CSMQLD SpecMath34 19answers

Answers
Answers
1A
Chapter 1 10 a
4π 5π
,
3 3
b
2π 5π 5π 11π
,
3 6 3
, ,
6
π 2π 4π 5π 5π 3π
Exercise 1A c , , , d ,
3 3 3 3 6 2
5π π 4π π 2π 3π 5π
1 a i 4π ii 3π iii − e 0, , π, , 2π f , , ,
2 3 3 2 3 2 3
π π 7π
iv v− vi − 11 a y
12 18 4
b i 225◦ ii −120◦ iii 105◦
1
iv −330◦ v 260◦ vi −165◦
2 a i 0.12c ii −1.75c iii −0.44c
iv 0.89c v 3.60c vi −7.16c
0 x
b i 97.40◦ ii −49.85◦ iii 160.43◦ π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
iv 5.73◦ v −171.89◦ vi −509.93 ◦ 4 2 4 4 2 4
√
1 1 3
3 a √ b c −1
2 2 2
√
1 1 3 b y
d − e √ f
√
2 2 2 ( − π, 1
3 )
3 1 1 1
4 a b −√ c 1
2 2 2
√ 2
1 1 3
d −√ e √ f− x
2 0 π 2π π
√2 2
√ −π
3 3 1 3 −1 6 3
2
g−
√2
h −
2
i
2 −1
(π, − 12 )
3 1
5 a − b −√ c y
2 3
√ √
51 51 1
6 a − b
√10 7
3 1
7 a − b √
2 3 0 x
√ √ π 5π 2π 11π π
91 −3 91 6 12 3 12
8 a b −1
9
10 91
2π − a, 2π − b, 2π − c, 2π − d
2
(π, − 12 )
−1
Cambridge Senior Maths for Queensland ISBN 978-1-108-59245-1 © Evans et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Specialist Mathematics 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
718 Answers
1B
d y c y
3
Answers
2 ( π, 2 √3 )
2 √3
1 (π, 1)
π
x
2 O π π 7π 5π
0 x
π 7π 11π 5π π 12 3 12 6
−1 6 18 18 6
e y
2 + √3 d y
√3
7π ( 2π, √3 − √2 )
√3 − √2 4 2π
x π 11π 7π ( π, 2√3 − 2 )
√3 − 2 0 3π π 19π 23π 2√3 − 2 12 24 12
x
4 12 12 O 23π
√ √ 24
1
12 a 1 b 3 c √ d 3
3
√ √
− 17 −4 17 −1 −1
13 a b c d
17 17 4 4
√ √ √ √
21 −2 7 3 − 3 Exercise 1B
14 a b c d
7 7 2 2 1 a y
2π 5π π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π
15 a , b , , , , ,
3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9
3π π 5π 9π 13π √2
c d , , , 1 (2π, √2)
2 8 8 8 8
y 0 x
16 a π 3π 5π 7π 2π
−1 4 4 4 4
b y
x
O π π 3π π
4 2 4 2√3
2√3 2π,
3
3
1
0 x
π 2π 7π 5π 2π
−1 6 3 6 3
b y
c y
√3
2π,
x 1 3
O π 5π
√3
− √3
3 6 (π, − √3 ) 3 x
0
π 2π 7π 5π 2π
−1 6 3 6 3
Answers 719
Answers
2 a y f y
1
(π, 1) 0 x
0 x √3 π 5π 2π 11π π
π π 3π − 6 12 3 12
π 3
4 2 4
−1 π, − √3
3
3 a y
1B
b y
1 x
−π 3π π π 0 π π 3π π
− − −
4 2 4 −1 4 2 4
0 x
π π π 2π 5π π
6 3 2 3 6
−1
b y
−π, 2 3
c y 3 2 3
π,
11π π 2 3 3
− −
12 6 3 π
x
−π 2π 5π 0 π π 7π 5π
− −
3π 5π 7π 3 12 12 3 12 6
8 8 8
0 x
π π π 3π π
8 4 2 4
c y
3 3
−π,
3 3 3
π,
−11π 5π π 7π
d y
− 3
12 12 12 12
x
0 π 5π
−π − 2π − π π
(π, 1) 3 6 3 6
1
0 x
π π 3π π √ √
4 2 4 5 89 89
−1
4 a cot x = , sec x = , cosec x =
8√ 5 √ 8
2 6 7 6 7
b cot x = , sec x = , cosec x =
5
√ 12 √ 5
e y
7 2 9 9 2
c cot x = , sec x = , cosec x =
8 √ 7 √ 8
5 a 2
√ b 2 c − √ 3 d 2
1 e 2 f 1 g − 2 h2
0 x 6 a 1 b −1 c cosec2 x d sec x
π π 3π π e sin2 x − cos2 x = − cos(2x)
4 2 4
−1 f tan x sec2 x √ √
(π, −1)
√ 17 17
7 a 17 b c −
17 4
√ √
√ 10 10
8 a − 10 b − c −
10 3
720 Answers
√
√ −3 11
1C → 1D
9 a −3 11 b b dom = [−2, 0], ran = [0, π]

10 y
√
√ 35
10 a − 35 b
√ 6 π
− 3 √
11 a b − 3 c 2 π
2 √ √ 2
1 2 2 3 2
12 a − b − c−
3 3 4 x
√ √ √
Answers
−2 0
51 51 7 51
13 a b − c−
10 7 51 3 1
√ √ c dom = − , , ran = [−π, π]
2 6 6 2 2
14 a 0.2 b − c−
5 12 y
1
15 a 0 b sin(2θ) c1 d1
2
1 π
16 x − = −2 tan θ π
x 3
x
0
Exercise 1C −3 −1 1
2 2 2
√ √ −π
2 √ 2 √
1 a ( 3 − 1) b (1 − 3)
4 4 π 3π
2 a sin(2x) cos(5y) − cos(2x) sin(5y) d dom = R, ran = − ,
2 2
b cos(x2 ) cos(y) − sin(x2 ) sin(y) y
3 a sin(x − 2y) b cos x
3π
c sin(2A) d cos y 2
4 a sin x cos(2x) + cos x sin(2x)
b 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
π
5 a cos x cos(2x) − sin x sin(2x) 2
b 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x x
5 12 −1 0
6 a −0.8 b 2.6 c d −
π
13 13 2
16 63
e f 1 1
65 65
7 a −0.71 b 0.92 c −0.93 d −0.36 e dom = − , , ran = [0, π]
2 2
1 y
8 a sin(2x) b − cos(2x) c −1
4
d −2 tan x e sin(2x) π
24 π
9 a 0.96 b −0.28 c −
7 2
10 a −0.66 b 0.91
11 0.97 x
0
−1 1
Exercise 1D 2 2
π π
1 a dom = R, ran = − , −1 1 π
2 2 f dom = , , ran = 0,
y 3 3 2
y
π
2 π
2
0
x
1 π
4
−π x
0
2 0, −π −1 1
4 3 3
Answers 721
π π π 5π π nπ
Answers
2 a b− c d e h x= ,n∈Z
2 4 6 6 3 2
π π π (8n − 5)π
f g− h iπ i x= ,n∈Z
4
√ 3 6 √ 8
3 π 2 π 4 a ±1.16 b −0.20, −2.94
3 a b− c −1 d e c 1.03, −2.11
2 3 2 4
√ π π π 5π π π 5π 3π π 5π
f 3 g h− i− j 5 a , , , b 0, , π, , 2π
3 3 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 3
π π π 5π 3π
k π l− c , , ,
4
π π 3π π 6 2 6 2
1E → 1F
4 a [1, 3], − , b − , , [−1, 1] π π 5π 3π 13π 5π 17π 7π 25π
2 2 4 4 d , , , , , , , , ,
5 3 π π π 5π 24 8 24 8 24 8 24 8 24
c − ,− , − , d − , , [−1, 1] 9π 29π 11π 37π 13π 41π 15π
2 2 2 2 18 18 , , , , , ,
π 7π 8 24 8 24 8 24 8
e , , [−1, 1] f [−2, 0], [0, π] 2π 4π 3π 7π
6 6 , π,
π π π e 0, , , 2π f 0, , 2π
3 3 4 4
g [−1, 1], 0, h − , , [−1, 1]
π 2 3π 6 3π 7π π 5π π
g , h , i 0, , 2π
i R, 0, j 0, , R 4 4 3 3 2
π2 π 2
6 a max = 3, min = 1 b max = 1, min =
1
k R, − , 3
2 2 1 1
√2π √2π c max = 5, min = 4 d max = , min =
4 5
l − , , [0, ∞)
2 2 e max = 3, min = −1 f max = 9, min = 5
3 12 24 40 √ 7 a (−1.14, −2.28), (0, 0), (1.14, 2.28)
5 a b c d e 3
5
√ 5 √ 25 √ 9 √ b (−1.24, −1.24), (0, 0), (1.24, 1.24)
5 −2 5 2 10 7 149 c (3.79, −0.79) d (0, 0), (4.49, 4.49)
f g h i
3 5 7 149 8 2π − q
4 12 π 3π
6 a i ii 9 a π + α, 2π − α b − α, +α
5 13 2 2
π 3π
Exercise 1E 10 a π − β, β − π b − β, β −
2 2
7π 11π π 17π π 11π 3π 5π
1 a , b , c , 11 a 2π − γ, 3π − γ b − γ, −γ
6 6 12 12 6 6 2 2
π 5π 5π 11π 12 b 45.07
d , e ,
4 4 6 6 13 b 1.113
π 13π 25π 37π
f , , , 14 When t = 0, xA = xB = 0;
24 24 24 24 when t = 1.29, xA = xB = 0.48
π 5π 5π 7π π 4π
2 a , b , c , 15 b 0.94
6 6 6 6 3 3
3π 7π 2π 4π 5π 7π
d , e , f , Exercise 1F
4 4 3 3 4 4
π 3π 1 a sin(11πt) − sin(3πt)
3 a x = + 2nπ or x = + 2nπ, n ∈ Z 1
4 4 b sin 60◦ + sin 40◦
b x = 2nπ, n ∈ Z 2
π 3 πx
c x = + nπ, n ∈ Z c sin(πx) + sin
6 2 3
(12n − 5)π (4n + 1)π d sin(A) + sin(B + C)
d x= or x = ,n∈Z
12 4 2 cos(3θ) − cos(5θ)
(2n − 1)π 2(3n + 1)π 3 sin A − sin B
e x= or x = ,n∈Z
3 9 5 a 2 sin 50◦ cos 16◦ b 2 cos 50◦ cos 16◦
2nπ (6n + 1)π ◦
c 2 sin 16 cos 50 ◦
d −2 sin 50◦ sin 16◦
f x= or x = ,n∈Z 5x 3x
3 9
6 a 2 sin(5A) cos(3A) b 2 cos cos
(3n − 2)π 2 2
g x= ,n∈Z
6 c 2 sin(x) cos(5x) d −2 sin(4A) sin(A)
722 Answers
√ √
5π 3π π π π π π 3π 5π
1 review
3 2 3
11 a − ,− ,− ,− , , , , , 9 a − b c 2
6 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 3 √
2π π π π π 2π d 2 e 1 f − 3
b −π, − , − , − , 0, , , ,π 1 1
3 2 3 3 2 3 10 a −p b −p c d − e −p
3π 2π π π π π 2π 3π p p
c −π, − , − , − , − , 0, , , , ,π π 1 2π
4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 11 a b c
5π π π π π 5π 3 2 √3
Answers
d −π, − , − , − , 0, , , ,π √
6 2 6 6 2 6 2π 3 2
d e f
π 5π π π 2π 5π 3 2 2
12 a , b 0, , , , ,π 12 a y Domain = R
6 6 6 3 3 6
π π 5π 7π 2π 11π Range = (−π, π)
c 0, , , , , , ,π π
12 3 12 12 3 12
π π 3π π 7π 5π 9π
d , , , , , , x
10 6 10 2 10 6 10 O
−π
Chapter 1 review
Technology-free questions b y Domain = [2, 4]
7 9 π
π π
1 a √ b 2 Range = − ,
113 2 2 2
1 4 x
2 a √ b− c 210◦ is a possible answer 0 2 3 4
2 5
√ π
3 tan−1 (3 2) −
2
π 5π π 11π π 5π
4 a , b , c , c y Domain = [−1, 0]
6 6 6 6 4 4
Range = [0, 3π]
2π π π 2π
5 a x = − , − , or 3π
3 3 3 3
b y
π π
− ,1 ,1
2 2 x
−1 0
x
2π π O π 2π
− −
3
d y Domain = [1, 3]
3 3 3
Range = [−π, 0]
1
(−π, −3) −3 (π, −3) 0
x
3
2π
π π 2π
c x ∈ −π, − ∪ − , ∪ ,π −π
3 3 3 3
7 24 5 4
6 a b c d
25 25 3 3 e y Domain = R
π π 3π π π 5π 3π Range = (−π, π)
7 a − , , b− , , ,
2 2 2 2 6 6 2 π
π π 3π π π 5π π
c − , , , ,− , 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 x
π π 3π π π 7π 11π 5π 0 1
d − , , e ,− , , ,−
2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 −π
π π 5π
f 0, 2π, , − ,
3 3 3 π 3π 5π 7π
7π 11π 1 1 13 0, , , , ,π
8 a , , sin−1 , π − sin−1 8 8 8 8
6 6 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π π 5π Multiple-choice questions
b , , , c , 1 C 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 C 6E
6 6 6 6 4 4
π 3π 5π 7π 7 D 8 A 9 A 10 D 11 E
d , , ,
4 4 4 4
Answers 723
Answers
Extended-response questions b ii a = 2000, b = −4000
√ x iii V = 2000p − 4000p2
1 a i x ii 1 − x2 iii √
1 − x2 1
√ iv 0 < p <
2x 2
iv 2x v 1 − 4x2 vi √
1 − 4x2 v V
√ √
b i 2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2 250
ii (1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2
√ √
2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2
iii
1 review
(1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2
√ π π
θ
iv 2x 1 − x2 v 1 − 2x2 0
√ 3 2
V
2x 1 − x2
vi
1 − 2x2 250
c ∠B2 AB1 = 0.34, 2α = 0.61
2 a y
p
0 1 1
0 x 4 2
π 2π
1 π
vi Max volume = 250 when p = ,θ=
4 3
π
y = cosec x c i V = 1000 sin θ, for 0 < θ <
2
y = cot x 2
y = cosec x − cot x ii V
x
c y = cot , y = cosec(x) + cot(x) 1000
2 π
y , 1000
2
θ
0 π
0 x 2
π 2π
iii V is an increasing function: as the
angle θ gets larger, so does the volume
π π of the cuboid
√ √
d ii cot = 1 + 2, cot =2+ 3 4 a Each triangle has a right angle, and
8 12 angle CAD is common to both triangles
1 b (cos(2θ), sin(2θ))
iii √
4+2 2 c i 2 cos θ ii 2 sin θ
θ
5b p = 8 cos3 θ − 4 cos θ
e cot − cot(4θ)
2 π
c iii iv 1
3 a i 100 sin θ cos θ 6
ii R d P
50
4
θ
0 π π
θ
4 2 0 π
π
iii 50 iv 4
4 π
e
4
724 Answers
π
2A
6 a ii x = ± + nπ, n ∈ Z 500
4 9 a iV= cos(θ◦ ) sin2 (θ◦ )
y
3
iii ii Vmax = 64.15 when θ = 54.74
b ii θ ∈ (0, 90)
Answers
c Vmax = 24.69 when a = 0.67, θ = 48.19

2
1
O x
−1
π
2
π 3π 2π Chapter 2
−2 2
Exercise 2A
y = tan x 1 a (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1
y = cot x
y = 2 cosec 2x
b (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25
π c x2 + (y + 5)2 = 25
b ii x = nπ ± ,n∈Z d (x − 3)2 + y2 = 2
6
iii y 2 a Centre (−2, 3); radius 1
b Centre (1,
3 2); radius 23
c Centre , 0 ; radius
1 2 2
√3 d Centre (−2, 5); radius 2
3 x
1 2
1 2 1
√3 O π π 3π 2π
− 3 a x+ + y+ =
3 2 2 4 4 8
−1 y
y = cot 2x −1 0
2 x
y = tan x
y = cosec 2x
7 a i ∠BAE = 72◦ , ∠AEC = 72◦ , ∠ACE = 72◦ −1
2
ii 36◦
√ − 1, − 1
4 4
5−1
e
4 3 2 49
b x+ + (y − 2)2 =
8 a ii V 500 2 4
90,
3 y
− 3, 2
2
2 + √ 10
1
(√ 33 − 3)
2
0
x
θ°
0 90 − 1 (3 + √ 33 ) 2 − √ 10
2
iii V is an increasing function: as the
c (x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25
angle θ gets larger, so does the volume
y
of the pyramid
b ii θ ∈ (0, 90)
2000 2 1000 8
iii V = − a + a (−4, 5)
3 3
125
iv Vmax = when θ = 60 2
3 x
v V 125 −4 0
60,
3
d (x − 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25
y
8
θ (4, 5)
0 30 60 90
2
x
0 4
Answers 725
5 2
Answers
9 e x2 + y2 ≤ 16 and x ≤ 2
e (x − 2)2 + y + =
4 16 y
y
4
x=2
O
x
x
−4 0 2 4
5
2, −
4 −4
f x + y ≤ 9 and y ≥ −1
2 2
2B
3 2 439
f (x + 1)2 + y − = y
2 12
y 3
−1, 3 3 1 427
+ −3 0 3
x
2 2 2 3
−1 y = −1
103
−1
3 −3
x
0
−1 − 103 √
3 3 1 427 5 Centre (5, 3); radius 10
−
2 2 3
6 (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
4 a x2 + y2 ≤ 16
7 (x − 5)2 + (y − 4)2 = 13
y
15 19 √
5 2
8 a First circle: centre , ; radius
4 2 2 2
Second circle: centre (5, 7); radius 5
b (5, 12), (10, 7)
−4 O 4
x 5√2 5√2 −5√2 −5√2
9 a , , ,
−4 √2 √ 2 √ 2 √ 2
b ( 5, 2 5), (− 5, −2 5)
b x 2 + y2 ≥ 9 Exercise 2B
y
x2 y2
3 1 a + = 1, centre (0, 0)
9 16
y
x
−3 O 3 4
−3
x
−3 0 3
c (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 < 4
y
−4
x2 y2
b + = 1, centre (0, 0)
16 25
2 y
5
x
0 2
d (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16 x

−4 0 4
y
−5
√7 − 2 3 + 2 √3
x
0
3 − 2 √3
(3, −2)
−2 − √7
726 Answers
(x − 4)2 (y − 1)2 (x − 1)2 (y + 2)2

2B
c + = 1, centre (4, 1) h + = 1, centre (1, −2)

9 16 25 16
y y
Answers
8 √6
−2 +
5 √3 5
(4, 1) 1−
2
O x
x 0
3 √15 3 √15 5 √3
4− 4+ (1, −2) 1+
4 4 2
8 √6
−2 −
5
(y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2

d x2 + = 1, centre (0, 2) i + = 1, centre (2, 3)
9 4 9
y y
2 3
0
x
− √5 −1 √5
0
x
3 3 2
(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 1)2

e + = 1, centre (3, 2) j + = 1, centre (2, 1)
25 9 8 4
y y
22
5 (3, 2)
1 + √2
0 x (2, 1)
5 √5 5 √5 2 − √6 0
3− 3+ x
3 3
−2 1 − √2 2 + √6
5
x 2 y2 3
2 a − = 1, asymptotes y = ± x
x 2 y2 16 9 4
f + = 1, centre (0, 0) y
25 9
3 3x
y y=− x y=
4 4
3
−4 4 x
x
−5 0 5 O
−3
(x + 2)2 (y − 1)2 y2 x2 4
g + = 1, centre (−2, 1) b − = 1, asymptotes y = ± x
9 5 16 9 3
y
y
8
3
(−2, 1) −2 +
6 √5 y=− 4x y=
4x
3 3
5
0 4
x
−2 −
6 √5 −2 x
5 3 0
−4
Answers 727
x 2 y2 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2
Answers
c − = 1, asymptotes y = ±x g − = 1,
4 4 4 9
y 3 3
asymptotes y = x, y = 6 − x
2 2
y = −x y =x y
3
y= x
2
6
−2 2
x
3
0
2B
2 − 2√2 2 + 2 √2
x
0 2 4
3
y=6− x
2
x 2 y2 √
d − = 1, asymptotes y = ± 2x
2 4 4(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
h − = 1,
y 3 3
y = 2x asymptotes y = 2x − 1, y = 3 − 2x
y
y = 2x − 1
− 2 2 x
0
3
2
√3
1 1+ ,1
0 2
y = − 2x x
√3 1 3 2
1− ,1
(x − 2)2 (y + 1)2 2 2
e − = 1,
16 4
1 1 y = 3 − 2x
asymptotes y = x − 2, y = − x
2 2
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
y i − = 1,
16 9
1 1 3 1 7 3
y=− x y= x−2 asymptotes y = x + , y = − x
2 2 4 4 4 4
2 − 2√5 0 2 4 2 − 2√5 y
x
y= 7 − 3x
(−2, −1) −1 (6, −1) 4 4 y = 3 x+ 1
4 4
7
4 4 √10
1 1+
(−3, 1) 4 1 3 (5, 1)
(x − 5) (y − 3)
2 2 x
f − = 1, 1−
4√10
−1
01 7
25 9 3 3 3
3 3
asymptotes y = x, y = 6 − x
5 5
x2 y2 5
y j − = 1, asymptotes y = ± x
3 16 25 4
y= x
5 y
6 5 5
y= − x y= x
3 4 4
5 − 5√2 5 + 5√2
x
0 5 10
3x
y=6−
5
x
−4 4
O
728 Answers
2√3 √3 −2√3 −√3 x2 y2

2C
3 a , , , b + =1
3 √ 3 3 √ 3 9 16
√ 2 √ − 2 y
b 2, , − 2,
2 2
Answers
√
−6 13 −6√13 6√13 6√13 4
5 , , , ,
13
√ √13 √ 13 √13
−6 13 6 13 6 13 −6 13
, , , −3 O 3
13 13 13 13 x
√ −5√2 √ 5√2
6 −2 2, , 2 2,
2 2
y −4
7
y=x
y= − x x2 + y2 = 9
(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
3
c + =1
9 4
O y
x
−3 3
−3
x2 − y 2 = 9 2
x
Exercise 2C O 3
1 x2 + y2 = 4, dom = [−2, 2], ran = [−2, 2]

