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NCERT EXAMPLER

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NCERT EXAMPLER

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NCERT EXAMPLER

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NCERT EXAMPLER

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Vulva

✓ Vulva means external genitalia of female. It includes mons veneris, labia

majora, labia minora, clitoris, hymen & vestibule.

Mons pubis
Clitoral hood
Clitoris
Labia majora
Urethral orifice
Labia minora Vestibule
Bartholin’s gland Vaginal orifice
Hymen

Perineum
Anus

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Vulva

MONS VENERIS (MONS PUBIS)

It is a cushion of fatty tissue lying in front of pubis & is covered by pubic

hairs in adult female.

LABIA MAJORA

Vulva is bound on each side by the elevation and fleshy folds of skin &
subcutaneous tissue. Its inner surface is hairless. Outer surface is
covered by sebaceous gland, Sweat gland & hair follicles.

LABIA MINORA

They are two thin folds of skin present just within the labia majora. Area
bound by labia minora is called vaginal vestibule or urino-genital sinus.

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Vulva

CLITORIS

It is a tiny finger - like structure which lies at the upper junction of the
two labia minora above the urethral opening.

Covered by skin called clitoral hood or prepuce.

Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male.

It is made up of two corpora cavernosa.

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Vulva

HYMEN

Vaginal orifice is partially covered by hymen.

The hymen is often torn during the first coitus (intercourse).

However, it can also be broken by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion of a

vaginal tampon, active participation in some sports like horseback
riding, cycling, etc.

In some women the hymen persists even after coitus.

In fact, the presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator

of virginity or sexual experience.

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Beginner’s Box-2
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Question 10 Clitoris is present at the upper junction of :-

(1) Labia majora
(2) Mons pubis
(3) Perineum
(4) Labia minora

Answer (4) Labia minora

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Beginner’s Box-2
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Question 11 Which of the following is not related to vulva?

(1) Mons-veneris
(2) Clitoris
(3) Labia majora
(4) Epididymis

Answer (4) Epididymis

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Question 12 Which of the following openings are present in vulva?

(1) Urethral opening
(2) Vaginal orifice
(3) Opening of bartholin's ducts
(4) All of these

Answer (4) All of these

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Mammary Gland (Breast)

A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.

The mammary glands are paired structures that contain glandular tissue
& variable amount of fat

❖ Female accessory reproductive system along with a pair of the

mammary glands are integrated structurally and functionally to
support the processes of ovulation, fertilisation, pregnancy, birth and
child care.

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Mammary Gland (Breast)

Skin

Fat

Mammary alveolus
Pectoralis major
Lactiferous duct muscle
Nipple
Rib
Areola Muscle between
Ampulla ribs
Mammary duct Mammary lobe

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Milk Pathway

Mammary alveoli

Mammary tubule

Mammary duct

Mammary ampulla

Lactiferous duct

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Mammary Gland (Breast)

The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20 mammary

lobes containing clusters of cells called alveoli.

The cells of alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the cavities (lumens)
of alveoli.

The alveoli open into mammary tubules.

The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct.

Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which

is connected to lactiferous duct through which milk is
sucked out.

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Mammary Gland (Breast)

The mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation

during pregnancy and starts producing milk towards the end of
pregnancy by the process called lactation. This helps the mother
in feeding the newborn.

The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called
colostrum which contains antibodies (Mainly IgA) absolutely
essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies.

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Lactation

Impulse to
HYPOTHALAMUS

Suckling of PITUITARY
baby GLAND

Milk synthesis by
Prolactin and ejection
is due to oxytocin

MAMMARY
GLAND

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Beginner’s Box-2
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Question 13 The glandular tissue of both breast is divided into-

(1) 10-15 mammary lobes
(2) 15-20 mammary lobes
(3) 30-40 mammary lobes
(4) 50-60 mammary lobes

Answer (3) 30-40 mammary lobes

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Question 14 The mammary glands are paired structures (breasts) that

contain-
(1) Fat and muscle
(2) Muscle and bone
(3) Muscle and blood vessels
(4) Glandular tissue and variable amount of fat

Answer (4) Glandular tissue and variable amount of fat

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Histology Of Seminiferous Tubules

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Histology Of Seminiferous Tubules

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Male Reproductive Hormones

TESTOSTERONE

Secreted by Leydig cells. It is essential for sperm production.

Development of secondary sexual characters

Gives negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, in its

excess concentration, to supress GnRH, LH & FSH release.

65-74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in

human beings.

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Functions Of Sertoli Cells

Provide nutrition to germ cells, so they are also called as

sustentacular or nurse cells.

Phagocyte the injured or dead sperm cells.

They are the basis of blood testis barrier.

Produce inhibin hormone.

FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some

factors which help in the process of spermiogenesis.

Produce Androgen Binding Protein

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Male Reproductive Hormones

Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to significant increase in

the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH

ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Negative
ICSH/LH FSH feedback

LEYDIG’S CELLS SERTOLI CELLS Inihibin

EXCESS binds to EXCESS
Testosterone ABP
LEVEL SPERMATOGENESIS
To body organs Testosterone concentrates
inside seminiferous
tubules Spermatogenesis
ABP=Androgen Binding Protein

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INHIBIN

It is secreted by Sertoli cells in response to excess spermatogenesis.

❑ The inhibin gives a negative feedback to the anterior pituitary

(Mainly) and hypothalamus (Neligiable).

❑ This results in suppression of synthesis and release of FSH

(Spermatogenesis decreases).

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NCERT 2021-2022 ,PAGE-43

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