑ POLYMENORRHOEA
In polymenorrhoea or epimenorrhoea, the menstrual cycle is reduced
from the normal of twenty-eight days to a cycle of two to three weeks
and remains constant at that increased frequency.

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-4
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 03 First menstrual cycle starts at:-

(1) Parturition
(2) Menopause
(3) Puberty
(4) Implantation

Answer (3) Puberty

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-4
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 04 Menstrual cycle is generally of:-

(1) 21 days
(2) 28 days
(3) 38 days
(4) 40 days

Answer (2) 28 days

TG: @Chalnaayaaar
Beginner’s Box-4
TG: @Chalnaayaaar

Question 05 Which of the following hormones controls the menstrual

cycle in human beings ?
(1) FSH
(2) LH
(3) FSH, LH, Estrogen
(4) Only Progesterone

Answer (3) FSH, LH, Estrogen

TG: @Chalnaayaaar