√
2 a y2 = 16x b x=4 c 32 2 x2 y2
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2 d + = 1, x ∈ [−3, 3], y ∈ [0, 4]
3 + = 1; 9 16
9 4 y
ellipse with centre (2, 3)
x 2 y2
4 − = 1, x ≤ −2;
4 9 4
left branch of hyperbola with centre (0, 0) and
3x
x-axis intercept (−2, 0); asymptotes y = ±
2
x
5 a x2 + y2 = 16 b x 2 + y2 = 4 −3 O 3
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
c + =1 d + =1
16 9 16 9
2 2
y x e x2 − y2 = 1, x ∈ [1, ∞)
e − =1 f y = x2 − 2x − 3
9 4 y
1
g y= h y= x+2
x−2 y = −x
2 2
y x
i − =1
16 4
6 a x2 − y2 = 1, x ∈ (−∞, −1]
y 1 x
O
y=x y=x
−1
x
O
y = −x
Answers 729
Answers
f (x − 1)2 − (y − 1)2 = 1, x ∈ [2, ∞) c dom = [−1, 5], ran = [2, 6]
y y
y=2−x
2√5
4+
3
2
(1, 1)
2√5
O
x 4−
2 3
2 review
y=x x
O
√
P = (−1, − 3) √
7 a √
Chapter 2 review
b 3x + 3y = −4 3
8 a x = 4 cos t y = 4 sin t Technology-free questions
b x = 3 sec t y = 2 tan t (x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
1 + =1
c x = 3 cos t + 1 y = 3 sin t − 2 4 16
d x = 9 cos t + 1 y = 6 sin t − 3 2 y = 3x + 2, y = −3x + 2
9 a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 2 (x − 4)2
3 + (y + 6)2 = 1
10 x = 4 cos t, y = 3 sin t 9
4 x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
11 a x = 2 cos t, y = 6 sin t
x 2 y2 5 a = 1, c = 2, b = d = 3
b + =1 6 Centre (−4, 6), radius 7
4 36
t t 7 (±9, 0), (0, ±3)
12 a x = −2 cos , y = 2 + 3 sin
2 2 Multiple-choice questions
x2 (y − 2)2 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 E 5B
b + =1
4 9 6 B 7B
13 a dom = [2, 5], ran = [4, 6]
Extended-response questions
y √ √ √ √
1 a i [− 2, 2] ii [−3 − 5, −3 + 5]
(2, 6) iii (0, −3) 37 11 48
b 2, 3, 1, 2 c , d 0,
13 13 13
(5, 4) 1 2 35 2 3890
e x− + y− =
2 26 676
2 d Centre (2, 2) and radius 2; centre (10, 10)
and radius 10
x 3
O e Gradient undefined; gradient
4
−4 20
b dom = [2, 5], ran = [2, 6] f y = 4; y = x+
3 3
y
3 a y = (tan t)x
b (−a cos t, −a sin t)
(2, 6)
cos t
c y − a sin t = − (x − a cos t)
sin t
a a
(5, 4)
d A , 0 , B 0,
cos t sin t
a2 a2
(2, 2) e Area = = ;
2 sin t cos t sin(2t)
x π
O Minimum when t =
4
Chapter 3
See worked solutions in the Interactive Textbook
730 Answers
Chapter 4
4A → 4B
Exercise 4B
1 a i 3i + j ii −2i + 3 j iii −3i − 2 j
Exercise 4A iv 4i − 3 j
√ −5i + 2 j ii 7i
1 Magnitude = 5 b i√ √−j iii −i
√ + 4j
c i 10 ii 29 iii 17
2 a i + 4j b√ 4i + 4 j + 2k c 6 j − 3k
d −8i − 8 j + 8k e 6 f 4
2 a = 3, b = 2 3 a i −5i ii 3k iii 2 j iv 5i + 3k
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Answers
⎢⎢⎢⎢6⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−14⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥⎥ v 5i + 2 j + 3k vi 5i + 2 j

⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥⎥ c ⎢⎢⎢ 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢−4⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ vii −5i − 3k viii 2 j − 3k
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 −2 −4 −8 ix −5i + 2 j − 3k x −5i − 2 j + 3k
e3 f 4 xi √ 5i + 2 j − 3k √ √ − 2 j − 3k
xii 5i
3 b i 34 ii 38 iii 29
4 a i 2b ii 4a iii 2a + b 5 5 −5
2 c i i ii i + 2 j iii i + 2 j − 3k
1 3 2 2 2
iv b − 2a v 2a − b
2 2 √ −4 2 2
b i 4 ii 4 iii 13 d i j ii j iii j + 3k
3 3 3
5 a (3 cm b (4 cm 2 5 4
long) long) iv 5i − j − 3k v i + j − 3k
√ 3 √ √ 3
2
613 77 310
e i ii iii
6 2 3
1 2
4 a x = 3, y = − b x = 4, y =
9 3 3 5
6 a6 b c 3
2 2 c x=− ,y=7
1 1 1 2
7 a i a ii b iii (b − a) 5 a i −2i + 4 j ii 3i + 2 j
4 4 4
iii −2i − 12 j
iv b − a
1 1 1 b −i + 2 j c −8i − 32 j
b i a ii b iii (b − a) 6 a i 4i − 2 j − 4k ii −5i + 4 j + 9k
2 2 2
8 a a+b b −(a + b + c + d) c −(b + c) iii √ 2i − j − 2k√ iv −i − j − 3k
1 1 b i 30 ii 67
9 a b−a b (b − a) c (a + b) −−→ −−→
2 2 c AB, CD
1 4
10 a (a + b) 7 a i 2i − 3 j + 4k ii (2i − 3 j + 4k)
2 5
1
11 a a + c − b b a + c − 2b iii (13i − 7 j − 9k)
1 5
12 a −c b c c − a 13 −7 −9
2 b , ,
1 1 5 5 5
d c+ g+ a e c+ g− a −−→ −−→
2 2 8 a i OA = 2i + j ii AB = −i − 4 j
13 a i b − a ii c − d iii b − a = c − d −−→ −−→
1 iii BC = −6i + 5 j iv BD = 2i + 8 j
b i c−b ii − a + b − c −−→ −−→
2 b BD = −2AB
1 55 c Points A, B and D are collinear
14 a k = 3, = b k= , = −10 −−→
2 2 9 a i OB = 2i + 3 j + k
15 a i k(2a − b) ii (2m + 1)a + (4 − 3m)b −−→
ii AC = −i − 5 j + 8k
11 9 −−→
b k= ,m= iii BD = 2i + 2 j + 5k
4 4 −−→
iv CD = 4i + 6 j + 2k
1
16 a i (a + b)
4
ii (a + b) −−→ −−→
2 5 b CD = 2(2i + 3 j + k) = 2OB
−−→
1 4 10 a i AB = 2i − j + 2k
iii (4b − a) iv (4b − a) −−→
−−→
5
−−→
5 ii BC = −i + 2 j + 3k
b RP = 4AR, 1 : 4 c4 −−→
iii CD = −2i + j − 2k
7 −−→
17 a x = 0, y = 1 b x = −1, y = iv DA = i − 2 j − 3k
3
5 b Parallelogram
c x=− ,y=0 3 −3
2 11 a (−6, 3) b (6, 5) c ,
2 2
Answers 731
−−→
Answers
12 a i BC = 6i + 3 j Exercise 4C
−−→ √ √
ii AD = (x − 2)i + (y − 1) j 1 a 3i + j b 2 3i − 2 j
b (8, 4)
j j
13 a (1.5, 1.5, 4) 2 i
x + x y +y z +z 30°
1 2 1 2 1 2 −30°
b , ,
17 8 2 2 2
17
i 4
14 , , −3 15 ,3 √ √ √
5 5−11 2 c − 2i + 2 j d −2i − 2 3 j
16 −11, j
4C
3 j i
18 a i i + j ii −i − 6 j iii −i − 15 j 135°
2
19 −1 4
b k= ,= i −120°
8 4
19 a i 2i + 4 j − 9k ii 14i − 8 j + 3k
iii 5.7i − 0.3 j − 1.6k √
b There are no values for k and such that e −2 3i + 2 j
ka + b = c
√ √ √ √ 150°
20 a i 29 ii 13 iii 97 iv 19
j
b i 21.80◦ anticlockwise 4
ii 23.96◦ clockwise iii 46.51◦ clockwise i
21 a −3.42i + 9.40 j b −2.91i − 7.99 j √ √
2 a 4i +√4 3 j b 5√3i + 5√ j
c 4.60i + 3.86 j d 2.50i − 4.33 j
c −3√3i + 3 j d 4 2i − 4 2 j
22 a −6.43i + 1.74 j + 7.46k e −6 3i − 6 j
b 5.14i + 4.64 j − 4k √ √
3 a [4 2, −45◦ ] b [3 2, 135◦ ]
c 6.13i − 2.39 j − 2.39k
c [4, 150◦ ] d [5, 53.13◦ ]
d −6.26i + 9.77 j + 3.07k
−−→ −−→ −−→ e [13, −112.62◦ ]
√
24 a |AB| = |AC| = 3 b OM = −i + 3 j + 4k 4 a [2, ◦
b [ 5, 63.43◦ ]
−−→ √ √ 30 ] ◦
c AM = i + 2 j − k d3 2 c [√2, −135 ] d [2, −30◦ ]
1 e [ 2, 135◦ ]
25 a 5i + 5 j b (5i + 5 j)
2 5 a 5.36i + 4.50 j b 8.19i + 5.74 j
5 5 −5 5
c i + j + 3k d i − j + 3k c −9.97i + 4.65 j d 7.37i − 5.16 j
2
√ 2 2 2
e −6.88i − 9.83 j
86
e 6 a [20, 60◦ ] b [1, −165◦ ]
2 c ◦
[18, 160 ]
−−−→ 1 1 √ √
26 a MN = b − a 7 a (6√+ 4 3)i√+ (4 + 6 3) j
2 2
−−−→ −−→ 1 b 5 2i + (5 2 − 10) j c 4.80i + 7.28 j
b MN AB, MN = AB √ √ √
√ 2 √ 8 a 3 3i + 3 j + 6 3k √ b 15i + 15 j + 15 2k
3 1 3 3 3 c −12i√+ 12 j − 12 2k
27 a i− j b i− j
2√ 2 2 2 d −15 3i − 45 √ j + 30k
3 3 7 √ e 100 j − 100 3k f −200k
c i+ j d 19 km √ π 1 √
−−→
2 2 9 a 5, , sin−1 √ ≈ [ 5, 30◦ , 26.57◦ ]
28 a OA = 50k 6 5
√ √ 2 2
b i −80i + 20 j − 10k ii 10 69 m b 11, tan−1 √ , sin−1 √ ≈
c −80i + 620 j + 100k √ 3 11
◦ ◦
29 a 2.66 km [ 11, 49.11 , 37.10 ]
√ π 1 √
b i −0.5i − j + 0.1k ii 1.12 km c 3, , sin−1 √ ≈ [ 3, 45◦ , 35.25◦ ]
c −0.6i − 0.8 j 4 3
√ √ √
30 a −100√2i + 100 2 j √ b 50 j 10 a [√33, −45◦ , 10.02◦ ]
c −100√2i + (50 + 100√2) j d 30k b [ √19, 135◦ , −13.26◦ ]
◦ ◦
e −100 2i + (50 + 100 2) j + 30k c √ 5, 150 , ◦−26.57 ] ◦
[2
−−→ √ √ d [√41, 53.13 , −38.66 ]
31 a OP =√50 2i + 50 2 j√
b i (50 2 − 100)i + 50 2 j ii 337.5◦ e [ √173, −112.62◦ , 8.75◦ ]
f [2 13, −90◦ , 33.69◦ ]
32 a (3m + 1)i − j + (1 − 3m)k b −5
732 Answers
1
4D → 4G
Exercise 4D 7 a j+ k b (i + 2 j − 2k)
3 √
1 a 66 b 22 c 6 d 11 e 25 8 a i− j− k b 3i + 2 j + k c 14
f 86 g −43
9 a i i − j − 2k ii i − 5 j
2 a 14 b 13 c 0 d −8 e 14 3 2√ √
b (i − 5 j) c 195 d 30
3 a 21 b −21 13 13
4 a a · a + 4a · b + 4b · b b 4a · b 2 1
10 b i (i − 3 j − 2k) ii (5i + j + k)
c a·a−b·b d |a| 7 3
1
5 a −4 b5 c 5 d −6 or 1 c (i + 11 j − 16k)
Answers
−−→ −−→ 21
6 a AB = −2i − j − 2k b |AB| = 3
c 105.8◦ Exercise 4F
√
7 66 1 2 2 3
8 a i c ii a + c iii c − a 1 a a+ b b a+ b
3 3 5 5
9 d and f ; a and e; b and c 5 5 5 8
−−→ 13 2 a i− j+ k b i− j
10 a AP = −a + qb b q= 2 2 3 3
26 13 −13 15 10 2
c i + j + 5k
c , , 3 3
15 3 15
3 b 2:1
11 x = 1, y = −3
a+x y
12 a 2.45 b 1.11 c 0.580 d 2.01 4 a i+ j b x2 + y2 = a2
−−→ 3 2 2
14 a OM = i + j b 36.81◦ c 111.85◦ 5 b 1:5
2 −−→ −−→ 17
15 a i −i + 3 j ii 3 j − 2k 6 a OB = −i + 7 j b OD = −2i + j
3
b 37.87◦ c 31.00◦ 2
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 c λ=
16 a i OM = (4i + 5 j) ii ON = (2i + 7k) 5
2 2 −−→
7 b i OP = 2i + j + k
b 80.12◦ c 99.88◦
−−→ 18 15 1
17 69.71◦ ii OP = i+ j− k
11 11 11
Exercise 4E −−→ 7 5 1
√ iii OP = i + j + k
4 4 4
11 1
1 a (i + 3 j − k) b (i + 2 j + 2k)
√11 3 Exercise 4G
10 1 1
c (− j + 3k) 12 a i (b − a) ii (a + b)
10√ 2 2
26 √ 1
b (a · a + b · b)
2 a i (3i + 4 j − k) ii 3(i − j − k) 2
√ 26
13 c 3 : 1
78 1
b (3i + 4 j − k) 14 a i (a + 2b) ii a + 2b iii 2b
26 3
1 1 15 a s = r + t
3 a i (2i − 2 j − k) ii (3i + 4k)
3 5 1 1
√ b u = (r + s), v = (s + t)
510 2 2
b (19i − 10 j + 7k) −−→ −−→
510 16 b AB = i − 3 j, DC = i − j c 4i + 2 j
−11 −1 e 4j
4 a (i − 4 j + k) b (i − 4 j + k) 2 5
18 9 18 b − a
13 3 12
c (4i − k)
17 √ √ √ √ k+2 k+2
19 b λ = ,μ=
5 2 21 −(1 + 4 5) 17 2 2
5 a 2 b c d 3 3
5 7 17 c λ= ,μ=
9 1 2 2
6 a (5i − k), (7i + 26 j + 35k)
26 26 20 b 12r2
3 3 3 −−→ c2
b (i + k), i+ j− k 22 a OX = 2 (a + c + d)
2 2 2 a + c2 + d 2
1 −7 11 8 −−→ a +c
2 2
c − (2i + 2 j − k), i+ j+ k b OY = 2 (a + c + d)
9 9 9 9 a + c2 + d 2
Answers 733
−−→ 1 −−→ 2
Answers
c i OX = (a + c + d), OY = (a + c + d) 20 a c − a
3 3 1 2 1 2 1 1
ii 120◦ iii 120◦ 21 a i c ii a + b iii a + b − c
3 3 3 3 3 3
−−→ 1 1 3
25 a OG = (a + b) 22 a a + b
3 4 4
1 λ 3λ 4
29 a λ =
1
c arccos b i a+ − 1 b ii
2 3 4 4 3
−−→ −−→ Multiple-choice questions
30 a OG = b + d + e, DF = b − d + e,
−−→ −−→ 1 C 2 D 3 B 4 B 5C
BH = −b + d + e, CE = −b − d + e
−−→ 2 6 C 7E 8 E 9 D 10 B
4 review
b |OG| = |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2
+ 2(b · d + b · e + d · e) Extended-response questions
√
−−→ 2 1 a i i + j + k ii 3
|DF| = |b| + |d|2 + |e|2
2
+ 2(−b · d + b · e − d · e) b i (λ − 0.5)i + (λ − 1) j + (λ − 0.5)k

−−→ 2 −−→ 1
| BH|2 = |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 ii λ = , OQ = (8i + 11 j + 5k)
3 3
+ 2(−b · d − b · e + d · e) c 5i + 6 j + 4k
−−→ 2 −−→ √ −−→ √
|CE| = |b| + |d|2 + |e|2
2
2 a i |OA| = 14, |OB| = 14 ii i − 5 j
+ 2(b · d − b · e − d · e) 1
b i (5i + j + 2k)
2
Chapter 4 review c 5i + j + 2k
e i 5i + j − 13k or −5i − j + 13k
Technology-free questions
√ iii The vector is perpendicular to the plane
2 containing OACB
1 a 2i − j + k b
3 −−→ −−→
3 a OX = 7i + 4 j + 3k, OY = 2i + 4 j + 3k,
2
3 1
a i (−3i + 2 j + 6k) ii (6i − 11 j − 12k) −−→ −−→ −−→ √
7 7 OZ = 6i + 4 j, OD = 6i + 3k, |OD| = 3 5,
−−→ √
3 a x=5 b y = 2.8, z = −4.4 |OY| = 29
1 b 48.27◦
4 a cos θ = b6 5λ 1
3 c i + 1 i + 4 j ii −
1 485 λ+1 6
5 a (43i − 46 j + 20k) b (3i − 6 j + 4k)
9 549 4 a i b−a ii c − b iii a − c
6 a i (2 − 3t) j + (−3 − 2t)k 1 1 1
iv (b + c) v (a + c) vi (a + b)
ii (−2 − 3t) j + (3 − 2t)k 2 2 2
b ±1 1 2
√ √ 5 a b+ c
7 a i 2 17 √ ii 4 3 iii −40 3 3
5 51 c ii 5 : 1
b cos−1 d 1:3
√
51
1 1 1
8 5 3i − 15 j + 10k 6 a i (a + b) ii − a + λ − b
2 2 2
9 [20, 30◦ , 60◦ ] 7 a i 12(1 − a) ii 1
√
3 1 8 5 b i x − 4y + 2 = 0 ii x = −2, y = 0
10 a 3i − j + k b i − j + 4k c
2 2 21 c i j + 4k ii i − 12 j + 5k
11 a 34 − 4p b 8.5 c
5 iii 3i − 11 j + 7k
13 d X has height 5 units; Y has height 7 units
12 −6.5 3 2 3 3
3 3 8 a i c ii a + c iii −a + c
13 λ= ,μ=− 4 5 5 4
2 2 5 2
14 AB DC, AB : CD = 1 : 2 b μ= ,λ=
√ 6 3
19 9 a b = qi − p j, c = −qi + p j
15 −−→ −−→
5 b i AB = −(x + 1)i − y j, AC = (1 − x)i − y j
16 a (−1, 10) b h = 3, k = −2 −−→ −−→
ii AE = yi + (1 − x) j, AF = −yi + (x + 1) j
17 a 2c, 2c − a b a + c
1
c 1.5 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
10 a i BC = mv, BE = nv, CA = mw, CF = nw
2 −−→ √ 2
2 3 ii |AE| = m − mn + n2 ,
18 h= ,k= −−→ √
3 4 |FB| = m2 − mn + n2
19 3(i + j)
734 Answers
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 x 2 y2
5A
11 a CF = a − c, OE = (a + c) 2 a + =1 y
2 2 4 9
b ii 60◦ dom = [−2, 2]
c ii HX is parallel to EX; KX is parallel ran = [−3, 3] 3
Answers
to FX; HK is parallel to EF
−−→ −−→
12 a OA = −2(i + j), OB = 2(i − j),
−−→ −−→
OC = 2(i + j), OD = −2(i − j) x
−−→ −−→ −2 O 2
b PM = i + 3 j + hk, QN = −3i − j + hk
−−→ 1 1 h
c OX = i − j + k
√ 2 2 2
−3
d i √2 ii 71◦
e ii 6
−−→ a −−→ a b 3x + 2y = 6 y
13 a i OM = j ii MC = ai + j dom = [0, 2]
2 2
−−→ aλ ran = [0, 3]
b MP = aλi + j,
2
−−→ a 3
BP = a(λ − 1)i + (λ + 1) j,
2
−−→ a
OP = aλi + (λ + 1) j
2 √
3 −−→ 2 5a −−→ −−→
c i λ = , | BP| = , |OP| = a, |OB| = a
√ 5 5 x
5 0 2
ii
5 c y = 3x2 y
3
d λ = −1 and λ = dom = [0, ∞)
5
A O ran = [0, ∞)
A C
P
M M
P B C (5, 75)
O B
−−→ 14 29 1
e OY = ai + a j + ak
15 30 6
x
O
Chapter 5 d y = 3x 3
2
y
dom = [0, ∞)
Exercise 5A ran = [0, ∞)
1 a y = 2x; dom = R; ran = R
b x = 2; dom = {2}; ran = R
c y = 7; dom = R; ran = {7}
d y = 9 − x; dom = R; ran = R
1
e x = (2 − y)2 ; dom = [0, ∞); ran = R (1, 3)
9
+ 1; dom = R; ran = R
f y = (x + 3)3
O
x
x−1
g y=3 2 ; dom = R; ran = (0, ∞)
h y = cos(2x + π) = − cos(2x); e x 2 + y2 = 1 y
dom = R; ran = [−1, 1] dom = [0, 1]

1 2 ran = [0, 1]
i y= − 4 + 1;
x
1
dom = R \ {0}; ran = [1, ∞)
x
j y= ;
1+x
dom = R \ {−1, 0}; ran = R \ {0, 1}
x
O 1
Answers 735
x 2 y2
Answers
f − = 1; dom = (3, ∞); ran = (0, ∞) Exercise 5B
9 4
y 1 a x 2 + y2 = 1
b y
1
y = 2x
3
x
−1 O 1
5B
x
O 3
g x2 + y2 = 16; dom = [−4, 4]; ran = [0, 4] −1
y
π 3π 5π
c t= , , ,...
2 2 2
4 (2n − 1)π
i.e. t = , n∈N
2
2
y
2 a i x= −9
x 64
−4 O 4 ii y
h 3y = 2x − 6; dom = [3, ∞); ran = [0, ∞)

y
24
x
−9 O
−24
(6, 2)
x iii t = 3
0 3 1
b i y= , x > −1
i y = 5x2 − 36x + 63; 1+x
dom = R; ran = [− 95 , ∞) ii y
1
63 18 9
,− −1
5 5 x
O
iii t = −1
x
0 3 21 c i y = 1 − x, x < 1
5 ii y
3 a r(t) = t i + (3 − 2t) j, t ∈ R
b r(t) = 2 cos t i + 2 sin t j, t ∈ R
c r(t) = (2 cos t + 1)i + 2 sin t j, t ∈ R
π π 1
d r(t) = 2 sec t i + 2 tan t j, t ∈ − ,
2 2
e r(t) = √
t i + (t − 3)2 + 2(t − 3) j, t ∈ R x
O 1
f r(t) = 6 cos t i + 2 sin t j, t ∈ R
4 a r(θ) = (2 + 5 cos θ)i + (6 + 5 sin θ) j
b (x − 2)2 + (y − 6)2 = 25 iii t = 1
736 Answers
5B
3 a Position vector i + 4 j; Coordinates

√ (1, 4) 16 Particle is moving along a circular path, with
b (1, 4) and (7, −8) c 65 centre (0, 0, 1) and radius 3, starting at (3, 0, 1)
9 3 9 −3 and moving anticlockwise; always a distance
4 a i − j, , of 1 above the x–y plane. It takes 2π units of
Answers
2 2 2 2
9 −3 time to complete one circle.
b (6, −1) and , z
√ 2 2
c 5 2
5 a t=9 b 22i + 4 j + 15k
1 (0, 0, 1)
6 a t = , −i + 5k b t = 2, 4i + 5 j + 3k (−3, 0, 1)
2
c t = 2, 4i − 2 j + 3k (0, −3, 1) (0, 3, 1)
√ −2 y
7 a 137 b t= and t = −1 (3, 0, 1) O
5 √
8 a 3i + 6 j − 3k b3 6
c 4i + 8 j − 3k d i + 2j x
√
9 a 3i + j + 4k b 14
2 17 Particle is moving along a straight line,
10 a = , b = 7 starting at (0, 0, 0), and moving ‘forward 1’,
3
x 2 y2 ‘across 3’ and ‘up 1’ at each step.
11 a + =1 z
9 4
b 3i
c i 303.69◦ ii 285.44◦
1
12 a y = , for x ≥ 1 b i+ j 3
x 2
c y 1
y
1 0 3 6 9
2
3
x
(1, 1)
(x − 1)2 (y − 3)2
18 a + =1
x 4 25
O b i (−1, 3) ii (1, −2) iii (3, 3)
5 3 c π units of time
13 a r(0) = 2i b i+ j d Anticlockwise
2 2
c x 2 − y2 = 4 19 a i y = 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
√ √
14 a r(0) = 0, r(20 3) = 2000 3i ii y
√ x 2 √
b y = 3x − , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2000 3
2000
2
c y
x
0 1
iii Particle starts at (1, 2) and moves along

x a linear path towards the origin. When
O (2000 √3, 0)
3 it reaches (0, 0), it reverses direction
3 27 81
15 Collide when t = ; r = i− j and heads towards (1, 2). It continues
2 2 2 4 in this pattern, taking 13 units of time to
complete each cycle.
Answers 737
Answers
b i y = 2x2 − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 5 a r = 2i + j + t(−3i + j)
ii y b r = 2i + j + t(i + 3 j)
6 a r = t(2 j − k) b r = t( j + 2k)
(−1, 1) (1, 1) 7 a r = 2i + j + t(−3i + 2 j)
b i No ii No iii Yes
8 a r = j + k + t(3i + j − k)
5 4
x c m=− , n=−
−1 0 1 3 3
√2 √2 9 a 4i + 3 j b r = −i + j + t(4i + 3 j)
7 7
5C → 5D
c − , 0 , 0,
3 4
10 a x = 2 − 3t, y = 5 + t, z = 4 − 2t;
iii Particle is moving along a parabolic 2−x 4−z
=y−5=
path, starting at (1, 1) and reversing 3 2
direction at (−1, 1). It takes 1 unit of b x = 2t, y = 2 + t, z = −1 + 4t;
time for each cycle. x z+1
1 =y−2=
c i y = 2, x ≥ 1 2 4
x √ √
11 114 23 123
ii y 11 a b
38 19
12 c t ∈ [−3, 2]
13 23
1
13 , ,0
5 5
√
14 r = −i − 3 j − 3k + t(2i + j + 3k); 5
√
15 17 16 3
x
7 2 8
0 1 17 , , 18 r = (t − 2)i + 2 j + k
iii Particle is moving along a ‘truncus’ √3 3 3
165
path, starting at (1, 1) and moving to the 19
‘right’ indefinitely. 3
20 (−1, −1, 3), (−5, 1, 7) 21 (2, 6, −4), (5, 0, 2)
20 a y = x2 − 4x, y = 4x − 7
7 22 a (1 + t)i + (−4 + 2t) j + (1√− t)k √
b (1, −3), (7, 21) c t = , (7, 21) √ 66 786
2 b 18 − 16t + 6t 2 c d
3 6
Exercise 5C
Exercise 5D
1 a Yes b Yes c No
17 9
2 a r = i + (1 + 2t) j 1 i+ j
2 4
b r = i − 3k + t(i + j + 2k)
2 (−1, 2, 3)
c r = 2i − j + 2k + t(−i + 2 j − k)
d r = 2i − 2 j + k + t(−4i + 3 j) 4 a i No ii No iii No iv (−7, −6)
b i No ii Yes iii No iv (−1, 1)
3 a r = 3i + j + t(−5i + j)
c i Yes ii No iii Yes
b r = −i + 5 j + t(3i − 6 j)
d i Yes ii No iii No iv None
c r = i + 2 j + 3k + t(i − 2 j − 4k)
e i No ii Yes iii No iv (3, 1, −2)
d r = i − 4 j + t(i + 7 j + k)
f i No ii No iii No iv None
4 a i x = 3 − 5t, y = 1 + t g i No ii No iii No iv (3, 0, −1)
1 h i Yes ii No iii Yes
ii y = (8 − x)
5 i i No ii No iii No iv (0, 1, −2)
b i x = −1 + 3t, y = 5 − 6t j i Yes ii No iii Yes
ii y = −2x + 3
5 a (1, 2, −1) b None c None d None
c i x = 1 + t, y = 2 − 2t, z = 3 − 4t
2−y 3−z 6 a 25.21◦ b 0◦
ii x − 1 = = 7 a 30◦
2 4
d i x = 1 + t, y = −4 + 7t, z = t 1
8 a (3, 3, 1) b √
y+4 15
ii x − 1 = =z
7
738 Answers
5E → 5 review
9 Lines 1 and 2 do not intersect 10 a (5, −1, −1) b 25.7◦

√
Lines 1 and 3 intersect at (2, 3, −1) 11 a x + y + z = 4 b 2 3
Lines 2 and 3 intersect at (4, −5, −1) 4
c (i + j + k)
3
Exercise 5E
12 a 88.18◦
1 a −3i + 4 j + 19k b i − 7 j − 4k 5 19
b r = − j − 9k + t i + j + 30k
c i− j d i + 2k 2 2
2 a −9i − 26 j − 12k b 2j + k 13 a i − 5 j − 3k b 2i + 3 j + 7k c 43.12◦
c 2j + k d i − 2k 14 a −6i − 4 j + k
3 a a×b b0 c 2(a × b) b r = 2i + j − 2k + t(−6i − 4 j + k)
d (a × c) · b e0 f 0
Answers
√ Exercise 5H
10
4 (4i − 5 j − 7k) 1 a (x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 4
6
6 1√ b |r − (−i + 3 j + 2k)| = 2
374 2 a (x + 1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z − 1)2 = 16
7 b |r − (−i − 3 j + k)| = 4
2 8 12 8
3 √ , √ ,−√
Exercise 5F 17 17 17
√ √
1 a r · (i + j + k) = 3, x + y + z = 3 22 22 √
4 1+ ,1 + , 1 − 22 ,
b r · (i − 2k) = 3, x − 2z = 3 2 2
√ √
c r · (2i + 3 j − k) = 0, 2x + 3y − z = 0 22 22 √
d r · (i + 3 j − k) = −8, x + 3y − z = −8 1− ,1 − , 1 + 22
2 2
1 √ √ √ √
2 √ (−12i + 5 j − k), r · (−12i + 5 j − k) = 2 5 (2 + 3 2, 3 + 3 2, 4), (2 − 3 2, 3 − 3 2, 4)
170 √ √
3 r · (i − j − 3k) = −1, x − y − 3z = −1 6 a (0, 0, 3), 3 3 b (3, 0, 0), 3 3
c (0, 0, 0), 6
4 a 5i + 4 j + 13k
b r = −3i + j + k + t(5i + 4 j + 13k) 7 (1, 2, −4), 2
1 8 a (x − 1)2 + y2 + (z + 1)2 = 16
5 √ (−6i + 5 j + 4k), r · (−6i + 5 j + 4k) = 11 b (x − 1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 14
77
8 a x=0 b x=6 c x=3 d x=4 c (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z − 4)2 = 33
d x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 9
9 6x + 2y + z = 10 10 x − 2y + 8z = 7
11 5x − 3y + 2z = 27 12 13x + 7y + 9z = 61 9 a (0, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0), (0, 6, 0), (0, 0, 8)
13 −3x + 8y + 7z = 41 b r = 2i + 3 j + 4k + t(2i − 3 j − 4k)
c 2x − 3y − 4z = 8
Exercise 5G
22 Chapter 5 review
1 a2 b
9 Technology-free questions
8
2 1 a 7i + j b t = 1
3 61 469 √
3 a (−1, −9, 7) b 7.82◦ 2 a (7, 21) b (7, 21), , c 2 10
4 a ◦
80.41 b r = 22 j + 14k + t(i − 5 j − 3k) 3 9
x 2 y2 3x2
5 a 7i + j + 5k b i + 3 j − 5k 3 a + =1 b y= for x ≥ 6
9 16 4
c 72.98◦
2y2
6 a (2, −2, −1), 29.50◦ c x= − 3 for −3 ≤ y ≤ 3
7 3 5 3
b , − , − , 32.98◦ y2
2 2 2 d (x − 5)2 + =1
1 3 7 16
c , , − , 79.98◦ d (−7, 4, −3), 7.45◦ 4 a Domain = [−3, 3]; range = [−4, 4]
2 2 2 b Domain = [6, ∞); range = [27, ∞)
9 c Domain = [−3, 3]; range = [−3, 3]
7 a r · (i − 2 j + 6k) = −9 b √
41 d Domain = [4, 6]; range = [−4, 4]
7 1 4 5 4i − k
8 a b (2i − j − 2k) c 1 d
3 3 3 7 4x + 5y + 6z = 32
5
9 8 r = (t − 2)i + 2 j + k
3
Answers 739
7 2 8 √
Answers
165 3 Their graphs are parallel straight lines that do
9 , , 10
3 3 3 3 not coincide
11 (−1, −1, 4) 12 2i + 7 j + 5k 4 x = 6 + λ, y = λ for λ ∈ R
13 r√= 5i + 6k + t(6i + 3 j + 9k); (1, −2, 0)
5 a m = −5 b m = 3
3
14 15 2x − 8y + 5z = 18 6 m=9
2
16 12x + 8y + 20z = 16 7 a i m = −2 ii m = 4
17 a r · (i + 10 j + 6k) = 19 4 2(m + 4)
b x= , y=
b x + 10y + 6z = 19 m+2 m+2
√ 4 8 3 3
6A → 6C
6 8 a x = 2, y = 0, k − b k=−
18 a x − 2y + z = 0 b c 0, , 2 2
2 3 3
19 (1, −2, 1) or (1, 1, −2) 9 a b 10 b b = 10, c = 8
c b = 10, c 8
Multiple-choice questions
10 a ii Infinitely many solutions for b = 8
1 B 2A 3C 4D 5D 6D
iii No solutions for b 8
7 D 8 C 9 A 10 D 11 E 12 C
iv If b = 8, then the solutions are x = 4 − λ,
Extended-response questions y = λ for λ ∈ R
√
30 b i Unique solution for all b ∈ R
1 a (3, −1, 2) b iv Solution is x = b − 4, y = 8 − b
√ 3
2 c 30 d 47.73◦ e k = 2 or k = 80 c i Unique solution for b 1
iii No solution for b = 1
3 c r = 3i + 2 j + k + √ t(5i − 7 j + k) 4 4b − 8
d (13, −12, 3), 10 3 iv If b 1, then x = ,y=
√ b−1 b−1
5 a i + 4 j − 4k b 19
c 8x − 11y − 9z = 0 d 29.9◦ Exercise 6B
6 a 5i 1 a x = 2, y = 3, z = 1 b x = −3, y = 5, z = 2
b i (5 − 3t1 )i + 2t1 j + t1 k, c x = 5, y = 0, z = 7 d x = 6, y = 5, z = 1
(5 − 3t2 )i + 2t2 j + t2 k
2 a y = 4z − 2
ii −3(t2 − t1 )i + 2(t2 − t1 ) j + (t2 − t1 )k
b x = 8 − 5λ, y = 4λ − 2, z = λ
c −3i + 2 j + k
d i 36.70◦ ii 13.42 3 a x = λ − 1, y = λ, z = 5
b x = λ + 3, y = 3λ, z = λ
7 a y = 5 − 2x, x ≤ 2
14 − 3λ 10 − 3λ
b i r1 (t) = 2i + j + t(−i + 2 j) c x= , y= , z=λ
ii a = 2i + j is the starting position; 6 6
b = −i + 2 j is the velocity 4 a −y + 5z = 15, −y + 5z = 15
√ b The two equations are the same
c i −13i + 6 j ii 5 10
c y = 5λ − 15 d x = 43 − 13λ
√ + j + 5k
8 a 13i √ λ−2 26 − 3λ −3(λ + 2)
14 6 5 w= ,x= ,y= ,z=λ
b (−3i + j + 2k), (2i + j − k) 2 4 4
14 6
c 40.20 ◦
d 7i + 3 j + 9k for λ ∈ R; w = 6, x = −4, y = −12, z = 14
√
1190 6 a x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
e 13i − j − 8k + t(−5i + 3k) f 5 3λ − 5
34 b x=− , y= , z=λ
3 3
2 − 3λ
Chapter 6 c x=
2
, y = −2(λ − 1), z = λ
Exercise 6A Exercise 6C
3 1
1 a x = 4, y = −3 b x=− , y= 7 11
2 2 1 a x=− , y= , z = −2
5 5
51 31 37 7
c x= , y=− d x= , y= 1 3
38 38 10 5 b x = − , y = 2, z = −
2 2
2 a One solution
115 29 44
b Infinitely many solutions c x= , y=− , z=
13 13 13
c No solution
740 Answers
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥
6 review
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 10 a x = −λ, y = λ, z = 0, w = λ
2 a ⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 −3 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 11λ 4λ 5λ
⎣ ⎦ b x=− , y=− , z=− , w=λ
0 0 0 0 39 39 39
x = 3 − λ, y = 2 + 3λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R λ
⎡ ⎤ c x = − , y = λ, z = 0, w = 0
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 −2 4 ⎥⎥⎥ 5
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
b ⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 11 9x + y − 5z − 16 = 0 12 x + 9y − 5z − 26 = 0
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0 0
Answers
x = 4 + 2λ, y = 3 − λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R Chapter 6 review

⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 32 1 ⎥⎥⎥ Technology-free questions
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
c ⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ 1 k ∈ R \ − 32 2 a ∈ R \ {6}
0 0 0 0
3 a a = −1 b a = 2 c a ∈ R \ {−1, 2}
x = 1 − 2 λ, y = 2 − 2λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R
3
⎡ ⎤ 4 y = 3x2 − 8x + 12
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 − 12 0 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 ⎥ 6 a a ∈ R \ {−2, 2, 3} b a = −2 or a = 2
3 ⎢⎢⎣
1
0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ c a=3
2
⎦
0 0 0 1
7 a r = 2i + j + λ( j + k)
No solutions, as row 3 represents the equation
b (2, −1, −2), (2, 1, 1)
0x + 0y + 0z = 1
4 a x = 1, y = 2, z = 4 Multiple-choice questions
b x = 3, y = 0, z = −2 1 D 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D
100 248 335 6 A 7 E 8 A 9 A 10 D
c x=− , y=− , z=
317 317 317 Extended-response questions
d No solutions
1 a 5x + 6y + 10z = 310
5 a Unique solution for a ∈ R \ {−4, 4}
Infinitely many solutions for a = 4 3x + 4y + 5z = 175
No solutions for a = −4 2x + 6y + 5z = 175
b If a ∈ R \ {−4, 4}, then the solution is ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 5 6 10 310 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
x=
25 + 8a
,y=
2(27 + 5a)
,z=
1 b ⎢⎢⎢ 3 4 5 175 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
28 + 7a 7(4 + a) 4+a ⎣ ⎦
2 6 5 175
If a = 4, then the solutions are
c Brad 20; Flynn 10; Lina 15
8 − 7λ 10 + 14λ
x= ,y= , z = λ, λ ∈ R 2 a 4a + 2b + c = 0, a + b + c = 1
7 7
c−2 4 − 3c
6 a Unique solution for a ∈ R \ {−2, 2} b a= , b=
Infinitely many solutions for a = 2 2 2
1 3 7
No solutions for a = −2 c a= , b=− , c=
6 2 3
b If a ∈ R \ {−2, 2}, then the solution is
3 + 2a 1 3 a a + b + c + d = 1, a − b + c − d = 4,
x = 2, y = , z= 4a + 3b + 2c + d = 0
2+a 2+a
4d − 1 −2d − 3 11 − 4d
If a = 2, then the solutions are b a= , b= , c=
x = 2, y = 2 − λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R 4 2 4
9 3 9 38
1 c a= , b=− , c= , d=
7 a r = (6 − λ)i − (2 + λ) j + λk 40 2 5 67
3 4 a x = −λ, y = λ + 1, z = λ for λ ∈ R
1 1
b r= (26 − 2λ)i + (17 − 3λ) j + λk b i p = 2 or p = −2 ii p ∈ R \ {−2, 2}
11 11
8 a Infinitely many solutions for a = 6 iii No value of p
b The three planes intersect along a line 1 1
5 a r = (3 + λ)i + (1 − λ) j + λk
2 2
p − 1
c The first two planes intersect along a line in
2p + 1 1
the plane 3x − 2y + 2z = 6. (Add the first b i p ∈ R \ {−1, 1}; , ,
two equations.) The third plane is parallel to p+1 p+1 p+1
this plane, and coincides only if a = 6. ii p = 1 iii p = 0
⎡ ⎤ c (0, 0, √ 0), (2, 0,√0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, −2)
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 −3 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 2 2 √
9 ⎢⎢⎢ 0 0 1 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d 1− ,1 + , −1 − 2 ,
⎢⎢⎣ ⎦
√2 √2
√
0 0 0 1
2 2
No solutions, as row 3 represents the equation 1+ ,1 − , −1 + 2
0x + 0y + 0z = 1 2 2
Answers 741

Chapter 7
Answers
29
11 a , John took 29 minutes to eat food
8.50
costing
$8.50
Exercise 7A
⎡ ⎤ 29 22 12
150⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢220 ⎡ ⎤ b ,
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢21 5 5⎥⎥ 8.50 8.00 3.00
125⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢180 ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 8 2 3⎥⎥⎥⎥ John’s friends took 22 and 12 minutes to eat
102⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢135 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢⎢⎢ 4 1 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ food costing $8.00 and $3.00 respectively
91⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢112 ⎢⎢⎢14 8 60⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢
⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢
83⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎣ 86 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ Exercise 7B
⎦ 0 1 2
53 48 2 −1 1 2 2
7A → 7B
3 x = 0, y=2 1 a 1 b c 2 d
−3 2 2 −3 −2
4 2 13 ⎡ ⎤
4 X+Y= 2X = 4Y + X = ⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1 ⎥⎥⎥
−2 −4 −2 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
−1 1 ⎢7 14 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 −3 2 a b ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
X−Y= −3A =
3 −4 3 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 −6 −9 ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
7 14
1 3 ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
−3A + B = ⎢ ⎥ cos θ sin θ
−7 −7 c ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d
⎡ ⎤ ⎣0 ⎦ − sin θ cos θ
⎢⎢⎢ −9 −23 ⎥⎥⎥ k
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎡1 ⎤
, Y = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
1
5 X= ⎥⎥⎥ 2⎥ 1 0
0 −3 ⎢⎢⎢ −1 ⎥ 4 a A−1 = ⎢⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦, B−1 =
⎣ 11 ⎥⎦ 0 −1 −3 1
2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
5 1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 1⎥
2⎥⎥⎥⎥
310 180 220 90 b AB = , (AB) = ⎢⎣ 3 −1 ⎢ ⎦
6 X+Y= −3 −1 − 2 − 52
200 0 125 0 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢−1 1
2⎥
⎥⎥
represents the total production at two factories c A−1 B−1 = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦,
in two successive
weeks
3 −1
⎡ 1 ⎤
4 4 −5 ⎢⎢ 1⎥
2⎥
7 AX =
−5
BX =
1
AY =
8 B−1 A−1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ 23 ⎥⎥⎥, (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1
⎦
− 2 − 52
2 0 −1 ⎡ ⎤
IX = AC = ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥
−1 1 2 ⎢− ⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2
0 7
⎡ ⎤ 5 2 ⎥⎥⎥ b
1 −1 ⎢⎢ 1⎥⎥ ⎣ ⎦ 1 −8
CA = (AC)X = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ 1 −2
0 1 0 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 5 7⎥
9 1 −2 ⎢⎢⎢ − ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
C(BX) = AI = ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥
−1 c ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥

5

3 ⎢⎢⎢ 11 21 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 2 1 0 ⎣ − ⎦
IB = AB = 2 2
1 1 0 1 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢ −3 11 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢ −11 17 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 −8 ⎢⎢⎢ 8 8 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 16 16 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
1 0
BA = A2 = a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢
−4 11 6 ⎥ ⎥

0 1
⎢⎢⎢ 1 7 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ −1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
11 8 1 −3 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
B2 = A(CA) = 16 16 4 4
4 3 −1 4 7 m ∈ R \ {−4, 2}

−2 −5
A2 C = 3
3 7 8 m = 0, m = or m = 2
2
⎡ ⎤
1 0 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 ⎥
8 b
0 1 ⎢⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ a11 ⎥⎥⎥
9 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
9 One possible answer is ⎢⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
0 ⎦
1 2 0 1 −1 2 a22
A= , B= , C= ,
4 3 2 3 −2 1 1 0 −1
11 ,
0
,
−1 11 −1 11 0 1 0 −1
A(B + C) = , AB + AC = ,
−4 24 −4 24 0 −1 0 1 k −1 k
1
, , , , k ∈ R,
11 7 k −1 k 1 0 −1 0 1
(B + C)A = ⎡ ⎤
16 12
⎢⎢⎢⎢ a b ⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎥⎥, b 0
1 1 2 3 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 − a2 ⎥
10 For example: A = and B = ⎣ −a⎦
−1 −1 4 5 b
742 Answers

7C → 7F
2 3 1 2 Exercise 7D
12 a b
3 −1 1 2 1
⎡ √ ⎤ 2 AB = 7I, A−1 = B
⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥ ⎥ 7
⎢⎢⎢⎢− − ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 1
⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ 3 A2 = 9I, A−1 = A
13 a M = ⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥⎥ 9
⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥
− ⎥⎥⎦
⎢⎣ −1 1
4 A = 4I, A = A
2
2 2 4
⎡ √ ⎤ ⎡ √ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 20 10 −10⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢− ⎥⎥ ⎢−10 23⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
Answers
⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ −1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ 5 a

90 ⎢⎢⎣
4
⎦
b M2 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥⎥, M = ⎢⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥⎥⎥ −10 −14 32
⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎣− ⎦ ⎢⎣ − − ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢−16 −19 14⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
−4 11⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
2 2 2 2
−1 − √3 1 − √3 1 + √3 1 − √3 b
51 ⎢⎣⎢
⎢ 2
⎦
c , , , , 15 21 6
2 2 2 2 ⎡ ⎤
1 − √3 −1 − √3 ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 6 6 −9 −21⎥⎥⎥
⎥
, 1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢−13 −30 62 54⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
42 −46 −45⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
2 2 c
⎡ √ ⎤ 51 ⎢⎢⎢ 8
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ −4 −21 23 48
⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎡
−5 −4⎥⎥⎥
⎤
14 a M = ⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥ b M2 = I, M−1 = M ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2 4
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 7 −18
⎢ 15 −15⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥
⎣ − ⎦ d ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢⎢⎢ −8 21 −17 17⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
√3 + 1 √3 − 1 √ 3 + 1 √3 − 1 ⎣
−17 43 −35 36
⎦
c , , (1, 1), ,
2 2 2 2 6 a i −2 ii −2
⎡ √ ⎤ b i −4 ii −16
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ Exercise 7E
15 a BA = ⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 13 16 7
⎣ − ⎦ 1 a x= , y= , z=
2 2 2 3 6
c The transformation defined by BA is the b x = −3, y = 5, z = 2
1 c x = −15, y = 16, z = 11
reflection in the line y = √ x d x = 6, y = 5, z = 1
3
16 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis e x = 5, y = 2, z = 4, w = −1
⎡ ⎤ f x = 2, y = −3, z = 1, w = −1
⎢⎢⎢⎢ cos θ 2 sin θ⎥⎥⎥⎥
1
cos θ − sin θ 1
b c ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 2 a AB = 24I, A−1 = B
2 sin θ 2 cos θ − sin θ 12 cos θ 24
37 16 29
b x=− , y= , z=
Exercise 7C 6 3 6
−1 1
3 5 3 a AB = 3I, A = B
1 a b 3
10 17 b x = 18, y = 44, z = −49
1 10 4
2 a x=− , y= b x = 4, y = 1.5 Spray P Q R
7 7
11 8 46 12
c x = 3, y = 4 d x= , y=2 Barrels
2 13 39 13
3 (2, −1)
√ Exercise 7F
3 √−1 a 8
4 a =
1 3 b 12 1 a 10
√
1 3 1 b Ash defeats Carl and Dot
b √
4 −1 3 Ben defeats Ash, Carl and Dot
√ √ Carl defeats Dot
c a = 2 3 + 3, b = 3 3 − 2
Dot defeats Elle
5 Book $12, DVD $18
Elle defeats Ash, Ben and Carl
6 m= −2 orm = 4 c Ben = Elle, Ash, Carl = Dot
2 −3 x 3 ⎡ ⎤
7 a = ⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥
4 −6 y ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢0 0 1 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
6
b Non-invertible 2 a ⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b E, B, A = C, D
⎢
⎢
c System has solutions (not a unique solution) ⎢⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
d Solution set contains infinitely many pairs ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
1 0 1 1 0
Answers 743
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢0 1⎥⎥⎥
Answers
2 2 7 a i Every 3 years, the population returns to
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 1000 newborns
0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 b A
⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 ii Every 3 years, the population increases
⎣ ⎦
0 1 2 0 by 50% and returns to only newborns
⎡ ⎤ iii Every 3 years, the population decreases
⎢⎢⎢0 1 1 0⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 1⎥⎥⎥⎥ by 40% and returns to only newborns
a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
4 b A, B, D, C b Long-term growth rate 1.37; long-term ratio
⎢⎢⎢⎣0 0 0
⎦
1 0 0 0 of age groups 818 : 130 : 52
5 A, B, D, C 1 1 1
8 a a= , b= , c=
7G → 7 review
A = C, D 2 4 8
6 E, B, ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢6250 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢7812.5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢3125 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Exercise 7G b P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥, P = ⎢⎢⎢⎢3906.25 ⎥⎥⎥⎥;
⎡
⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥
⎤ ⎡
⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥
⎤ ⎡
⎢⎢⎢1200⎥⎥⎥
⎤ ⎢⎢⎢1562.5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 2 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1953.125 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 a i ⎢⎢⎢300⎥⎥⎥ ii ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 781.25 976.5625
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ growth rate 1.25
0 100 0 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
b Population cycles through three states ⎢⎢⎢0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1150⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢0.7 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ 808⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
c i Population decreases by 50% every three 9 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢
time periods ⎢⎢⎢0 0.7 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 570⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ii Population increases by 25% every three 0 0 0.7 0 402
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
time periods ⎢⎢⎢1140⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢8720⎥⎥⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢5200⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢9.77 × 1014 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3.04 × 1015 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ 801⎥⎥⎥ ⎢5560⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
c ⎢⎢⎢⎢ d ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 14 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3550⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥ , 0.991
2 a i ⎢⎢⎢ 500⎥⎥⎥ ii ⎢⎢⎢1.57 × 10 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢⎢4.89 × 10 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 14 ⎢⎢⎢ 565⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 13 ⎦ ⎣ 14 ⎦
150 3.79 × 10 1.18 × 10 399 2260
b Long-term growth rate approx 3.11; e Day 49
long-term ratio of age groups approx
833 : 134 : 32 Chapter 7 review
c i Long-term growth rate approx 2.13;
long-term ratio of age groups approx
1000 : 23 : 3 0 0 1 0
1 a b
ii Long-term growth rate approx 2.16; 3 3 9 3

long-term ratio of age groups approx m 4 x a
2 a =
⎡1000 ⎤: 23 : ⎡3 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ 2 m+2 y −1
⎢⎢⎢1400⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢700⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2160⎥⎥⎥ b m ∈ R \ {−4, 2}
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
3 a i ⎢⎢⎢ 240⎥⎥⎥ ii ⎢⎢⎢840⎥⎥⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢ 420⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ c m = −4 and a = 2; m = 2 and a = −1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
100 60 210 3 a m = −4 b m ∈ R \ {−4, −3}
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢767⎥⎥⎥ −1 2
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
b ⎢⎢⎢362⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ c 1.27 4 A=
−3 5
⎣ ⎦
71 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ 5 A2 = 25I, A−1 = A
⎢⎢⎢2800⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1080⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢4440⎥⎥⎥ 25
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 200⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1400⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 540⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2 − 13 ⎥⎥⎥
4 a i ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ii ⎢ ⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢ 700⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢ 6 a det(A) = 6, A−1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎣ 200⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎢ 100⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ −2 2⎦
40 20 10 3
⎡ ⎤ b x = −2, y = 6
⎢⎢⎢1063⎥⎥⎥ 1
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ 386⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 7 a AB = 8I, A−1 = B
8
b ⎢⎢⎢ 141⎥⎥⎥ c 1.37
⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ b x = −20, y = 45, z = 7
10
2 5 x 4
⎡ ⎤ 8 a i =
⎢⎢⎢1000⎥⎥⎥ 3 2 y 8
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
5 a a = 1, b = 1 b ⎢⎢⎢1000⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 1 2 −5
⎣ ⎦ ii det(A) = −11, A−1 = −
1000 11 −3 2
⎡ ⎤ 32 4
⎢⎢⎢6000⎥⎥⎥ iii x = , y=−
1 1 ⎢⎢ ⎥
6 a a= , b= b ⎢⎢⎢3000⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ 11 11 32 4
2 4 ⎣ ⎦ iv Lines intersect at the point ,−
1500
11 11
744 Answers

−λ
8A
3 2 x 3 d μ=
bi = ii det(A) = 0
9 6 y 8 λ+1
⎡ ⎤
c Distinct parallel lines ⎢⎢⎢ 7 −6 −12⎥⎥⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢100⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥ e E = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢−3 10 12⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥,
⎣ ⎦
Answers
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ 3 −6 −8
9 a P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢ 100 ⎥⎥⎥⎥, P2 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢100⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥ ⎢−2 12⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 6
⎣ ⎦ ⎥
100 50 F = ⎢⎢⎢ 3 −5 −12⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
4⎣ ⎦
b 50% −3 6 13
c 4 time periods 11 15
f x = 9, y = − , z =
10 a A defeats B and C 2 2
B defeats C, D and E 5 a Preferences:
C defeats E DogDelite over Doggy+ and EasyFeed
D defeats A, C and E CanineCandy over DogDelite, Doggy+
E defeats A and SuperDog
b B, D, A, E, C Doggy+ over SuperDog and EasyFeed
1 SuperDog over DogDelite and EasyFeed
11 a AB = 6I, A−1 = B EasyFeed over CanineCandy
6
b a = 1, b = 2, c = −1 b 1st: CanineCandy; Equal 2nd: DogDelite,
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢0 0 1 1 1⎥⎥⎥ Doggy+, SuperDog; 5th: EasyFeed
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 0.1 0.9 0.2 0 0 0 0⎥⎥
⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢
12 a ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢0.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 0.95 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
0 1 1 0 0 ⎢⎢⎢0 0 0.95 0 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
A, B = E, C, D 6 a
b ⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
Multiple-choice questions ⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎣0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
1 A 2E 3A 4A 5E ⎦
6E 7D 8A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢104.5 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 28.83 ⎥⎥⎥
Extended-response questions ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢107.8 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢102.41 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
1 a AB = 20I, A−1 =
1
B ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢102.41 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
20 ⎢⎢⎢ 90.25⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎥⎥
b P2 = ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥, P3 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ 81.225⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
Product P Q R b
⎢⎢⎢ 85.5 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
Number per day 13.5 0.5 13 ⎢⎢⎢ 31.5 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 59.85 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
a2 ab ⎢⎣⎢ 0 ⎥⎦⎥ ⎢⎣⎢ 15.75 ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥
3 a c= , d= 2
mb m ⎡ ⎤ 0 0
⎢⎢⎢4000⎥⎥⎥ c 1.035
1 ⎢⎢ ⎥
b i ii P0 = ⎢⎢⎢2000⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢
7b i A2 = (a + d)A
4 ⎣ ⎦
1000 ii A3 = (a + d)2 A
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1000⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 250⎥⎥⎥ iii An = (a + d)
n−1
A
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥
iii P1 = ⎢⎢⎢ 500⎥⎥⎥, P2 = ⎢⎢⎢ 125⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
c For example:
4 −2 6 −4
,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 8 −4 9 −6
250 62.5
iv After 5 months⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢6400⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎥
c i1 ii P0 = ⎢⎢⎢ 800⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢
⎣ ⎦
Chapter 8
100
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢6400⎥⎥⎥ Exercise 8A
iii P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 800⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ √ cos x
⎣ ⎦ 1 a x4 (5 sin x + x cos x) b x − sin x
100 2x
d Long-term growth rate 2 (i.e. after a certain c e x (cos x − sin x) d x2 e x (3 + x)
stage, the population doubles each month) e cos2 x − sin2 x = cos(2x)
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢2λ + 1 −2λ −4λ ⎥⎥⎥ 2 a e x (tan x + sec2 x) b x3 (4 tan x + x sec2 x)
⎥ x
4 c E = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ −λ 4λ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
tan
3λ + 1 c sec2 x ln x + d sin x (1 + sec2 x)
⎣ ⎦ x
λ −2λ −3λ + 1 √ tan x
e x + sec2 x
2x
Answers 745
π
ln x − 1 1 1
Answers
3 a 8 a − cos 2x + b sin(πx)
(ln x)2 2 4 π
√ cot x 3 2πx 1 3x+1
b x − cosec2 x c − cos d e
2x 2π 3 3
sec2 x tan x 1 3
c e x (cot x − cosec2 x) d − e e5(x+4) f −
ln x x(ln x)2 5 2x
3 2
cos x 2 sin x g x4 − x3 + 2x2 + x
e − 2 3
x2 x3
f sec x (sec2 x + tan2 x) 2 3x
h sin
−(sin x + cos x) 3 2
8B
g h − cosec2 x (3x + 2)6 1
ex 9 a b ln(3x − 2)
4 a 2x sec2 (x2 + 1) b sin(2x) 18 3
2 3 1
c etan x sec2 x d 5 tan4 x sec2 x c (3x + 2) 2 d −
9 3(3x + 2)
√ √
x cos( x) 1 √ 3 4
e f sec2 x cot x e (5x − 1) 3 f 3x − 2 ln(x + 1)
2x 2 20
1
g 2x − 5 ln(x + 3)
g x−2 sin h 2 tan x sec2 x
x x3
10 a +6 b 3 − cos x
1 2 x 3
i sec j − cosec2 x
4 4 x 3
17
2
5 a k sec (kx) b 2 sec2 (2x) etan(2x) c + x2 − 3x +
3 3
1
x3 2
c 6 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) d esin x + ln x cos x 11 a −4.9x2 + 20 b + 4x +
x 3 3
e 6x sin2 (x2 ) cos(x2 ) c 3x − cos(x) + 1
f e3x+1 sec2 x (3 cos x + sin x) Exercise 8B
g e3x (3 tan(2x) + 2 sec2 (2x))
√ √ √ 1 a i x2 + y2 = 9,
x tan( x) sec2 ( x)
h + dom = [−3, 3], ran = [−3, 3]
2x 2
y
2(x + 1) tan x sec2 x − 3 tan2 x
i
(x + 1)4
3
j 20x sec3 (5x2 ) sin(5x2 )
1
6 a 5(x − 1)4 b
x x
c e x (3 sec2 (3x) + tan(3x)) –3 O 3
d − sin x ecos x e −12 cos2 (4x) sin(4x)
f 4 cos x (sin x + 1)3
1
g − sin x sin(2x) + 2 cos(2x) cos x h 1 − 2 –3
x
x2 (3 sin x − x cos x) −(1 + ln x) ii Particle starts at (3, 0) and moves
i j
sin2 x (x ln x)2 clockwise with period 6
7 a 224(2x + 5) 6
b −4 sin(2x)
x x 2 y2
1 b i + = 1,
c − cos d 2 sin x sec3 x 16 9
9 3 dom = [−4, 4], ran = [−3, 3]
−1
e 16e−4x f 2 g − cosec2 x y
x
h 18 sin(1 − 3x) sec3 (1 − 3x) 3
1 x x
i sec 2 tan2 +1
9 3 3 x
x −4 O 4
1 + cos2
4 −3
j
3 x
16 sin ii Particle starts at (−4, 0) and moves
4
anticlockwise with period 6
746 Answers
y2 x2
8C
c i − = 1, dom = R, ran = [12, ∞) Exercise 8C

144 25
1 a ṙ(t) = et i − e−t j, r̈(t) = et i + e−t j
y
b ṙ(t) = i + 2t j, r̈(t) = 2 j
ṙ(t) = 12 i + 2t j, r̈(t) = 2 j
Answers
c
d ṙ(t) = 16i − 32(4t − 1) j, r̈(t) = −128 j
12 e ṙ(t) = cos t i − sin t j,
r̈(t) = − sin t i − cos t j
x
f ṙ(t) = 2i + 5 j, r̈(t)
√ =0
O g ṙ(t) = 100i + (100 3 − 9.8t) j, r̈(t) = −9.8 j
ii Particle moves from right to left h ṙ(t) = sec2 t i − sin(2t) j,
2 a i (x − 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9, r̈(t) = (2 sec2 t tan t)i − 2 cos(2t) j
dom = [−1, 5], ran = [−7, −1] 2 a r(t) = et i + e−t j
y
y
(1, 1)
x
−1 O 2 5 1
y= x
−1
−4 x
O
−7
r(0) = i + j, ṙ(0) = i − j, r̈(0) = i + j
ii Particle starts at (−1, −4) and moves b r(t) = t i + t j
2
anticlockwise with period 2π y
(x − 2) 2
(y + 4) 2
b i + = 1, y = x2
25 144
dom = [−3, 7], ran = [−16, 8]
y
8
−3 2 7 x
x
O O
−4
−16
r(1) = i + j, ṙ(1) = i + 2 j, r̈(1) = 2 j
ii Particle starts at (−3, −4) and moves c r(t) = sin t i + cos t j
anticlockwise with period 2π y
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
c i − = 1,
16 144 1
dom = [6, ∞), ran = R
y −1 1
x
O
−1
x
O (6, −4)
π √ π √3
1 3 1
ii Particle moves downwards r = i+ j, ṙ = i − j,
6 2 2√ 6 2 2
π 1 3
r̈ =− i− j
6 2 2
Answers 747
Answers
d r(t) = 16t i − 4(4t − 1)2 j 8 a y
y
x2
4 y= −4
x 4
0
t>0
−4
x
O (4, 0)
(0, −4)
8D
r(1) = 16i − 36 j, ṙ(1) = 16i − 96 j,
√
r̈(1) = −128 j b 45◦ c t= 3
√
1 9 a ṙ = 3i + t2 j + 3t2 k b |ṙ| = √ 9 + 10t4
e r(t) = i + (t + 1)2 j
t+1 c r̈ = 2t√j + 6tk d |r̈| = 2 10 t
y 4 10
e t=
5
(1, 1) 10 a ṙ = V cos α i + (V sin α − gt) j b r̈ = −g j
V sin α
c t=
g
V 2 sin(2α) V 2 sin2 α
d r= i+ j
x 2g 2g
O
1 1 Exercise 8D
r(1) = i + 4 j, ṙ(1) = − i + 4 j,
2 4 1 a 2t i − 2 j b 2i c 2i − 2 j
1 2 a 2i + (6 − 9.8t) j
r̈(1) = i + 2 j
4 b 2t i + (6t − 4.9t2 + 6) j
−3
3 a −1 b Undefined c −2e √
1 3 a 2 j − 4k
d e4 f2 2
√ i + (t + 1) j + (t − 2t + 1)k
2 2
2 b 3t
4 a r(t) = (4t + 1)i + (3t − 1) j c 20t − 8t + 10
2
b r(t) = (t2 + 1)i + (2t − 1) j − t3 k 1 1√
1 d i seconds ii 230 m/s
c r(t) = e2t i + 4(e0.5t − 1) j 5 5
2 4 a (10t + 20)i − 20 j + (40 − 9.8t)k
t2 + 2t
d r(t) =
1
i + t3 j b (5t2 + 20t)i − 20t j + (40t − 4.9t2 )k
2 3 5 Speed = 10t
1 1
e r(t) = − sin(2t) i + 4 cos t j 6 45◦
4 2 √
6 a t = 0, 2 7 Min speed 3 2 m/s; position 24i + 8 j
b ṙ(0) = 2i and r̈(0) = 96 j; 225 000
8 a t = 61 11
49
s b 500 m/s c m
ṙ(2) = 2i and r̈(2) = −96 j ◦
49
d 500 m/s e θ = 36.87
7 a y
9 a r(t) = 13 sin(3t) − 3 i + 13 cos(3t) + 83 j
2
1 x2 ; t > 0 b (x + 3)2 + y − 83 = 19 ; centre −3, 83
y= √ √
4
10 Max speed 2 5 m/s; min speed 2 2 m/s
√
11 667
11 a Magnitude m/s2 ;
9
1 √
direction √ (108i − 3 j)
x 11 667
O √
b r(t) = ( 43 t3 + 2t2 + t)i + ( 2t + 1 − 1) j
2 12 a t = 6 b 7i + 12 j
b t=
a 13 a −16i + 12 j b −80i + 60 j
14 a 8 cos(2t) i − 8 sin(2t) j, t ≥ 0
b 8 c −4r
33
15 a (t2 − 5t − 2)i + 2 j b − i + 2 j
4
c y = 2 for x ≥ −8.25
748 Answers
x2 y2
8E → 8G
16 a − =1 Exercise 8F
36 16 √
b 6 tan t sec t i + 4 sec2 t j, t ≥ 0 1 a ṙ(0) = 49√ 3 i + 49 j
b ṙ(t) = 49√3 i + (49 − 9.8t) j
x 2 y2
17 a + =1 c r(t) = √ 49 3t i + (49t − 4.9t ) j
2
16 9
y 3 1 2
d y= x− x
3 1470√
3 1 2 3
2 a y=− x + x + 50
150g 3
Answers
√
−4 O 4
x b 25 3 g2 + 2g + g
25g
−3 3 m
8
gt2
π 3π 4 a r(t) = 40 cos(20◦ )t i − 40 sin(20◦ )t + j
b i t = 0, , π, , 2π 2
2 2
π b 31.7 m c 25.4◦
ii r(0) = 4i, r = 3 j, r(π) = −4i, ◦ ◦
3π 2 5 16.3 or 87.8
r = −3 j, r(2π) = 4i 6 a ṙ = u cos α i + (u sin α − gt) j
2 u
√ b T=
c i 9 + 7 sin2 t ii 16 − 7 cos2 t g sin α
◦
iii Max speed 4 m/s; min speed 3 m/s 7 23.33

g
8 13 m/s
Exercise 8E 5
1 a r(0) = 0, r(1) = 2i, r(2) = 2i, 9 a 4.9 m b 37.5 m/s
gt2
r(3) = 0, r(4) = −4i 10 a r = 16t i + 30t − j
2
25g
x b t = 2.5; r(2.5) = 40i + 75 − j
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 8
1
b −6i cm c −i cm/s 11 a v = u + t g b r = tu + t2 g
d ṙ(t) = (3 − 2t)i e −2i cm/s 2
3 3 9 17 Exercise 8G
f t= ; r = i g cm
2 2 4 2
2 a ṙ(t) = (−6t + 10)i b r̈(t) = −6i 1 a 2 radians per second b 2.5i
c 5j d −10i
c t = 6, x = −40
2 a 1 radian per second b 2j
t = 0, x = 8 t = 5, x = 49 c 2i d −2 j
3 3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 35π 7π
3 a radians per second b m/s
3 6
41 2t 2t
d −5i cm e cm
3 4 a r = 25 cos i + sin j
5 5
3 a t = 2, 4 b 12i cm/s2 2t 2t
c 10i cm/s b ṙ = 10 − sin i + cos j
5 5
2t 2t
4 a ṙ(t) = (−gt + 20) j
c r̈ = 4 − cos i − sin j
b r(t) = (− 12 gt2 + 20t + 10) j 5 5
c Approx 30.41 m d t ≈ 4.53 100
√ √ 5 radians per second
5 a |ṙA | = 13 m/s, |ṙB | = 157 m/s 3
√ 1 5 6 a 3π radians per second b 6π m/s
b 2 5 |2t − 1| m c t = , 5i + j 2
√ √ 2 2 2
c 18π m/s 2
d s
6 a |ṙ√
A | = 30 m/s, |ṙ B | = 26 m/s 3
b 2 2 |t − 3| m c t = 3, 10i − j + 15k 7 a 12π m/s b 48π2 m/s2
1 c r( 2 ) = −3 j; ṙ( 2 ) = 12πi; r̈( 12 ) = 48π2 j
1 1
7 a 3 m/s b r(t) = sin(2t) i + 2 j + 2k d 4π radians per second

2
c a(t) = −2 sin(2t) i + 2 j + 2k 8 a 4π radians per second
1 b 1.4π m/s c 1583.36 m
d ± i + 2 j + 2k e 6 m/s2 f 0
2 9 34.29 radians per second
Answers 749
Answers
10 a Circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 4 Multiple-choice questions
b ṙ = −8t sin(t2 ) i + 8t cos(t2 ) j 1 E 2 E 3B 4 E 5 C
1 6 C 7 C 8 E 9 C 10 E
c r̈ = −4t2 r + ṙ
t 11 E 12 E 13 D 14 A
11 a 12π m/s
b 48π2 m/s2 Extended-response questions
c r(1) = 7i + 2 j; ṙ(1) = −12π j; −−→
1 a BF = −3i + 6 j − 6k b 9m
r̈(1) = −48π2 i c 3 m/s √d (−i + 2 j − 2k) m/s
d 4π radians per second e 2 seconds, 2 26 metres
e (x − 4)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9 √
8 review
2 a Speed of P is √ 3 13 m/s;
speed of Q is 41 m/s
Chapter 8 review b i Position of P is 60i + 20 j;
Technology-free questions position of Q is 80i + 80 j
−−→
ii PQ = (20 −√4t)i + (60 − 2t) j
1 a 2i + 4 j, 2 j b 4y = x2 − 16
c 10 seconds, 20 5 metres
2 a ṙ(t) = 4t i + 4 j, r̈(t) = 4i −−→
b ṙ(t) = 4 cos t i − 4 sin t j + 2tk, 3 a AB = (v + 3)t − 56 i + (7v − 29)t + 8 j
r̈(t) = −4 sin t i − 4 cos t j + 2k b 4
−−→
c i AB = (6t − 56)i + (8 − 8t) j
3 0.6i + 0.8 j
√ ii 4 seconds
√ 5 2 7 1
4 a 5 3i + j b 4 a i 200 s ii iii 5 m/s iv (1200, 0)
2 7 2
5 cos t i + sin t j b 8 seconds, 720 metres
6 a 5(− sin t i + cos t j) b 5 −−→
5 a i OA = (6t − 1)i + (3t + 2) j
c −5(cos t i + sin t j) −−→
ii BA = (6t − 3)i + (3t + 1) j
d 0, acceleration perpendicular to velocity
b 1 second
3π 1 1
7 c i c = (3i + 4 j) ii d = (4i − 3 j)
4 5 5
8 a |ṙ| = 1, |r̈| = 1
3π iii 6c + 3d
b (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 c 6 a y
4
9 −2i + 20 j
t2
10 a r = + 1 i + (t − 2) j b (13.5, 3) O 1
2 x
c 12.5 s
11 a ṙ = t i + (2t − 5) j
t2
b r= − 1 i + (t2 − 5t + 6) j −1
2
c −i + 6 j, −5 j b i a = 16 ii b = −16 iii n = 2
12 a i ṙ2 (t) = (2t − 4)i + t j iv v(t) = −32 sin(2t) i − 32 cos(2t) j
ii ṙ1 (t) = t i + (k − t) j a(t) = −64 cos(2t) i + 64 sin(2t) j
b i 4 ii 8 iii 4(i + j) −−→
c i PQ = 8 (sin t − 2 cos(2t))i
13 b i ṙ(t) = et i + 8e2t j ii i + 8 j iii ln 1.5
+ (cos t + 2 sin(2t)) j
14 b i x = 2 for y ≥ −3.5 ii (2, −3.5) −−→
ii |PQ|2 = 64(5 + 4 sin t)
15 a 6π m/s b 12π2 m/s2
d 8 cm
c r(1) = 3 j; ṙ(1) = 6πi; r̈(1) = −12π2 j
d 2π radians per second 7 a 2 sin t i + cos(2t) + 2 j, t ≥ 0
√ b 2i + j
16 a = 20 3 x2
17 a 12π radians per second b 6π m/s c i y = 3 − , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
8π 16π ii y
18 a a = 2, n = b m/s
3 3
2
128π 3
c m/s2
9
g 2
19 a2 + b + 1
2
x
−2 0 2
750 Answers
32 16
9A
d |v|2 = −16 cos4 t + 20 cos2 t, d (0, 0), ,

5 5 5
max speed is e 1.76
2
3π 13 a i −9.8
√ j ii 2i − 9.8t j√ iii 2t i − 4.9t j
2
Answers
e 2 2 4 2
2 bi seconds ii metres
(2k − 1)π 7 7
f ii t = , k∈N √
2 5
8 a −5.25 j b 5.25i c 5.25 j d −5.25i 14 a i 6i − 3 j ii (2i − j)
5
e −3i − 3 j f −3i + 3 j b 4i − 2 j, (4, −2)
−→
9 a a i + (b + 2t) j + (20 − 10t)k c i LP = (1 − 72 t)i + (7 − 2t) j ii 1:05 p.m.
√
b at i + (bt + t2 ) j + (20t − 5t2 )k c 4s 9 65
iii km
d a = 25, b = −4 e 38.3◦ 13
10 a i Particle P is moving on a circular path,
with centre (0, 0, −1) and radius 1,
starting at (1, 0, −1) and moving
Chapter 9
‘anticlockwise’ a distance of 1 ‘below’
the x–y plane. The particle finishes at Exercise 9A
(1, 0, −1) after one revolution. 1 a 6 b −7 c 13
z
√
2 a 5i b 3√3i c −5i√
d 13i e 5 2i f −2 3
g −1 + 2i h 4 i 0
O
y 3 a x = 5, y = 0 b x = 0, y = 2
c x = 0, y = 0 d x = 9, y = −4
e x = −2, y = −2 f x = 13, y = 6
(0, 0, −1) 4 a 5+i b 4 + 4i c 5 − 5i
x
d 4 − 3i e −1 + i f2
(1, 0, −1) g 2 h 1 i 3 − 2i
√ 5 Im(z)
ii 2
iii ṗ(t) = − sin t i + cos t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
v p̈(t) = − cos t i − sin t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π −2 + 3i 3
−−→ 2 2(1 + i)
b i PQ = cos(2t) − cos t i
1
+ − sin t − sin(2t) j + 32 k 0
Re(z)
5 π 5π 3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
iii iv , π, v −1
2 3 3 2 3−i
−2
2π 4π −(3 + 2i)
vi 0, , , 2π −3
√ 3 3 (−4i) −4
10 1
c ii cos(3t) − iii 162◦
5 2 6 Im(z)
11 a r(t) = 35t i + 5t j + (24.5t − 4.9t2 )k
b 5s c 35 m d 43.0 m/s 4 2z1 + z2
12 a 4α z1 − z2 3
x 2 z1
b A: y = , x ≥ 0; 1
2 0
Re(z)
B: (x − 4)2 + y2 = 16 −4 −3 −2 −1 −1
1 2 3 4
c y B’s starting −2 z2
point path of A −3
−4
A’s 4 (8, 4)
starting
point 7 a 11 + 3i b −23 + 41i c 13
0 x d −8 + 6i e 3 − 4i f −2 + 2i
4 8 g 1 h 5 − 6i i −1
path of B 8 a x = 4, y = −3 b x = −2, y = 5
−4 c x = −3 d x = 3, y = −3 or x = −3, y = 3
e x = 3, y = 2
Answers 751
3π 2π
Answers
9 a Im(z) 8 a 2 cis − b 7 cis
4 3
π π
(1 + i)3
c 3 cis d 5 cis
3 4
2 (1 + i)2
(1 + i)4 1 1+i
0 Exercise 9D
Re(z)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 √ √
−1 1 (2 3 − 3) + (3 3 + 2)i
−2 7π 1 π
−3 2 a 12 cis − b cis −
−4 12 2 3
π 7 π 19π
9B → 9D
1
b Anticlockwise turn by about the origin; c cis − d 8 cis − e −
4 √ 6 15 20 8
distance from origin increases by factor 2 π 8 π
3 a 8 cis b cis
−−→ −3 −−→ −−→ √ 35π 27 8
10 a PQ = = OR b |PQ| = 10
−1 c 27 cis d −32i e −216
6
π 27 π
Exercise 9B f 1024 cis − g cis −
√ 12 4 20
1 a 3 b −8i c 4 + 3i 7π 7π
d −1 + 2i e 4 − 2i f −3 + 2i 4 a Arg(z1 z2 ) = ; Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = ;
12 12
2 a i b
3
− i
1
c −3 + 4i Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 )
10 √ 10 √ 7π −17π
b Arg(z1 z2 ) = ; Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = ;
17 1 −1 − 3 3−1 12 12
d + i e + i
5 5 2 2 Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) + 2π
f 4+i −5π 7π
c Arg(z1 z2 ) = ; Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = ;
4 a 5 − 5i b 6+i c 2 + 3i 6 6
2−i Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) − 2π
d e −8i f 8 + 6i π −3π −π
5 6 a b c
a b 4 4 4
5 a a 2 + b2 b + i 3π
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 7 b i cis − 7θ ii i
a2 − b 2 2ab 2
c 2a d 2bi e 2 + i iii cis(4θ) iv cis(π − θ − ϕ)
a + b2 a2 + b2
a 2 − b2 2ab 8 b i cis(−5θ) ii cis(3θ) iii 1
f − i π
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 iv cis − 2θ
2
Exercise 9C 9 b i cis(6θ − 3π) ii cis(π − 2θ)
π √ 3π iii cis(θ − π) iv −i
1 a 3; π b 5; c 2;
2 4 10 a i sec θ cis θ
π π 2π π
d 2; e 4; − f 16; − ii cosec θ cis − θ
6 3 3 2
2 a b c −2.50 1
1.18 2.06 iii cis θ = cosec θ sec θ cis θ
d −0.96 e 0.89 f −1.98 sin θ cos θ
5π 3π 5π b i sec θ cis(2θ)
2
3 a b c 3π
3 2 6 ii sin3 θ cis 3θ −
π 11π 3π 2
d e − f− iii cosec θ sec θ cis(−θ)
4 6 2 √
3π 5π π π 2 −3π
4 a − b c d− 11 a 64 cis 0 = 64 b cis
4
3π
6 8
π
2
−2π √8 4 √
5 a
√
2 cis − b cis − 3 −π 3
4 3 c 128 cis d cis =− i
π 3 72√ 2 72
√ 2 π √ −π 64 3 3π
c 6 cis − d cis e 2 cis f cis
4 3 6
√ π 5π √ 4 √ 3 4
π 2π
e 2 2 cis − f 4 cis 2 2 1
6 6 g cis = i h cis −
√ 2 2 2 4 15
√ √ 5 5 3
6 a − 2 + 2i b − i c 2 + 2i √ 11π
√ 2 2 i 8 2 cis
3 3 3 12
d − − i e 6i f −4
2 2
752 Answers
1 √
9E → 9G
Exercise 9E 10 a 1 − 3i, b −2 + i, 2 ± 2i
√ √ 3
1 a (z + 4i)(z − 4i) b (z + 5i)(z − 5i) 11 P(x) = −2x3 + 10x2 − 18x + 10;
c (z + 1 + 2i)(z
√ + 1 − 2i) √ x = 1 or x = 2 ± i
3 7 3 7
d z− + i z− − i 12 a = 6, b = −8
2 2
√ 2 √ 2
13 a z2 − 4z + 5, a = −7, b = 6
2 2 1
e 2 z−2+ i z−2− i b z = 2 ± i or z = −
√2 √ 2 2
3 3 14 a P(1 + i) = (−4a + d − 2) + 2(a − 1)i
Answers
f 3 z+1+ i z+1− i b a = 1, d = 6
3
√ 3√ √
1 5 1 5 c z = 1 ± i or z = −1 ± 2i
g 3 z+ + i z+ − i 15 p = −(5 + 4i), q = 1 + 7i
3 √3 3 3√
1 23 1 23 16 z = 1 + i or z = 2
h 2 z− + i z− − i √
4 4 4 4 17 a 3+i b 2i, ± 6 √
√ √ √
2 a 5i, −5i b 2 2i, −2 2i c 1, ± 6i
1
d 2, − ±
15
i
c 2 + i, 2√− i √ √ √ 2 2
7 11 7 11 2 14 √
d− + i, − − i e ± i f 0, −1 ± 2 2i
6√ 6 6 6 4 4
√
e 1 − 2i, √ 1 + 2i √ Exercise 9G
3 11 3 11
f + i, − i 1 a z = i or z = −i
10 10 10 10
g −i, −1 − i h i, −1 − i Im(z)
Exercise 9F 1 z = cis π
√ √ 2
1 3 1 3
1 a (z − 5) z + + i z+ − i
2 2 2 2
√ √ Re(z)
3 11 3 11 −1 0 1
b (z + 2) z − + i z− − i
2 2 2 2
√ √
1 11 1 11 −1 z = cis
−π
c 3(z − 4) z − + i z− − i 2
6 6 6 6
√ √ √3
1 −√ 3 1
3 31 3 31
d 2(z + 3) z − + i z− − i b z=3 + i ,z=3 + i or
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
e (z + i)(z − i)(z − 2 + i) z = −3i
Im(z)
2 b z−1+i c (z + 6)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i)
3 b z+2+i c (2z + 1)(z + 2 + i)(z + 2 − i)
3
4 b z − 1 − 3i 5π
z = 3 cis π
c (z − 1 + 3i)(z − 1 − 3i)(z + 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) z = 3 cis
6 6
5 a (z + 3)(z − 3)(z + 3i)(z√− 3i) √ Re(z)
−3 0 3
b (z + 2)(z √− 2)(z − 1 + √ 3i)(z − 1 − 3i)
(z + 1 + 3i)(z + 1 − 3i)
√ √ −3 z = 3 cis
−π
1 3 1 3 2
6 a (z − i) z + + i z+ − i √ √
2 √2 2√ 2 √ 3 1 √ 3 1
b (z + i)(z − 1 + 2)(z − 1 − 2) c z= 2 + i or z = 2 − − i
2 2 2 2
c (z − 2i)(z − 3)(z +√1) √ Im(z)
1 41 1 41
d 2(z − i) z + + z+ −
4 4 4 4
√2
7 a 8 b −4 c −6 √ π
√ 1 ± 23i z = √2 cis
8 a 3, −2 ± 2i b 5, 6
√ 2 √ Re(z)
5 ± 7i 1 ± 23i −√2 0 √2
c −1, d −2, 3,
2 2
9 a a = 0, b = 4 b a = −6, b = 13 −√2
−5π
c a = 2, b = 10 z = √2 cis
6
Answers 753
√ √ √ √ √ √
√ 3 1 √ 3 1 − 2
Answers
2 2 2
d z= 2 − i or z = 2 − + i 6 z= + i or z = − i;
2 2 2 2 2 2√ √ 2 √ 2 √
Im(z)
2 2 2 2
z2 − i = z − − i z+ + i
2 2 2 2
√2 π 3π 5π 7π 9π
5π
7 z = cis , cis , cis , cis , cis ,
z = √2 cis 8 8 8 8 8
6 11π 13π 15π
Re(z) cis , cis or cis ;
8 8 8 3π 5π
−√2 0 √2
−π π
z = √2 cis z8 + 1 = z − cis z − cis z − cis
6 8 8 8
9H
−√2
7π 9π 11π
√ √ z − cis z − cis z − cis
3 1 3 1 8 8 8
e z= + i, z = − + i or z = −i 13π 15π
2 2 2 2 z − cis z − cis
Im(z) 8 8

1+ 2 √ √
2−1
1 8 a i± + i
z = cis
5π
π 1 π2 1 −7π 2
6 z = cis
6 ii 2 4 cis , 2 4 cis
8 8
Re(z)
−1 0 1 π (2 + √2) 12 π (2 − √2) 12
b cos = , sin =
8 2 8 2
−1 −π
z = cis
2
√ √ Exercise 9H
3 1 3 1
f z= − i, z = i or z = − − i 1 a Im(z)
2 2 2 2
Im(z)
π 5
1 z = cis
2 Re(z)
0 10
Re(z)
−1 0 1
−π
z = cis
6
−5π −1
z = cis b Im(z)
6
−π 7π −3π
2 a 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
12 12 4
π 11π −5π
b 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis 1
4 12 12
−5π 7π −17π
c 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
18 18 18 Re(z)
−π 11π −13π 0 1
d 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
18 18 18
−π π −5π
e 5 cis , 5 cis , 5 cis c Im(z)
6 2 6
1 π 1 11π 1 −5π
f 2 6 cis , 2 6 cis , 2 6 cis 2 + 3i
4 12 12
3 a a − b = 3, 2ab = 4
2 2
b a = ±2, b = ±1;
Re(z)
square roots of 3 + 4i are ±(2 + i) −1 0 2 5
√
2
4 a ±(1 − 4i) b ± (7 + i)
2 2 − 3i
c ±(1 + 2i) d ±(3 + 4i)
√ π √ −5π √ −π
5 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis ,
6 6 6
√ 5π
2 cis
6
754 Answers
9H
d Im(z) c Im z
5
Answers
Re z
0
−4 + i 4+i
0 Re(z)
−3
5 a Im(z)
e Im(z) 1 + 2i
1 + (√3 + 2)i
S
Re(z)
−1 0 3
−1 + √3i 3 + √3i
1 + √3i
Re(z)
0 1 − 2i
1 + (√3 − 2)i
b Arg z =
3π π
f Im(z) Im(z) Arg z =
4 4
1 + 5i 3
2
Re(z) Re(z)
−5 − i 0 1−i 7−i 0 2 3
1 − 7i
6 a Im(z)
2 Im(z)
4
1 1+i 2 + 2i 2 2 + 2i
Re(z)
1 Re(z)
0 0
b Im(z)
3 The imaginary axis, i.e. { z : Re(z) = 0 }
4 a Im z
Re(z)
0
−2
π
4 c Im(z)
Re z
0
b Im z
2
Re z Re(z)
0 0 5
2
Answers 755
Answers
d Im(z) d Im(z)
√5
2
Re(z) Re(z)
−√5 0 √5 −1 0
−√5
9H
e Im(z)
e Im(z)
π
3 1
1
Re(z) Re(z)
0 0 2
7 a Im(z)
8 Im(z)
2
−1 + i 1 1+i
3
Re(z)
0
Re(z)
0 1
b Im(z)
9 Im(z)
1
Re(z)
0
Re(z)
0 −1
−2 − i −1 2−i
−1 − 2i −2 1 − 2i
−3
c Im(z) −3
10 Im(z)
2
Re(z) Re(z)
0 0 2−i
−3 4 − 3i
2 − 3i
2 − 5i
756 Answers
9 review
11 a Im(z) Chapter 9 review

1 a 8 − 5i b −i c 29 + 11i
6 4 9 7
Re(z)
d 13 e + i f − i
0 1 13 13 5 5
3 6 43 81
g + i h −8 − 6i i + i
Answers
5 5 10 √10
2 a 2 ± 3i b −6 + 2i c −3 ± 3i
3 3
b Im(z) d √ (1 ± i), √ (−1 ± i)
2 2
3 √ 2π
e 3, (−1 ± 3i) or 3 cis ±
2 3
1 3 3 √ 3 π
f − , (1 ± 3i) or cis ±
2 4 2 3
3 a 2 − i, 2 + i, −2 b 3 − 2i, 3 + 2i, −1
0 1
Re(z) c 1 + i, 1 − i, 2
√ √
3 7 3 7
4 a 2 x+ + i x+ − i
12 x2 + y2 = 1 4 4 4 4
b (x − 1)(x + i)(x − i)
13 |z|2 : 1 c (x + 2)2 (x − 2)
14 a Circle with centre (1, 1) and radius 1 5 2 and −1; −2 and 1
b y = −x
6 a iv b ii c i d iii
c Im(z)
7 −1 and 5; 1 and −5
8 a = 2, b = 5
1 π
9 cis −
2 3
√ √
Re(z) 3 3 1 3 3
0 1 10 a = − ,b= +
2 2 2 2
1 √ π
11 a 2 + 2i b (1 + i) c 8 2 d
d Im(z) 2 4
√ π π
12 a i 2 ii 2 iii iv −
√ 4 3
2 π
b ,−
2 12
1 π √
Re(z) 13 2 cis , −64 3 − 64i
0 6
π 14 ±3, ±3i, 1 ± i
4 15 16 − 16i
−1
16 −2i, i, −2, k = −2 or 1
15 Circle with centre 2 + 4i and radius 6 17 a (z + 2)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i)
√ b 25
16 a z = −1 ± 3i 1
18 −1 + 2i, −1 − i
c Im(z) 2
z + z = −2
−1 + √3i 19 a (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1
|z − 1| = √7
b Im(z)
2
0
Re(z)
−2 1− √ 7 1 2 S
1 + √7 1
Re(z)
|z| = 2 0 1
−1 − √ 3i
20 The real axis, i.e. { z : Im(z) = 0 }
Answers 757
Answers
21 a Im(z) Multiple-choice questions
1 E 2 C 3D 4 E 5 D
6 B 7 B 8 C 9 B 10 A
2
−π
1 a |z7 | = 16 384; Arg(z7 ) =
Re(z) 6
0 2 b Im(z)
b Im(z)
9 review
π Re(z)
4 0
6
z7
Re(z)
−4 0 4 7π
√
c Im(z) c 2 2 cis
√ 12
d z = −2 3 + 2i, w = 1 + i,
z √ √
= (1 − 3) + (1 + 3)i
1 w √
Re(z)
0 e −2 − 3
1
f √
−1 3
5 −7 2 b 3, 2 − i
22 , d z5 − 9z4 + 36z3 − 84z2 + 115z − 75
6 6 √
23 a 4 − 3i 3 a z= 3±i
b c = 12 + 3i, d = 9 − i or b i Im(z)
c = 4 + 9i, d = 1 + 5i
π π
24 a 2 cis , 2 cis π, 2 cis − 1 z = √3 + i
π3 5π 3
b 2 cis , 2 cis −
6 6 Re(z)
0
25 a x − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1)(x2 − x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
6 √3
b x6 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1) −1 z = √3 − i
√ √
1 3 1 3
x− + i x− − i
2 2 2 2
√ √ ii x2 + y2 = 4
1 3 1 3 iii a = 2
x+ + i x+ − i √
2 2 2 2 iv P(z) = z2 + 2 3z + 4
√ √
1 3 1 3 The solutions to the equation z6 + 64 = 0
c −1, 1, ± i, − ± i
2 2 2 2 are equally spaced around the circle
26 a 1 b1 c 0 x2 + y2 = 4, and represent the sixth roots
−π of −64. Three of the solutions are the
27
4 conjugates of the other three solutions.
√
28 a −2 + 2 3i b −3 − 6i Im(z)
29 a Im(z)
2i
− √3 + i √3 + i
centre (−2, 2 √3 ) Re(z)
0
radius 2 − √3 − i √3 − i
−2i
Re(z)
5π
b i 2 ii
6
758 Answers
−5π
9 review
4 a 8 cis 9 a Im(z)
6
−5π 7π −17π
b 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
18 18 18
N M
c Im(z)
L
Re(z)
7π P −4 −2 0 2 4
2 2 cis
Answers
18 R
Q
−2 2
Re(z)
−17π 0 b |z − 4| = 4
2 cis
18 −5π 2π −2π
2 cis c N is 4 cis ; Q is 4 cis
−2 18 3 3
5π
d New position of N is 4 cis ;
√ √ 12
−11π
d i (z − 3i)3 = −4 3 − 4i
−5π −5π √ new position of Q is 4 cis
12
ii 2 cos + 2 sin + 3 i, √ √ √ π
18 18 10 b z3 = 2 cis(tan−1 (2 − 3)) = 2 cis
7π 7π √ 12
2 cos + 2 sin + 3 i, c Im(z)
18 18
−17π −17π √
2 cos + 2 sin + 3 i 1
z2 z3
18 18 2
−−→ √ −−→ √
√3 − 1
5 a XY = 3i√− j, XZ = 2 3i + 2 j
b z3 = 1 + 3i 2
π √
c z3 = 2 cis ; W corresponds to 6 3 Re(z)
√ 3 0
d (4 3, 0) 1 − √3 √3 1 √3 + 1
z4 2 2
4 1
6 a Im(z) √3 + 1
1 2
−
−2 2 4
0
Re(z)
√3
− z1
2
T −1
−2
11 a ii q = 2k3
b b = −1 − i, c = 2 + 2i
√
b T = { z : Re(z) > −2 } ∩ { z : Im(z) ≥ −2 } 12 a i 6 2 ii 6
−5π −2π
b ii Isosceles
∩ z: < Arg(z) < 13 a i 13 ii 157.38◦ = 2.75c
6 3
−12 5
5 5 5 b i cos α = , sin α =
7 a k>− b k=− c −2 < k < − 13 13
4 4 4 √ −12 5
8 b Im(z) ii r = 13, cos(2θ) = , sin(2θ) =
√ 13 √ 13
5 26 26
Z iii sin θ = ± , cos θ = ±
sin θ P 26 26
√
2
0 θ A
Re(z)
iv w = ± (1 + 5i)
1 1 + cosθ √ 2
1 − cosθ
cosθ
2
d ± (5 + i); a reflection of the square roots
−sin θ 2
Q of −12 + 5i in the line Re(z) = Im(z)
3 2 29
θ 14 a x+ + y2 =
c cosec θ + cot θ = cot 2 4
2 3 2 1 2 15
b x+ + y− =
2 2 2

β 2 β2 − αγ
c x+ +y =
2
α α2
Answers 759
a 2 b 2 a2 + b2 − αγ π
Answers
d x+ + y− = , 11
α α α2 12
where β = a + bi 12 z = 1, 2, −2 + i, −2 − i
15 a (cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ) + x2
13 a − 4y2 = 1, x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0
(5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ)i 4
√ = 2 tan t sec t i + 0.5 sec t j
2
16 a Im(z) b v(t)
c 2 13 m/s
5 19
y=x+1 14 i+ j− k
2 8
√ g 2
1 15 b y = 3x − x
10 revision
−1 200
Re(z) √
0 1 3
16 a z = 1, ± i
2 2 π
π
b cis(0), cis , cis −
3 3
c Im z
b i Im(z)
1 π
cis
3
2√2 + 2
2√2 S
cis 0
2√2 − 2 Re z
−1 0
Re(z)
0
2√2
2√2 −2
2√2 + 2
−π
cis
−1 3
ii max = 6; min = 2 π π π
5π π 17 z = 2 cis , z2 = 4 cis , z3 = 8 cis = 8i
iii max = 75◦ = ; min = 15◦ = 6 3 2
12 12
2π Im z
17 a 2 cis ±
3 √ √ z3
c z2 + (2 − 2 3i)z
√ − 4 3i√
or z + (2 + 2 3i)z + 4 3i
2
d −4 4 z2
2
z
Chapter 10 −8 −4 −2 0 2 4 8
Re z
Technology-free questions −2
3 3 −4
√ √
4 a 3 b 2
5 a v(t) = cos t i + cos(2t) j −8
b a(t) = − sin t i − 2 sin(2t) j 18 b (z − 1 − i)(z − 2 + 3i)(z − 2 − 3i)
c d(t) = |sin t| 2 − sin2 t 2
19 b λ =
d s(t) = 2 − 5 sin2 t + 4 sin4 t 7 √
e y2 = x2 (1 − x2 ) 20 b i (−1 ± 2)i ii i iii ±1 − i
√
3 −2 x 6 49 9 21 a a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 b − 3 + i
6 = ; x= , y= √
2 5 y 7 19 19 13
1 1 22 a (3i + 2 j)
7 x = − , y = 0, z = 13 √
4 2 10 10 13
b i − (3i + 2 j) ii
8 a det(A) = 2k2 − 4k − 6 13 13
b k ∈ R \ {−1, 3} 23 a r = λ(3i + 4k), λ ∈ R
√
9 z = ±2, z = ± 3i b r = 2 j + k + λ(−i + j + 3k), λ ∈ R
2 1 c r = 3i + 2 j + 4k + λ(−3i + 2 j − 6k), λ ∈ R
10 (2i + j + 2k), (5i + 4 j − 7k)
3 3 24 a r · (i − 2 j + k) = 0 b r · (−2i + 2k) = 6
c r · (4i − 3 j − 3k) = −6
760 Answers
4
10 revision
25 a b3 b i Im(z)
3
26 (3, −1, −3)
27 (0, 1, 0) T2
2
28 3
29 a a = −3 1 S2
1 27 Re(z)
b r= (25 − 14λ)i + (λ − 1) j + λk 0
11 11 1 2
a = −2 √
Answers
30
2 ii Maximum 2 + 1; minimum 1
31 a = , b = −18; 1 2
5 3 a i a + b ii (a − b) iii (a − b)
5(λ − 7) 19 − 7λ −−→ −−→
3 3
x= , y= , z=λ b DA = 2 BD
6 3
32 a = ±b 1
4 a i 151◦ ii (34i + 40 j + 23k)
1 9
33 a AB = 12I, A−1 = B iii x = 3, y = −2, z = 16
12
1 −−→ −−→
b x = 15, y = 3, z = −12 b i b− a ii OA = 2 BQ
2
34 a r(t) = (cos(2t) + 1)i + (sin(2t) − 1) j 5 b 4 : 1 : 3 c 4i + j + 3k e s = 3, t = −2
b (x − 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1
π 5π 7 c 8:1
c t= , 1 1
4 4 √ 8 a i (a + 2b) ii (2b − 5a)
3 6
28 3 g 2
35 a seconds b y= x− x b i 2:3 ii 6 : 1
g 3 1176 1 1
98 9 a i 2c − b ii (a + 2b) iii (a + 4c)
c = 10 metres 3 5
g 10 a Since a × (b − 3c) = 0 and a 0, we must
Multiple-choice questions have b − √ 3c = ka for√some k ∈ R
b i 1 ii 2 3 iii ±2 3
1D 2B 3E 4D 5 C 6 E
1
7 A 8 C 9 C 10 B 11 C 12 C c √
13 C 14 C 15 E 16 B 17 B 18 D 3
19 B 20 B 21 D 22 E 23 D 24 C 11 b i r = λ(i + j + k) + μ(i − j + k) + ν(i + j − k),
25 B 26 A 27 C 28 B 29 A 30 B where λ + μ + ν = 1
31 C 32 D 33 B 34 A 35 E 36 E ii r = λ(i + j + k) + μ(−i − 2 j + 3k) +
37 C 38 C 39 D 40 C 41 B 42 D ν(2i + j − 2k), where λ + μ + ν = 1
43 B 44 B 45 D 46 E 47 D 48 C c r = ti + (4t − 2) j + (6 − 9t)k
49 D 50 C 51 E 52 E 53 D 54 C (k − p · n)n
12 b i p+
55 D 56 B 57 E 58 C 59 E 60 A n · n
61 D 62 C 63 A 64 A 65 66 (k − p · n)n |k − p · n|
C D ii =
n· n |n|
Extended-response questions 13 a c=a+b
3 1 b r = (b − λ)i + (a − b − λ) j + λk, λ ∈ R
1 a i (b − a) ii (3b − a)
2 2
−−→ −−→ 14 a i 3a − b + c = −10, −a − 2b + c = −5,
b i AB = i + 2 j, BC = 2i − j iv 3i − j 4a − 5b + c = −41
c x = 4, y = 5, z = 2 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 −1 1 −10 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 a i Im(z) ii ⎢⎢⎢ −1 −2 1 −5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 −5 1 −41
3 7 √
34
4 iii Centre , − ; radius
2 2 2
b i 3a − b + c = −10, −a − 2b + c = −5,
2 kb + c = −k2
T1 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 −1 1 −10 ⎥⎥⎥
S1 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
0
Re(z) ii ⎢⎢⎢ −1 −2 1 −5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 2 4 ⎣ 2 ⎦
0 k 1 −k
−2 7
iii k −
√ 4
ii 2 2 − 2 3
c k−
2
Answers 761
−−→ √ −−→ √
Answers
15 a 2i − 10 j m/s b ṙ1 (t) = 2i − 2t j 26 a OA = i + λk, CA = 2i − 3 j + λk
c i − 3j d t = 0 e t=5 b 56◦ √
f Yes; t = 2 c 13 + 8 3 since λ > 0
−−→ −−→
16 a 6π s √ 27 a OX = 13 (a + b + c), OY = 13 (a + c + d),
√ 3 3 −−→ 1 −−→
b i −(3 3i + 2.25 j) ii i − j OZ = 3 (a + b + d), OW = 13 (b + c + d)
t
4 −−→ 1
b DX = 3 (a + b + c) − d,
c i 1.5 9 + 7 sin2 −−→ 1 −−→
π 3 BY = 3 (a + c + d) − b, CZ = 13 (a + b + d) − c,
−−→ 1
ii t = 3 + nπ , n ∈ N ∪ {0} AW = 3 (b + c + d) − a
2
10 revision
−−→
1 c OP = 14 (a + b + c + d)
d r̈ = − r, t = 3nπ, n ∈ N ∪ {0} −−→ −−→ −−→
9 d OQ = OR = OS = 14 (a + b + c + d)
17 a z2 − 2z + 4 2π e Q = R = S = P, which is the centre of the
π
b i 2 cis − ii 4 cis − , −8 sphere that circumscribes the tetrahedron
√ 3 3
iii 1√± √3i, −1 28 b i r2 = (0.2t − 1.2)i + (−0.2t + 3.2) j + k
c i 7, 7 ii Isosceles ii t = 16 at 2i + k
18 a (z + 2i)(z − 2i) b (z2 + 2i)(z2 − 2i) 29 a i T 1 √ ii t0
d (z − 1 − i)(z + 1 + i)(z − 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) 2 5
b ii Vt0
e (z2 − 2z + 2)(z2 + 2z + 2) 5
19 a 2 + 11i iii
√ √ O T1
2 5 11 5
b i ii
25 25
20 c i 1 ii −1
d i z2 − 3z + 3 = 0 ii z2 + 2z + 13 = 0 T2
e 0, 3
2π 30 a i h j, for 0i + 0 j at the base of the cliff
21 a z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 c cis − ii V cos α i + V sin α j
2π 4π 5
b i V cos α i + (V sin α − gt) j
d cis ± , cis ± , 1 gt2
5 5 ii Vt cos α i + h + Vt sin α −
2π 4π j
2
e z − 2 cos
2
z + 1 z2 − 2 cos z+1 V sin α
5 5 c
22 a 4, 9, −4 b5 g
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
23 b cos(5θ) = cos5 θ (1 − 10 tan2 θ + 5 tan4 θ), ⎢⎢⎢0 0.9 0.7⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
sin(5θ) = cos5 θ (5 tan θ − 10 tan3 θ + tan5 θ) 31 a L = ⎢⎢⎢0.9 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥ b P0 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢100⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
24 a cis(±θ) 0 0.8 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
25 a Im(z) ⎢⎢⎢⎢90⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢56⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢73⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢91⎥⎥⎥⎥
c P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P2 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢81⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P3 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P4 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢66⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥;
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
80 0 65 40
3 number of cases is increasing and spreading
through ⎡ the three
⎤ stages ⎡ ⎤
S
⎢⎢⎢5309⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢5957⎥⎥⎥
√2 ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥
3π d P40 = ⎢⎢⎢4258⎥⎥⎥, P41 = ⎢⎢⎢4778⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, 1.122
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
4
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Re(z) 3036 3406
0 e Not sufficient to eradicate disease; growth
b −1 + i, −1 + 2i, −2 + 2i rate after 40 weeks is approximately 1.027
c Im(z) f Sufficient to eradicate disease; growth rate
after 40 weeks is approximately 0.94
2 32 a g(2h + d) m/s

d
√2 b
(−1, 1) 2(2h + d)
Re(z)
0
762 Answers
10 revision
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 6 a x2 + y2 = 9; circle with centre (0, 0) and

Simple familiar questions radius 3; particle starts at (0, −3) and moves
√ 17π √ 9π anticlockwise
10 10
1 z1 = 2 cis , z2 = 2 cis , b v = 6 cos(2t)i + 6 sin(2t) j,
20 20
√ π √ 7π a = −12 sin(2t)i + 12 cos(2t) j
10 10
z3 = 2 cis , z4 = 2 cis − , c 6 m/s
20 20
√ 15π 7 c r = 8 j + 5k + t(i − 2 j + 2k)
10
z5 = 2 cis −
20 9 (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 1
Answers
Im(z) 10 a (3, 0), (0, 4), (−3, 0), (0, −4)

x 2 y2
z2 b Anticlockwise c + =1
10 9 16
√2
11 a r = cos(4t) − 1 i + sin(4t) + 1 j
z1 b −i + j c ṙ · r̈ = 0
z3 ◦ ◦
Re(z)
12 a 81.95 b 86.05 √ √
10
−√2 0 10
√2 7 6 5
13 a −i b c
z5 18 2
z4 14 a 9i + 4 j − 5k b (3, 3, 0)
−10√2 √
3 35 √
c − d 6 26
35
1 15 12.58◦
2 a m= 16 93.79 m
7 ⎡ ⎤
19 4 ⎢⎢⎢0 1 1 0⎥⎥⎥
bi ii (2 j − 2k) ⎢⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥
7 7
17 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
3 Day Sat Sun Wed Thu Total ⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦
Calories 1380 2200 1540 940 6060 1 0 0 0
π √ 3π b Amina, Carl, Dylan, Bessie
4 a z1 = 2 cis − , z2 = 2 cis −
6 4 Complex familiar questions
√ 7π √ 7π
1 c 3:1
b 2 cis c 2 cis −
12 12 ak − 2a − k − 2 2(3 − k)
2 a x= , y= ,
d i Im(z) a−5 a−5
−ak + 4a − k − 6
z=
a−5
b k3 c k=3
√
0 2√3 3 a z21 = −2 + 2 3i, z31 = −8
Re(z)
b a = 1, b = −2
√3 − i 5 √ √
−2 c z = − , 1 + 3i, 1 − 3i
2
√
6 a 3i − 2k b 103.63◦ c 2 17
ii Im(z) 7 Mineral p q r
Price per tonne $1000 $700 $300
8 a r = 3i + 5 j + 9k + t(−2i + 4 j + k)
x−3 y−5
0
Re(z) b = =z−9
−2 4
c x = 3 − 2t, y = 5 + 4t, z = 9 + t
−1−i
9 a C = 1 − 2i, D = 3 + 2i b Centre i
10 a i 32 sin(2t) i − 2 cos(2t) j
√21 ii −6 sin(2t) i + 8 cos(2t) j
5 a cos −1
≈ 70.9◦ nπ
14 iii t = , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
4
b r = j + t(−i − j + k) iv 16x + 9y2 = 36
2
(2n + 1)π
b a= , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
4
Answers 763
√ g √
Answers
11 a rA (t) = 10 3t i + 10t − t2 j, c i −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x √ − 9.8t1 ) j
2
√ g ii r = (x − 8t1 ) i + x 3 − 0.049x2
rB (t) = 10t i + 10 3t − t2 j √
2 + t1 10 3 − 0.98x − 4.9t1 j
10 100√3 50 √
b rA = i+ j, 20 3 − 0.98x
g√ g √ g d
10 3 100 3 9.8
150 e 15.71 m
rB = i+ j
g g g
c 10.35 m
Chapter 11
11A → 11B
Complex unfamiliar questions
√ √
1 a |ṙA | = 3 13 m/s, |ṙB | = 41 m/s
b rA (t) = (9t + 2)i + (6t + 2) j, Exercise 11A
rB (t) = (5t + 3)i + (4t + 3) j 1 a 0 b 20 c 1
−−→ π2 e3 1
c AB = (−4t + 1)i + (−2t + 1) j 5 1
−−→ √ d e √ + f +
d |AB| = 20t2 − 12t + 2 24 2 16 3 6
3 g0 h0 i1
e t=
10 2 a 8 b 8 c2 d −2 e −2 f 4
−−→ −−→
2 a AB = i + j, AC = 2i − k 2 2
3 a b c cot x d sec x
b −i + j − 2k c x − y + 2z = 5 2x + 1 2x − 1
d r = i + 2 j + k + t(i − j + 2k) √ sin2 x − cos3 x
5 4 7 2 6 e f cosec x
e i+ j+ k f sin x cos x (cos x + sin2 x)
3 3 3 3 1 1
1 √ 1 √ g cosec x h √ , x ±2 i √
3 a p = (4 + 2 2i), q = (2 + 4 2i) x2 − 4 x2 + 4
3 3
1 1 1 1 3 1 7
b i b−a ii (a + b) iii (a + b) 4 a ln |2x − 5| b ln c ln
2 3 2 2 5 2 9
1
iv (2a − b) v (2b − a)
1 1 5 1 5 1 7
3 3 5 a ln b ln c ln
3 2 3 11 3 4
6
6 a (4i + 3 j) 4 1 5 1
5 d ln e ln f ln 3
1 1 5 2 3 3
b i (−11i + 28 j) ii (13i + 46 j) 7
5 5 g 3 − ln 2 h 3 + 2 ln 2 i 42 + 7 ln
6 4
iii −7i + 2 j + t(4i + 3 j)
5
1 8 Exercise 11B
c i (29i + 58 j) ii hours
5 3 1
1 1 a √ , x ∈ (−2, 2)
iii (15 + 11t) + (27t − 15)2
2
4 − x2
5
iv 3.91 km −1
b √ , x ∈ (−4, 4)
7 c i −(i + j), 0 iii (−0.43, −0.68) 16 − x2
8 b (−3 + 4s + 6t)i + (−2 − s − t) j + (−1 − s − 2t)k 3
c
c −mi − 2m j − 2mk 9 + x2
3 1 1
d 4s + 6t + m = 3 d √ ,x∈ − ,
−s − t + 2m = 2 1 − 9x2 3 3
−2 1 1
−s − 2t + 2m = 1 e √ ,x∈ − ,
e s = −1, t = 1, m = 1 1 − 4x2 2 2
f P(3, 3, 3), Q(2, 1, 1) 5
f
g 3
√ 1 + 25x2
4 4
9 a i 0i + 0 j ii 10i + 10 3 j, 20, 60◦ 3
g √ ,x∈ − ,
iii −9.8 j 16 − 9x2 3 3
x √ −3 2 2
b i ii xi + (x 3 − 0.049x2 ) j h √ ,x∈ − ,
10 √ 4 − 9x2 3 3
iii 10i + (10 √3 − 0.98x) j 10
iv −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x) j i
25 + 4x2
1
j √ , x ∈ (−5, 5)
25 − x2
764 Answers
1
11C
2 a √ , x ∈ (−2, 0) 8 a iR ii (−π, π)
−x(x + 2) 4
b f (x) = 2
−1 1 x + 2x + 5
b √ , x ∈ (−1, 0) c 2
−x(x + 1) x + 4x +5 c y y = 0 is a
3 2 horizontal
Answers
(−1, 1) 4
d √ , x ∈ 0, asymptote
6x − 9x2 3 5
6 1
e , x ∈ −1, x
−3(3x2 + 2x − 1) 3 −1 0 y=0
20 1
f , x ∈ ,1 2 sin−1 x
−5(5x − 6x + 1)
2 5 9 a f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
−10 −2x 1 − x2
g h √ , x ∈ (−1, 1) b f (x) = 0, x ∈ (−1, 1)
x2 − 2x + 5 1 − x4 −x
3 −5 3 c f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
3 a √ b √ c √ 1 − x2
x x −9
2 x x − 25
2 x 4x2 − 9 −x
d f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
a 1 1 1 − x2
4 a √ ,x∈ − , −1
1−a x 2 2 a a esin x
−a 1 1 e f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
b √ ,x∈ − , 1 − x2
1 − a2 x 2 a a ex
f f (x) =
c
a 1 + e2x
1 + a2 x 2 3
10 a 0.35 b −6.29 c
4x −2x √ √ 5√
5 a b
(1 − x )2 3 (1 + x2 )2 3 391 5
11 a ± b ± c ±
3x −27x 2 √ 10 3
√
c d 1599 35
(16 − x2 )3 (1 − 9x2 )3 d −1 ± e ±
−96x 20 4
1 √
e f (1 ± 7)
(9 + 4x2 )2 2
3π 3π √ √
6 a i [−2, 2] ii − , 4 3 3 π
2 2 12 a y = x− +
3 3 6
3 1 π
b f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−2, 2) b y= x− +
4 − x2 2 4√
c y √ 3+π
c y = −2 3x +
3
√ π
3 d y = −6x + 3 +
2 6
13 a (−∞, −6] ∪ [6, ∞)
x
−2 O 2 6
b f (x) = √ , x < −6 or x > 6
1 1 x x − 36
2
c y
7 a i − , ii [0, 4π]
3 3
−12 1 1
b f (x) = √ ,x∈ − , π
1 − 9x2 3 3 π
c y 2
x
x −6 0 6
1 O 1
−
3 −12 3 Exercise 11C
x 1 x
1 a sin−1 +c b √ tan−1 √ + c
3 5 5

−1 −1 x
c tan (t) + c d 5 sin √ + c
5
3 x 1 −1 x
e tan−1 +c f sin +c
4 4 2 2
Answers 765
t 4t √
1 2 x−1 2
Answers
g 10 sin−1 √ +c h tan−1 +c j (3x + 4x + 8) + c
10 12 3 15
√ √
2 −1 x 10
i sin +c Exercise 11E
2 5
7 y 61 1 1 25
j √ tan−1 √ + c 1 a b c d
3 3 3 16 3 114
4 4
π π 5π 3π e f ln 2 g h1
2 a b c d 15 3 √
2 2 6 10
1 6 15
π π π π i j ln 2 k ln l ln
e f g h 2 2 8
e + 1
11D → 11F
8 16 6 8
π 1 −1
√ m ln = ln(e + 1) − 1
i j √ tan (2 3) e
2 3
Exercise 11F
Exercise 11D 1 1
(x2 + 1)4 1 1 a x − sin(2x) + c
1 a +c b− 2 +c 2 4
4 2(x + 1) 1 1 3
b sin(4x) − sin(2x) + x + c
1 4 1 32 4 8
c sin x + c d− +c 1
4 sin x c 2 tan x − 2x + c d − cos(6x) + c
1 5 3 6
e (2x + 1)6 + c f (9 + x2 ) 2 + c 1 1 1
12 3 e x − sin(4x) + c f tan(2x) − x + c
1 2 1 2 8 2
g (x − 3)6 + c h− 2 +c 1 1
12 4(x + 2x)2 g x− sin(4x) + c
1 √ 8 32
i − +c j 2 1+x+c
3(3x + 1)2 1
h sin(2x) + c i − cot x − x + c
1 3 2
k (x − 3x2 + 1)5 + c 1 1
15 j sin(2x) − sin3 (2x) + c
3 3 2 6
l ln(x2 + 1) + c m − ln |2 − x2 | + c 1
2 2 2 a tan x (c = 0) b tan(2x) (c = 0)
−1
2 a tan
√ (x + 1) + c 1
2
2 3 √3(2x − 1) 1
b tan−1 +c c 2 tan x (c = 0) d tan(kx) (c = 0)
3 3 2 k
x + 2 1
e tan(3x) − x (c = 0)
c sin−1 +c d sin−1 (x − 5) + c 3
5 f 2x − tan x (c = 0) g −x (c = 0)
x + 3
e sin−1 +c h tan x (c = 0)
√ 7 √
√2 1 1
3 3(x + 1) 3 a
π 1
b + ln = − ln 2
f tan−1 +c 4 2 2 2 2
6 2
1 1 1 1 3π 4 π
3 a
3
− (2x + 3) 2 + (2x + 3) 2 + c
5
c d + e f
2 10 3 √ 4 32 3 4
5 3 π 3
2(1 − x) 2 2(1 − x) 2 g + h1
b − +c 24 64
5 3 sin3 x
4 3 28 1 4 a sin x − +c
c (3x − 7) 2 + (3x − 7) 2 + c 3
x
9 3 4 x
4 5 10 3 b cos3 − 4 cos +c
d (3x − 1) 2 + (3x − 1) 2 + c 3 4 4
25 27 1 1
1 c x+ sin(8πx) + c
e 2 ln |x − 1| − +c 2 16π

x−1 3 1
2 5 16 3 d 7 sin t cos2 t + sin4 t − sin6 t + c
f (3x + 1) 2 + (3x + 1) 2 + c 5 7
45 27 1 1
4 e sin(5x) − sin3 (5x) + c
3 7 3(x + 3) 3 5 15
g (x + 3) 3 − +c 1
f 3x − 2 sin(2x) + sin(4x) + c
7 4 4
5 7 1 1 x
h ln |2x + 1| + +c g sin3 (2x) − sin(4x) + +c
4 4(2x + 1) 48 64 16
2 3 3
2 sin x sin x 5
i (x − 1) 2 (15x2 + 12x + 8) h sin x − + +c
105 3 5
766 Answers
1 2 16 x 1
11G → 11H
Exercise 11G c ln (x + 4)|x − 1|13 + arctan −

5 5 5 x−1
1 x2 + 4 x
2 3 1 2
1 a + b − 18
x−1 x+2 x + 1 2x + 1 d ln − 8 arctan −
2 (x − 2)2 2 x−2
c
2
+
1
d
1
+
3 (x + 2)2 √ √2x
x+2 x−2 x+3 x−2 e 2 ln 2 + 4 2 arctan
3 8 x +2 2
−
e
5(x − 4) 5(x + 1) 1 x − 1 3x2 + 9x + 10
f ln +
2 x + 1 3(x + 1)3
2 9 4 4 1 625
2 a +
x − 3 (x − 3)2 12 a ln b ln c ln
3 3 3 512
Answers
4 2 3 32 10
b + + d 1 + ln e ln f ln 4 + 4
1 + 2x 1 − x (1 − x)2 81 3
−4 4 2 1 7 2 1 1
c + + g ln h ln i ln
9(x + 1) 9(x − 2) 3(x − 2)2 2 4 3 4 3
3
−2 2x + 3 x+1 2 j 5 ln − ln 2
3 a + b 2 + 4
x + 1 x2 + x + 1 x +2 x+1
5 √
x−2 1 13 a − 2 ln(2) − π b 2 ln(2) + π + 3
c 2 − 4
x + 1 2(x + 3) π 1 √
3 2 c 1− d − 3 ln(3) + π 3
4 3+ + 2 3
x−1 x−2 3 1 + 2x |x − 2|3
− 2 +c
x − 10 14 a b ln 2
; ln
1 1 x−2 x +x+1 x +x+1
5 − +c
x − 10 x − 1 x−1 9
32 17 c 2 ln
6 x2 − 4x + 12 − + ; 8
x + 2 (x + 2)2
3
x 17 Exercise 11H
− 2x2 + 12x − − 32 ln |x + 2| + c
3 x+2
7 13 13 1 a (−x − 1)e−x b x ln x − x √
7 − ; 7 ln |x + 2| + +c c sin x − x cos x d x arccos(x) − 1 − x2
x + 2 (x + 2)2 x+2
1 1
8
5
−
5x
−
10
; e cos(3x) + x sin(3x)
18(x − 4) 18(x2 + 2) 9(x2 + 2) 9 3
2 √ f ln |cos x| + x tan x
1 (x − 4) √ 2x
5 ln 2 − 20 2 arctan +c 1
36 x +2 2 g − x2 + x tan x + ln |cos x|
2
x − 2 (x − 2)5 1√
9 a ln + c b ln +c h x arcsin(2x) + 1 − 4x2
x+5 (x − 1)4 2
1 1
c ln |(x + 1)(x − 1)3 | + c i x arctan x − ln(1 + x2 ) j (−x − 2)e−x
2 2
x − 1
d 2x + ln +c 1
−x + arctan x + x2 arctan x

x + 1 k
2
3
e 2 ln |x + 2| + +c 1 1
x+2 l x2 2 ln x − 1 m x3 3 ln x − 1
f ln |(x − 2)(x + 4)3 | + c 4 9
√
n 2 x ln x − 2 o (x + 2)e x
(x − 3)3
10 a ln +c 1 6
x−2
1
p x 6 ln x − 1 q (2x − 1)e2x+1
b ln |(x − 1)2 (x + 2)3 | + c 36 4
x2 3 1 2
− 2x + ln(x + 2) 4 (x − 2) 4 + c
1
c r x 2 ln(2x) − 1
2 4
2 a −(x2 + 2x + 2)e−x
d ln (x + 1)2 (x + 4)2 + c
x3 x2 b (2 − x2 ) cos x + 2x sin x
e − − x + 5 ln |x + 2| + c 1
3 2
3 a e x sin x − cos x
2
(x − 1)4 2
+ x + ln
x
f +c 1 2x
2 x3 b e 3 sin(3x) + 2 cos(3x)
1 x2 + 2 √ √2x 13
11 a ln + 2 2 arctan 1
2 (x + 1)2 2 c − e3x cos x − 3 sin x
10
1 (x + 1) 2 1 2 x x
b ln 2 − d − e x cos − 2 sin
2 x +1 x+1 5 2 2
Answers 767
1 π 1 2 1 1
Answers
3
4 a 1 + 3e4 b − c − d 1 + 2e3 f tan−1 (2x), c = 0 g (4 + x2 ) 2 , c = 0
4 2 8 9 2 3
√ √ −2 + 5e3 2 5 8 3
e −12 + 38 2 − 8 2π f h (x + 4) 2 − (x + 4) 2 , c = 0
27e 5 3 x
1 4 √
g ln(12) − 1 h 5e − 1 i −2 4 − x, c = 0 j sin−1 ,c=0
4 2
26 √ 2 3
i 3 ln(27) − k −8 4 − x + (4 − x) 2 , c = 0
9 √ 3
l − 4 − x2 , c = 0
Exercise 11I 1 1
21 a (3e4 − e2 ) b (e2 + 1) c −π
11I → 11 review
4 1 4 4
1 p= 2 5 3
3 24 c= ,d=
1 + e 9
22
2 2
3 e − 1 − ln 4
2 64 23 a f (x) = −(n − 1) sin2 x cosn−2 x + cosn x
1 3 3π 5π π 4
5 ln 5 6 c= c i ii iii iv
3 2 16 32 32 3
1 31
2 1 1
7− cos6 (3x) + c 8 p= 24 a (x + 1) −2−n
(x + 1)1−n + c
18 2 2−n 1−n
8 1 1
9 p= b +
5 n+2 n+1
1 1 5
1 3
10 a − +c b (4x2 + 1) 2 + c 25 a a2 + a + 1 b −
2 sin2 x 20 3 2
1 1 a2 + b2 1
c sin3 x − sin5 x + c 26 a b
3 5 (a cos x + b sin x)2 ab
1
d + c 1
1 − ex 27 a Un + Un−2 =
11 1 n−1
x + 1 π
1 1 −1 28 a 1 c
12 a tan−1 +c b sin (3x) + c 4
2 2 3
1 1 2x + 1
c sin−1 (2x) + c d tan−1 +c Chapter 11 review
2 6 3
1 π Technology-free questions
13 a − √
2x x − 1
b
6 1 5 1 5
1 a ln b ln c 4 − 7 ln 3
1 1 2 7 3 2
14 a ( f (x))3 + c b − +c 1 −1
3 f (x) 2 a √ b √
c ln( f (x)) + c d − cos( f (x)) + c x−x 2 −x − x2
dy 8 − 3x √ 1 −x
15 = √ ; 4 2 c 2 d √
dx 2 4 − x x − 2x + 2 1 − x2
16 a = 2, b = −3, c = −1; x2 − 3x +
1
+c sec2 (tan−1 x) ex
x−2 e = 1 f √
1 + x2 1 − e2x
π
17 a b 42 c 0 d ln 2 1
8 3 3 −
π 2
e 1− f ln
4 2 1
4 a sin(2x) 3 − sin2 (2x)
1 2 1 6
18 a sin x + c b − cos(2x) + c
2 4 1
dy 1 b ln(4x2 + 1) + 6 tan−1 (2x)
19 a = √ ; 4

dx x2 + 1 1 1 + 2x
1 √ c ln
√ dx = ln |x + x2 + 1| + c 4 1 − 2x
x2 + 1 1√
dy 1 d − 1 − 4x2
b = √ 4
dx x2 − 1
x 1 1 1 + 2x
1 x + 2 e − x+ ln
, c = 0 b ln 16 1 − 2x
1
20 a tan−1 , c = 0 4
2 2 4 2 − x
1 3
1 1 f − (1 − 2x2 ) 2
c 4 ln |x| + x2 , c = 0 d ln(4 + x2 ), c = 0 6
1 2π
2 2
1 1
e x − 2 tan−1
x
,c=0 g x − sin 2x − h (x2 − 2) 2
2 2 4 3
768 Answers
1 1
12A
1 1 14 a 8 ln 8 − 7 b (ln 2)2
i x− sin(6x) 9 2
2 12
1 −2
1 c 1 − 3e
j cos(2x) cos2 (2x) − 3 4
6
3 1 1 1 Multiple-choice questions
Answers
k 2(x + 1) 2 (x + 1) − l tan x
5 3 2 1 D 2 E 3 C 4 C 5D
x 1 1 x sin 4x 6 A 7D 8 C 9 A 10 D
m − 3x+1 n ln |x − 1| o − 2
e 3e 2 8 32
1 2
p x − x + ln |1 + x|
2 √ Chapter 12
1 3 1
5 a − b ln 3
3 √8 2 Exercise 12A
15 5 1 7 2
c − 1 d ln 1 Area = sin−1 square units
3 8 6 4 3
32 2 π y
e 2 + ln f g
81 3 6
π 3 π
h i 2 + 7 ln j 1
0, 3
4 √ 4 16
3 2
k ln l6
2
√ √2(x + 1)
x
1 2 x = −3 −1 0 1 x= 3
−1
6 b ln |x + 2x + 3| −
2
tan +c 2 2
2 2 2
1 √ 9π
7 a √ ; 2 sin−1 ( x) + c 2 Area = square units
2 x(1 − x) 4
2x y
b √ ; sin−1 (x2 ) + c
1 − x4
x √ 0, 9
8 a sin−1 x + √ ; x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + c 4
1−x 2
b ln |x| + 1; x ln |x| − x + c
x
x 1 −2 0 2
c tan−1 x + ; x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 ) + c
1 + x2 2
1 1
9 a − cos(4x) b (x3 + 1)3 3 Area = 2 23 square units
8 9
−1 1 3
4 Area = + 2 ln 2 square units
2
c d − e1−x
2(3 + 2 sin θ) √ 2 2
e tan(x + 3) − x f 6 + 2x2 y
1 1 y=x
g tan3 x h
3 3 cos3 x
1
i tan(3x) − x 0
3 x
1 2
8 39 1
10 a b− c
15 4 2
2 √ π 1 1
d (2 2 − 1) e f ln π √
3 2 3 9 5 a Area = − ln 2 square units
1 2 1 − 2
1
√ 4
11 x + (2x − x−2 ); 3 2 y
2 x
12 a 1, 1 b 3, 2 y=π
2
1 −2x
13 a e sin(2x + 3) − cos(2x + 3)
4 1, π
4
b x tan x + ln(cos x) x
2 3x x x O
c e sin + 6 cos
37 2 2
y = −π
2
Answers 769
1 4
Answers
b Area = square units 8 a 0, − , (−4, 0), (1, 0)
2 3
y b y = x, x = −3
c y
−1 , π x = −3 y=x
2
0, π
2 −1
x x
(−4, 0) O (1, 0)
−1 1
O
2 2
0, −4
3
12A
π
c Area = square units 4
2 d Area = 31 12 + 4 ln square units
11
d Area = π − 2 square units
9 a R \ {1, 2}
y b y
(1, π)
3, 4
2
x
O 1 y=0
x
O 1 2
1
(−1, −π) 0, −
2
e Area = π − 2 square units
y
c R− ∪ [4, ∞) 4
2, π 3
2 d Area = − ln = ln square units
4 3
1 −3 π
x 10 0 2 √ dx = −
O 2 1 − x2 2
y
2, −π
2
5π √
f Integral = − 3 O
x
6 −1 1
y (0, −3)
2, π
2
−1 π
x 11 square units
0 2 12 √
−1, −π
6 π 3
12 Area = − ln 2 square units
3
y
4 √3, π
6 Area = ln 5 square units 3
3 π
y=
y 2
x
O √3
y = −π
2
0, 4
9
x 13 1 square unit
−3 −2 0 2 3
2
x = −3 x=3 14 square units
3
7 a (0, 1) b y = −1 c π − 2 square units 1
15 square units
3
770 Answers
12B
16 Area = 6 ln 2 square units b Area = 2 12 square units

y y
y = cos x 1 y = sin 2x
y=2
Answers
x
x π π
−π
O
O 3 2 6 2
−1
c Area = 2 16 square units

y
x = −3
1
y=6–x y = √x
17 b , 2 23 local minimum 6
4 (4, 2)
c y
1, 2 2 (1, 1) (5, 1)
(0, 3) 4 3
x
−1 O 6
x= x=1
2
O
x d Area = π − 2 square units
y
3 2
d − ln 4 square units
2
1
x
Exercise 12B −1 O 1
1 √
1 (3, 3), (2, 0); square units π 3
3 e Area = −1+ square units
12 2
1 y
2 square units π
3 1,
17 5 2
3 a square units b square units 1, π
24 6 2 6
22
4 Area = 8 ln 3 − square units x
3 O 1
y 2
y = f(x)
−1, −π
2
π √
f Area = 2 + − 3 square units
x
3
x = −2 O x=2 y
(0, −4)
1 (π, 1)
1 y = 1 − sin x
2
5 a = e2 π 5π π
x
O
11 6 6
6 a 4 12
square units b square units
6
11 −1
c square units y = cos 2x
6 g Area ≈ 4.161 square units
7 a Area = 4 square units y
y
1 (x2 + 1)
y=
3
2
y = 2 sin x 3
y= 2
1 x +1
x
π
x – √2 O √2 0, 1
O 3
–1
y = sin 2x
Answers 771
Answers
8 a Area = 1 square unit 14
y 2
15 3.772
√
y = ln x 16 a a = 4, b = 2 5 b 5.06
17 4
x Exercise 12C
O 1 e
1 a 4.24 b 3.14 c 1.03 d 0.67 e 1.95
f 0.66 g 0.64 h 0.88 i 1.09 j 0.83
12C
2 a ln x b − ln x c ex − 1
1 π
b Area = ln 2 − square units d 1 − cos x e tan−1 (x) +
2 4
y f sin−1 (x)
3 a y
y = ln 2x
(1, ln 2)
x
O 1 1
2
x
9 a f (x) = e x + xe x b x = −1 O
c y
b y
x
O
x
−1, −1 O
e
1 3
d y=− e Area = − 1 square units
e e
x
Note: As f (x) = e x + xe x , c y
xe dx = xe x − e x + c
10 y
2 y = ln x + 1
x
(1, 1) O
2
x
O (e−1, 0)
d y
a y=2−x
1 1
b Area = + square units
2 e
11 y
x
O
(−1, 6)
y=3
e y
(0, 2)
(3, 2)
x
O 1 2
(1, 0.84)
16
Area = − 3 ln 3 square units x
√3 √ O
13 a (−2 2, 1), (2 2, 1) b 33.36
772 Answers
12D → 12F
Exercise 12D 22 2π(4 − π) cubic units

π 4
32
1 Area = square units; 24 a tan−1 b 4π
3 3 3
Volume = 8π cubic units 25 176 779 cm3
364π 4πab2 4πa2 b
2 a 8π cubic units b cubic units 26 a b
3 3 3
343π π2 27 a x + y = 8
c cubic units d cubic units
6 4 64π 64π
π 4 bi ii
e (e − 1) cubic units 3 3
2 28 a y
Answers
f 36π cubic units

2π
3 cubic units
3
3√2 , 6√2
3π 28π 2 y = 2x
4 a cubic units b cubic units
4 15 x
3
4πa O
c 2π cubic units d cubic units
3 − 3√2 , −6 √2
2
e 36π cubic units f 18π cubic units
1088π
5 cubic units 482π
15 b cubic units
π 3
6 cubic units 29 2.642 cubic units
2 4π √
21π 30 4π − 3 cubic units
7 cubic units 3
4
3π Exercise 12E
8 cubic units
10
1 a 0.6065 b 0.6321
32π
9 cubic units 2 a 0.6514 b 0.2325
3
11 y 3 a E(X) = 10, sd(X) = 10 b 0.3679
1 −t
4 a f (t) = e 6 for t ≥ 0 b 0.3935
π,1 π,1 6
4 2
c 0.4346
y = sin x 5 a 0.7769 b 0.3679 c 0.1447
6 0.5507
y = sin 2x 7 a 0.2636 b 0.5134
π
x 8 a 5 minutes b 5 minutes c 0.3935
O
2 9 a 0.0183 b Var(X) = 0.25
4 c 0.0159
12 b = x
13 10 a F(x) = 1 − e− 4 for x ≥ 0 b m = 2.773
7π 11 0.4866
13 cubic units
6
e4 b E(X) = 500 hours
23
12 a 0.5488
16π
14 a bπ − 4e2 + c m = 346.57 hours
3 2 2
e π 13 m = 2.77 minutes
15 a − 1 b (e2 − 3)
2 6 14 a 0.2231 b 0.6065
16π
16 cubic units Exercise 12F
15
π2 1 a 12 b 10
17 cubic units
2 2 0.842
7π 3 a 10 b 19.667 c 29.667
18 cubic units
10 4 a 0.2083 b 0.2005
19π 5 a 0.69444 b 1.50201 c 0.45751
19 cubic units
6 6 a 2.05979 b −0.35229 c 0.76355
1
20 π ln 2 − cubic units 7 a 0.8556 b 0.3413 c 0.6827
2
Answers 773
Answers
9 a a = 3, b = 6, c = −1 b 102, 102 9 a A = (−1, 1), B = (1, 1), C = (0, 2)
c y 44π
b
15
10 a y
71
(2, 0)
x
12 review
O
7
x 4 16π
−2 O 1 4 b c
3 15
10 b 0.78539 c 3.14157 πb5 πb4
11 a i ii
11 8.5 m 5 2
6 x 2 b b = 2.5 or b = 0
12 a π 0 e 12 + 4 dx b 529.631
12 a y
c 529.647 d 0.003%
13 a 0.5236 b 0.5236
(0, 1)
Chapter 12 review
Technology-free questions x
1 O
1 dy −8x π−3
3 b = , x+y=1 c
π dx (4x2 + 1)2 8
2 a −1 b 1
2 13 a y
π π
3 aπ b (π − 2) c (π + 2) y=x
8 8
2048π
d e 40π
15
f+g
119π
4 x
6 √ O
20 10π 2π
5 a 12π b −
3 3
6 Volume = 2π
y y
x = −π x= π
2 2
y=x
f −g
(−3, 0) (3, 0)
x
(0, 1) O
x
O
16π b 18 ln 3
7 a (0, 0), (2, 4) b
3
y
14 Area = 7.5 − 4 ln 4
8 a y
(0, 1) y=x−5
(1, 0) (4, 0)
(−1, 0) (1, 0) x
x O
O
4
b
3
774 Answers
1 1
12 review
15 Area = − ln 4 3 a i ln x + 1; x ln x − x + c
2 3 ii (ln x)2 + 2 ln x;
y
x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + c
x = −1 x=2 b y
0, 1 (−2, e2) (2, e2)

2
x
Answers
O
y = e−x y = ex
(0, 1)
x
O
16 e−2
x c V = 2π(e2 − 1) cm3 ≈ 40 cm3
17 a F(x) = 1 − e− 8 for x ≥ 0
b m = 8 ln 2 4 a 0.1353 b 0.0900 c 0.9502
31 d L = ln( 54 ) ≈ 0.2231 years e 0.6723
18 a 13 b π
3 5 a cubic units
113 2 √
19 π 2
3 bi cubic units ii units
Multiple-choice questions 8 √ 2
2 2
1 B 2C 3D 4B 5B 6 b i a = 1 ii
6 A 7E 8C 9C 10 E 3
πa
11 B 12 D 13 C 14 E 15 C c cubic units
2(a2 + 1)
Extended-response questions 7 a y
π,8
1 a y 4
8 y = 16 sin2 x
y=1
1
y = 3 sec2 x
2
x π, 6
−1 O 2 3 4
O x
π
x = −2 4
b 2 − ln 2 square units π √ 4π
9 b c 3 3−
,4
c 2π − ln 2 cubic units 6 3
8 9 a Area = π(r2 − y2 )
x
2 a f (x) = + tan−1 x 4πab2 √
1 + x2 10 a b 4 3πa2 b
π 1 3
b − ln 2 π 3
4 2 11 b −
1 6 16
c ln 2 square units
2 π −3 −3 √
c + ln 3 = π + ln( 3)
2 tan−1 x 2 16 32
d i g (x) = √ √
1 + x2 π 3 2π 3
iii y 12 a b k= ; cubic units
3 3 27
13 a i d=0
π2 125a + 25b + 5c = 1
4
1000a + 100b + 10c = 2.5
27 000a + 900b + 30c = 10
O
x −7 27 83
ii a = ,b= ,c= ,d=0
π 30 000 2000 600
273
eπ − 1 cubic units b
2 2
Answers 775
π dy −3x2
Answers
c i V= 13 a = b (0, −1), (0, 1)
900 000 000
30 dx √ 2y
× 0 (−7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)2 dx d y = ± 1 − x3 e (0, −1), (0, 1)
362 083π f y
ii ≈ 2843.79
400
d i w = 16.729 335
197 881 099π 1
ii ≈ 2487
250 000
135 1179 1
x
e ,
13A → 13C
O
7 196
πH 2
14 a (a + ab + b2 ) cm3 −1
3
πH
b (7a2 + 4ab + b2 ) cm3
24
πH(r3 − a3 ) dV πHr2
c V= d =
3(b − a) dr b−a Exercise 13B
H(r − a) 1 a y = 4e
√ −2 b y = x ln |x| − x + 4
2t
e h=
b−a c y = 2x + 79 d y − ln |y + 1| = x − 3
15 a k + + m = 2w b −k + m = 0 1 4 1 11 2x 4 −2x
2w e y= x − x+2 f y= e + e
c k+m= 2 2 5 5
3 g x = 3 sin(3t) + 2 cos(3t) + 2
√
3 4 2
Chapter 13 4 −2, 5
5 a = 0, b = −1, c = 1
Exercise 13A 6 a = 0, b =
1
2y −x2 2x 2
1 a x b− c d 2 7 a = 1, b = −6, c = 18, d = −24
x y2 3y
√ 2−y 2a 2 Exercise 13C
e2 y f g h
x+3 y 1−y
1 3 3 2
x+2 −y2 1 a y= x − x + 2x + c
2 a b 3 2
y x2
1 2
2(x + y) y − 2x b y = x + 3x − ln |x| + c
c d 2
1 − 2(x + y) 2y − x c y = 2x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + x + c
2xey − sin(2x) √ 1
e f d y=2 x+c e y = ln |2t − 1| + c
1 − x2 ey cos y 2
cos x − cos(x − y) sin y 1
g h f y = − cos(3t − 2) + c
cos y − cos(x − y) 5y4 − x cos y + 6y 3
3 a x + y = −2 b 5x − 12y = 9 1
g y = − ln |cos(2t)| + c
c 16x − 15y = 8 d y = −3 2
dy y −1 1 y
4 = 5 h x = − e−3y + c i x = sin−1 +c
dx x 4 3 2
−2
6 −1 7 j x=
1
+c
5 y−1
−7
8
5 1 5
2 a y= x + cx + d
dy −x2 −1 4
9 a = 2 c
dx y 9 4 5
b y= (1 − x) 2 + cx + d
10 y = −1, y = 1 15
dy −(3x2 + y) 1 π
11 a = c y = − sin 2x + + cx + d
dx x + 6y2 4 4
d k = −220 or k = −212 x
d y = 4e 2 + cx + d
dy y−x
12 a = b (−2, −2), (2, 2) e y = − ln |cos x| + cx + d
dx 2y − x
f y = − ln |x + 1| + cx + d
776 Answers
x−1
13D → 13E
3 a y= b y = 1 − e−x Exercise 13E

x dx
1 1 1 a = 2t + 1, x = t2 + t + 3
c y = x2 − 4 ln x + 1 d y = ln |x2 − 4| dt
2 √ 2 dx 3 1
1 2 3 95 3 b = 3t − 1, x = t2 − t +
e y = (x − 4) 2 − dt 2 2
3 12 dx
π 1 2 + x c = −2t + 8, x = −t2 + 8t − 15
f y = sin −1 x
+ g y = ln +2 dt
2 6 4 2 − x dy 1 dy 1
x π 2 a = , y0 b = , y0
1 dx y dx y2
h y = tan−1 +
2 2 4 dN k
c = 2 , N 0, k > 0
Answers
2 5 8 3 dt N
i y = (4 − x) 2 − (4 − x) 2 + 8 dx k
5 x 3 = , x 0, k > 0
e + 1
d
dt x
j y = ln
2 dm dy −x
e = km, k < 0 f = , y0
4 a y = e−x − e x + 2x b y = x2 − 2x3 dt dx 3y
1 dP 1
c y = x2 + sin(2x) − 1 3 a i = kP ii t = ln P + c, P > 0
4 dt k
1
d y = x2 − 2x + ln |x| + 3 b i 1269
t
ii P = 1000(1.1) 2 , t ≥ 0
2
π
e y = x − tan−1 x + f y = 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x P
x 4
g y = sin−1
2
3 2 1
5 a y = x + 4x + c b y = − x3 + cx + d
2 3
c y = ln |x − 3| + c
6 a y = 2x + e−x 1000
1 1 9 t
b y = x2 − cos(2x) + O
2 2 2 dP √
c y = 2 − ln |2 − x| 4 a i = k P, k < 0, P > 0
dt √
2 P
Exercise 13D ii t = + c, k < 0
1 1 k
1 a y= (Ae3x + 5) b y= (Ae−2x + 1) b i 12 079
3 2
ii P
1 1
c y = − ln |2c − 2x|
2 2
d y = tan−1 (x − c) e y = cos−1 (ec−x )
1 − Ae2x
f y= g y = tan(x − c) 15 000
1 + Ae2x
5 1
h x = y 3 + y2 + c i y= (x − c)2
3 4
2 a y=e x+1
b y = e x−4 − 1 O t
1 25 √6
c y = e2x−2 d y = − (e2x + 1) 5√6 − √135
= 15√10 + 50
2
e x = y − e−y + 1 dP k
5 a i = , k > 0, P > 0
f y = 3 cos x, −π < x < 0 dt P
1 2
ii t = P +c
3(e6x−7 − 1) 2k √
g y= b i P = 50 000 21t + 400, t ≥ 0
e6x−7 + 1
ii P
1 π π
h y= tan(3x), − < x <
3 6 6
4
i y = −x
e −2
1 1
3 a y = 3(x − c) 3 b y = (Ae2x + 1)
2
1000 000
O t
Answers 777
x m
Answers
6 y = 10e 10 18 a 0.25 kg/min b kg/min
100
140 ◦ dm m
7 C c = 0.25 −
3 dt 100
−t
8 θ = 331.55 K d m = 25 1 − e 100 , t ≥ 0
9 23.22 e 51 minutes
1 1
f m
11 a x = 20 − 14e− 10 t b 19 minutes
3
−x
12 y = 100 − 90e 10
y
13E
25
100 O t
dx 10 − x
19 a = b 11.16 minutes
10 dt 50
x
O dx 80 − x −t
20 a = , x = 80 − 70e 200
13 13 500 dt 200
dx x
14 a 14 400 b 13 711 c 14 182 b = 0.4 −
dV √ dt 400 + t
15 a = 0.3 − 0.2 V, V > 0 dx x −t
dt 21 a =− b x = 10e 10
dm 6m dt 10
b = 50 − , 0 ≤ t < 100
dt 100 − t c x
dx −5x
c = , t≥0
dt 200 + t
(0, 10)
dm 1 1
16 a = (1 − 4m) b (1 − e−t )
dt 4 4
c m
1
4 O t
d 10 ln 2 ≈ 6.93 mins
t
22 a N = 50 000 99e 10 + 1 , t ≥ 0
t b At the end of 2016
O
1 23 a i $10 609.00 ii $10 613.64

d (1 − e−2 ) kg iii $10 615.99 iv $10 617.57
4
v $10 618.34
m dm −m
17 a kg/min b = b $10 618.37
100 dt 100 c Compounding interest more often gives a
−t
c m = 20e 100 , t ≥ 0 higher return. Result for daily compounded
d m interest is very close to that for continuously
compounded interest.
rt
24 a A = A0 e 100 , t ≥ 0 b 2.23% p.a.
20 c $70 469
25 a 3.25% p.a. b $90 708.52
c 3.41% p.a.

26 b A = 2500 5 − e0.08t
t
c After 20.12 years
O
d $20 118
778 Answers
13F → 13G
Exercise 13F c P = 1000 P

t
2e 1000
1 P=
2et − 1
500e0.02t
2 a P=
4 + e0.02t
b P c 250
500
t
O
Answers
0.1t
50 000e
8 a P=
23 + 2e0.1t
100 b i 3419 ii 24 307
t
c 24 months d 38 months
O e P
P
3 a P (t) = 0.3P 1 − 25 000
10 000
10 000e0.3t
b P(t) =
3 + e0.3t
c P d 5990
10 000
2000
t
O
30 − 10e−0.1x
9 a y= , x≥0
3 − 2e−0.1x
2500 30 + 10e−0.1x
b y= , x≥0
3 + 2e−0.1x
O
t
20 − 35e−0.1x 7
10 c y= , 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 ln
e ln 3 ≈ 3.66 years 2 − 7e −0.1x 4
3
4 12.5 wasps per month Exercise 13G
3000e0.05t x2
5 P= 1 a y = Ae 2 b y2 = x 2 + c
7 + 3e0.05t x3
5 c y= Ae 12 d y2 = 2 ln |x| + c
6 a5 b 400 c t= ln(79) √
4 2 a y + x = 2, y > 0 or y = 2 − x2
2 2
d 80 cases per week e 60 cases per week
b y=x
3000e0.1t c
7 a P = 0.1t P y
3e − 1
1500
√2
1000
x
−√2 0 √2
t
O
1 2
1000e 0.1t 3 y= (x + 1)2 4 y2 − x 2 = 5
b P= P 2
e0.1t + 4 3
5 Circles centre (−1, 3) 6 y3 = c − 2
2x
1000 −2x2
7 y=
2Ax2− 2x + 3
x
8 a y = Aee +x
3
b y = Ae3x
2
c y2 = − +c
ln(x)
200
2x3 1
O
t 9 a y= + 2x + 1 b tan y = 2 −
3 x
Answers 779
y3 y2 x3 x2 √ √
Answers
10 − = − +c 21 a 2 cosec t b y = 2 2x + 6 2 − 2
3 2 3 2 22 a y = − sin(t)x + 2 tan(t)
9 π
11 b x = A(t − 25)2 c b
2 sin t
c
25 cos2 t 3
13 72
12 b e 5 N0 23 a e−t b (1, ∞)
25 y
x2
c
13 y = 2xe 2
−3
14 y = −1
sin3 x − 1
13H → 13K
Exercise 13H 1
dr x
1 a ≈ 0.00127 m/min 0 1
dt
dA d 4x − 2y = 1
b = 0.08 m2 /min
dt
dx Exercise 13I
2 ≈ 0.56 cm/s dh −2000
dt 1 a = , h>0
dy dt πh2
3 = 39 units/s
dt dh 1 √
dx 3 b = (Q − c h), h > 0
4 = ≈ 0.048 cm/s dt A √
dt 20π dh 3−2 V
dv 5 c = , V>0
5 = − units/min dt 60π
√
dt 6
dA dh −4 h
6 = 0.08π ≈ 0.25 cm2 /h d = , h>0
dt dt 9π
dc 1 dy
7 = cm/s 2 a = 5 sin t b y = −5 cos t + c
dt 2 dt
2π 5
dy 1 − t2 dx −2t 3 a t=− h 2 + 250π b 13 hrs 5 mins
8 a = , = 25
dt (1 + t2 )2 dt (1 + t2 )2
dx 1 3
dy t2 − 1 4 a =− √ b t = 320(4 − x) 2
b = dt 480 4 − x
dx 2t c 42 hrs 40 mins
dy − sin(2t) dr 2
9 = = − tan t 5 a = −8πr2 b r=
dx 1 + cos(2t) 16πt + 1
√ √ dt
3 π 3 dh 1000
10 y= x− +1 6 a = (Q − kh), h > 0
3 18 dt A
dy dy A Q − kh0
11 a = 12 cm/s b = ±16 cm/s b t= ln , Q > kh0
dt dt 1000k Q − kh
12 2.4 √ A ln 2
c minutes
−5 6 √ 1000k
13 a cm/s b −4 3 cm/s
2
14 72π cm3 /s
Exercise 13J
15 a 4 cm b 2 cm/s 1 a 1.7443 b 1.8309 c 4 d 3.2556
7
16 cm/s Exercise 13K
12π
dV dh 1 a
17 =A
dt dt√
dh h
18 a =−
dt 4π √ √
dV 10 3 dh 10
b i =− m /h ii =− m/h y = x3 − 1
dt 2 dt 8π
1 √ − cos t 1
19 a y=− x+ 2 b y= x+ b
√ 2 2 sin t sin t
2 √
20 a y= x−1 b y = − 2x + 5
2
1 cos θ
c y= x−
2 sin θ sin θ y = 1 − cos x
780 Answers
13 review
c Chapter 13 review
1
1 a y= x− +c b y = e10x+c
x
1 1 sin(3t) cos(2t)

y= (3 − e−2x ) c y=− + + at + b
2 2 9 4
−3x
e
d y= + e−x + ax + b
Answers
d 9
x 3x 1 2
e y = 3 − e− 2 +c f y= − x +c
2 4
1 1
2 a y = sin(2πx) − 1 b y = ln |sin(2x)|
2 2
1 1 2 1 1
y= , x<2 c y = ln |x| + x − d y = ln(1 + x2 ) + 1
2−x 2 2 2
x
e e y = e− 2 f x = 64 + 4t − 5t2
3 a k = 2, m = −2
2 8
4 a √ −1 b
3 3
5 n = −3, 5
1
y=− , x>0 −(x + 1)
x 6 a −1 b
y+3
f −2y2 −(x + 1)
c d
x2 y−3
7 a 324 cm/s b 36 cm/s

8b y = 2 tan 2x − arctan( 12 ) − 4
1 1 5
y= , x > − ln 2 9 a k= ln b 78.67◦ C
1 − 2e x 10 4
3
g 2(25 − x2 ) 2
10 y = 43 −
3
11 k = −1
dx 3
12 =
dt πx(12 − x)
2 dC 8π
y= , x < ln 2 13 =
2 − ex dt C
h 14 100 ln 2 ≈ 69 days
dS S −t
15 = − , S = 3e 25
dt 25
−t
16 a θ = 30 − 20e 20 b 29◦ C c 14 mins
π π dA
y = − ln(cos x), − < x < 17 a = 0.02A b 0.5e0.2 ha c 89 12 h
2 2 dt
2 a 2L L3
18 x = maximum deflection =
;
3 216
√
dh 6 − 0.15 h
19 =
dt πh2
b Multiple-choice questions
1 E 2 B 3E 4 E 5 C
6 C 7 A 8 C 9 D 10 A
11 A 12 D 13 C 14 C
Answers 781
2L L
Answers
Extended-response questions 7 a b
3 60
1 0.1 km/s dT 100 − T −t
dx 8 a = b T = 100 − 80e 40
2 a i = −kx, k > 0 dt 40
dt
−t ln 2 −t
ii x = 100e 5760 = 100 · 2 5760 , t ≥ 0 c 62.2◦ C d T
b 6617 years
c x
100
13 review
100
20
0 t
W
9 a i t = 25 ln , W>0
0 t 350
t
dx 3k ii W = 350e 25
3 a = (8 − x)(4 − x)
dt 16
8−x
W
1
b t= ln
ln( 76 ) 8 − 2x
52
c 2 min 38 sec d kg
31
dT
4 a = k(T − T S ), k < 0
dt
b i 19.2 mins ii 42.2◦ C 350
1 kp − 1000
5 b t = ln , kp > 1000 0 t
k 5000k − 1000
c ii 0.22 iii 2586
1 b 0
d p = ekt (5000k − 1000) + 1000 9W
k c i t = 25 ln , 0 < W < 800
7(800 − W)
P t
5600e 25
ii W = t
9 + 7e 25
W
800
5000
O t
dN 350
6 a = 100 − kN, k > 0
dt
1 100 − 1000k 0 t
b t = ln c 0.16
k 100 − kN iii 681
1
d N = 100 − e−kt (100 − 1000k) 10 a ii x =
R
(1 − e−kt )
k k
N
b i x
1000
1000
100
k
0 t
0 t
100
e ii 4.46 hours
k
782 Answers
14A
c i 13.86 hours after drip is disconnected b i 13 219 litres

⎧ −t 5
⎪
⎪
⎪ ii y
⎨1000 1 − e
⎪ 0 ≤ t ≤ 20 ln
20
5 4 y = −3000π [ln(1 − x) + x]
ii x = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
t
⎩250e− 20 (0.9, 13 219)
t > 20 ln
4 y = −3000π ln(1 − x)
Answers
x (0.9, 21 701)
200
0 x
0.9
(0.9, −8482)
y = −3000πx
100
c 0.0064 m/min
x2
14 a + y2 = 1
4
0 t
5
5 5
20 ln 4
20 ln 2 Chapter 14
p p2 +4
11 a A = −p Exercise 14A
2
dA p 2 p2 + 4 1 a −3 m b −2 m/s c v = 2 − 2t
b i = + −1
d p 2 p2 + 4 2 d −4 m/s e t = 1, x = 2 f 10 m
ii A g 2.5 m/s
2 a −3 m/s b 1, 3 c 12 m/s2
4
3 0,
3
4 a 42 m/s b 6s c 198 m
5 a v
p
O
iii 10.95 4
c i 0.315 sq. units/s ii 0.605 sq. units/s
iii 9.800 sq. units/s iv 15.800 sq. units/s
2 − 2 cos θ
t
12 b i 3, O 1 3 5
sin θ
3 1
c i M= ,
2 cos θ sin θ
9 1
ii 2
+ 2 =1
4x y
2 sin θ 6 b 8 13 m c 13 m
d i y= x+
3 cos θ 3 cos θ 6 a 32 m b 16 m/s
ii Z = (3(cos θ − sin θ), 2(cos θ + sin θ)) 7 a 60 m b 20 m c 30 m d 55 m
iii (2x + 3y)2 + (3y − 2x)2 = 144 70 165 49
e 44 m f m g m h m
dV 3000πh 3 2 2
13 a i =
dh 1−h 8 a −30 m/s 2
b 4, 6 c 4 m d 120 m
ii dV 3 1 1 2t + 3
(m /m) 9 x = t − ln
dh (0.9, 84 823) 6 4 3
3√3 π
10 − m
2 3
1 1
11 a 0 m/s b m/s c ln 10 m
2 2
1 1 − t2
h(m) d x = ln(1 + t2 ) e ẍ =
0 0.9
2 (1 + t2 )2
1
f 0.1 m/s2 g − m/s2
8
Answers 783
Answers
12 3 m/s2 5 a x = cos(2t) b a = −4x
13 a 12 960 km/h2 b 1 m/s 2
6 a v=√ ln(1 + t) b v2 = 2 ln(1 + x)
√
175 10( 7 − 1) c v = 2t + 1 − 1
14 a 3 m/s2 b m c s x
2 3 7 v2 =
15 −5 m/s2 2+x
16 a 12 m b 14 m/s c 2.5 s d 37 m 8 a 4 b 2 ln 2 − 1
17 a i 22.4 m ii 22.5 m 9 a 9.83 m b 1.01 s
b i 5s ii −28 m/s
10 20 Exercise 14D
14B → 14D
18 a s b 10 m c s
7 7 1 a 0.5 m b 1 s c π m/s
19 a 200√s b 2 km d 2π2 m/s2
10 10 √ 2π
20 a s b 14 10 m/s 2 a T= ; A=4
7 √ 5
21 a 4.37 s b −6 30 m/s b x = 4 cos(5t), ẋ = −20 sin(5t),
22 −0.64 m/s2 ẍ = −100 cos(5t)
1 2 1 4
23 a 4 s b m/s2 3 a m/s b m c m/s
2 3π 45π2 3π2
4 0.347 m; 5.9186 m/s
Exercise 14B
5 16 m
1 a 7m b 4m 6 x = 2 sin(2t + α), where the initial position
1 100 is x = 2 sin α
2 a x = ln(2e2t − 1) b − m/s2
2 2401
7 a 0.2 m b 0.5 s
3 a v = 3(et − 1) b a = 3et π
c x = 3(et − t − 1) 8 m/s2
g g 20
4 a v = (1 − e−kt ) b 9 96 cm/s
k k
π 3t π
5 a v = tan − 10 a 2 cm b 12 s c cm/s
3 10 3
π
10 π 3t 2
d cm/s2
b x= ln 2 cos − 18
3 3 10
−t 11 Four times: t = 4.18, 13.82, 40.18, 49.82
6 v = 450 1 − e 50 2π
4 2t 12 a s b 15 m/s c ẋ = −15 sin(3t)
3
7 v = 15 cos cos−1 + d x = 5 cos(3t)
5 5
2t 5π πt 5π2 πt
8 a x = 5e 5 b 273 m 13 a ẋ = − sin b ẍ = − cos
500 −t 6 12 72 12
9 a t = 50 ln b v = 500 1 − e 50 5π 5π2
500 − v c 24 s d cm/s e cm/s2
1 6 72
10 ln 2 14 a i t = 2.5 ii t = 0, t = 5
k
−t 5 25
11 v = 8e 5 ; 3.59 m/s iii None iv t = , t =
6 6
90 b t = 0, t = 5
12 a v = b 91.66 m
2t + 3 5 10 20
c i t= ii t = , t=
3 3 3
Exercise 14C 10
15 a x = 5 cos(3t) b x= sin(3t)
1 −2 m/s2 √ 3
2 a v = ±4 b t = − ln 2 c x=
5 10
sin(3t + α), where tan α = 3
c x = 2(1 − ln 2) 3
81 3 2 3
1
3 a v= 16 a v2 = 2 − x+ ; ẍ = −2 x +
x+1 4 2 √ 2
b i x = et − 1 ii a = et iii a = v √ 9 9 2
b i π 2 ii iii
−5 g + 0.2v2 5 g + 2000 2 2
4 x= ln ; xmax = ln
2 g + 2000 2 g
784 Answers
5π π π
14E → 14G
17 a ẋ = − sin t + ; Exercise 14F

4 4 3
5π2 π π 1 a 10 kg m/s b 0.009 kg m/s
ẍ = − cos t + c 8333 13 kg m/s d 60 kg m/s
16 4 3
π2 π2 e 41 666 23 kg m/s
b ẋ =
2
(25 − x ); ẍ = − x
2
2 a 10(i + j) kg m/s
16 16
5π √ b i 10(5i + 12 j) kg m/s ii 130 kg m/s
c i 8s ii 5 cm iii 3 cm/s
8 3 a −30 kg m/s b 40 kg m/s c 90 kg m/s
5π2 4 a 5g ≈ 49 N b 3000g ≈ 29 400 N
iv − cm/s2
32 c 0.06g ≈ 0.588 N
Answers
18 a x = 3 − 2 cos(2t); ẍ = 8 cos(2t) = −4(x − 3) 5 a 32 N b 12 m/s2

b i3 ii 2 iii π
6 a b7
π
4
√
19 a x = 1 + 2 sin 3t − 96
4 7 ≈ 8.73 kg 8 660 N
2π √ 1.2 + g
b T= ; A= 2 9 2.076 kg wt 10 5.4 × 10−14 N
3
2
20 a ẍ = −32(x − 1) √ 11 a = i + 5 j m/s2 12 a = i − j m/s2
5
π 2
b i x=1 ii 2 iii 13 a 2.78 kg wt b 3.35 kg wt
4
14 −34 722 29 N 15 F3 = 19.6i − j
Exercise 14E 16 113 N 17 5 N
√ 7
1 a i 5i + 5 j ii 5√2 ≈ 7.07 N; 45◦ 18 a = i + 2 j m/s2 19 663 N
2
b i −4i − 4 j 4 2 ≈ 5.66 N; 225◦
ii √
20 a 2 m/s2 b 20 m/s
c i −i − 5 j ii √26 ≈ 5.10 N; 258.7◦ 1
d i 3i + 10 j ii 109 ≈ 10.44 N; 73.3◦ 21 m/s
2
e i −4 j ii 4 N; 270◦ 22 42.517 s
f i 10i ii 10 N; 0◦
23 Pushing force = 62.5 N; Resistance = 25 N
2 R = (11i − 3 j) N
24 60 000 N; −0.1 m/s2
3 25.43
√ N
25 5 m/s
781 − 9
4 ≈ 9.5 N 26 a 200g ≈ 1960 N b 2060 N
2
5 F3 = −2i + k
Exercise 14G
6 386 N
7 a i 6.064i + 2.57 j ii 6.59 N; 22.98◦ 1 7.3 m/s2 ; 18.4◦
√
b i 19.41i + 7.44 j ii 20.79 N; 20.96◦ 2 a 3 m/s2 b 1.124 m/s2
c i 1.382i + 5.394 j ii 5.57 N; 75.63◦ 3 ◦
g cos 45 ≈ 6.93 m/s 2
d i 2.19i − 2.19 j ii 3.09 N; 315◦ 4 3.9 m/s2 ; 84.9 N

e i 18.13i ii 18.13 N; 0◦
5 29.223
√ N
f i −2.15i − 1.01 j ii 2.37 N; 205.28◦
3 3
9 a 5j b 5 N; 90◦ 6 a m/s2 b 181 N
4
10 a 11.28 N b 6.34 N c 0 N d −9.01 N g
7 a=− i
11 a 17.72 N b 14.88 N 2
11 −6 8 14.9 m, −10 m/s
12 a (2i − j) b (3i + 4 j)
5 25 9 6.76 m/s
13 a −1.97 N b 5.35 N c −0.48 N P
10 a = − kg cos θ − g sin θ
14 −3.20 N m
15 a 32.15 N b 33.23 N F
11 a a = (cos θ + k sin θ) − kg
16 a 4.55 N; 19.7◦ b 12.42 N; 63.5◦ M
F
17 15.46 N b a = (cos θ − k sin θ) − kg
M
18 a 6.93 N b 14 N
12 a 490 N b 1490 N
19 1.15 N √
13 8 + 4 3 ≈ 1.493 N
√
14 2g N
15 a 40.49 N b 1.22 m/s2
Answers 785
Answers
Exercise 14H 11 V − x
80g g m
1 a ≈ 87.1 N b ≈ 1.09 m/s2 b ct b
9 9 12 1 − e− m m/s; m/s
c c
10 ku2
2 a ≈ 0.91 m/s2 m
11 13 Max height = ln 1 + ;
50 2k mg
b S =T = ≈ 4.55 N mg
11 speed = u
3 a 16.8 N b 1.4 m/s2 ku2 + mg
4 a 2.92 b 25.71 N 4375
15 b
98 3
14H → 14 review
2 2
5 a m/s b 26 15 N 4375
15 c 1000 ln 2 + ≈ 2151.48
6 a 19.6 N b 4.9 m/s2 3
7 a 0.96 m/s2 b 39.4 N Chapter 14 review
8 2.67 kg
9 a 10 750 N b 9250 N
1 a After 3.5 seconds
10 5.28 kg b 2 m/s2
11 a 0.025 m/s2 b 10 000 N c 14.5 m
12 a
8g
≈ 15.7 N b 4g ≈ 39.2 N d When t = 2.5 s and the particle is 1.25 m to
5 the left of O
g
c ≈ 1.96 m/s2 2 x = 215 13 , v = 73
5
112 3 16 m
13 N −t −9
75 4 a 2s b v= √ , a= 3
14 a 4g − 10 ≈ 29.2 N b 6(g − 1) ≈ 52.8 N 9 − t2 (9 − t2 ) 2
15 a 16.296 N b 10.296 N c 3m d t=0
5 a i v = 35 − 3g up ii v = 5g − 35 down
Exercise 14I 352
b m
1 33 13 m/s; 250 m g
√ c −35 m/s
2 a x = 6t − 2 sin t b ±4 3 m/s
80 + 0.4g
1 6 a 80 + 0.4g m/s b s
c x = 2t2 − cos(2t) + 1 g
4
110 400 50 (80 + 0.4g) 2
2(80 − 0.4g)
3 m/s; − ln 3 m c m d s
9 3 3 2g g
t
t2 7 a v2 = 16 9 − (x + 1)2 ; ẍ = −16(x √ + 1)
4 x = + 16 sin − 4t √
2 4 9 9 2
1 b i π 2 ii iii
2 2
5 a ẋ = t − 2 sin t
2 8 a 885 N b 6785 N
t2 1 g 15g
b x = + 4 cos t − 4 9 a m/s2 b N
2 2 4 4
6 10 m/s 4 4t
10 a m/s2 b m/s
7 10 − ln 11 ≈ 7.6 m/s (t
+ 1) 2
t+1
c 4t − 4 ln(t + 1) m
8 a v = 4(1 − e−0.5t ) m/s
11 2000 N
b v g g
12 a m/s2 b Particle lowered with a ≥
4 6
13 4 m/s
v=4 14 a (i + 2 j) m/s2 √
b i (t + 1)(i + 2 j) m/s ii 5(t + 1) m/s
t2
c + t (i + 2 j) m
2
t
O d y = 2x, x ≥ 0
c Approx 112 m 10 000
15 204 16 m 16 2250 N 17
275 √ 3g
9 a 5.5 b − 10 ln 2 18 m(g + f ) N 19 100 2 m/s
6
um kt
10 e m − 1 metres
k
786 Answers
g √
14 review
20 a 9 kg wt b m/s2 110
9 d i t= ×
33 000
(m1 − m2 )g √ √
21 a Down with acceleration m/s2 −1 3 110 −1 v 110
m1 + m2 tan − tan
2m1 m2 g 11 1100
b N √
m1 + m 2 ii v = 10 110 ×
22 a Acceleration
m1 g
m/s2 3√110 √

m1 + m2 tan tan−1 − 300 110t ,
m1 m2 g 11
Answers
b N
m1 + m 2 √ 3√110
23 a Moves up plane with acceleration 110 tan−1
(m1 − m2 sin α)g 11
for 0 ≤ t ≤
m/s2 33 000
m1 + m 2
iii v (m/s)
m1 m2 g(1 + sin α)
b N
m1 + m2
3g 15g
24 a m/s2 b N 300
8 √ 4
15g 2
c N at 45◦ to the horizontal
4
4 6 0 t (s)
d s e s
3√110
3g 3g √110tan−1 11
√ √
g(5 3 − 3) 3g(10 + 5 3) 33000
25 a m/s2 b N iv 20 mm
13 13
Multiple-choice questions 4 a 2.8 N
1 A 2A 3E 4D 5C b 0.7m/s2
6A 7E 8D 9 E 10 B 20
c i s ii 5(21 − 2g) m/s
11 B 12 D 13 B 14 B 15 B 21 − 2g
d 0.357 metres
5 a i 4.85 m/s ii 0.49 s
1 a 30 minutes 1 1
b i v = 9.8t − t2 ii x = 4.9t2 − t3
b i a = −k sin(πt) + πt cos(πt) − 1 2 6
ii From 0 h to 0.18 h iii 0.50 s
c 845 c i x = 1.2 − 2.45t2 ii 6 cm
2 a i v = 4 − 10t − 3t2 ii a = −10 − 6t 6 a i 0.3g = 2.94 m/s2 ii 2.1g N
iii 0.36 iv t = 0 or t = 0.70 b 8.26875 m
v t = 2.92 7 a i 5.2 m/s2 ii 1.84 N
7 b 1.95 m
b i x = t2 − t3 + 2t ii s iii Yes
3 8 a i 6888 N ii 948 N
300(1 − 4510t) 1
3 a v= , 0≤t≤ b i 14 088 N ii 2148 N
12 300t + 1 4510
9 b ii 8.96
b v (m/s) 50g
10 a x = 25 ln
300 50g − v2
−x
b v = 50g 1 − e 25
c v
0 t (s)
1
4510 v = √50g
1
c i x = −110t + ln(12 300t + 1)
30
1 410 110 11 x
ii x = ln − + O
30 v + 110 v + 110 41
iii 19 mm
Answers 787
25 −0.1t
Answers
11 a e m/s2 Exercise 15B
2
b i 625(4 + e−0.1t ) ii 5(625 − v) 1 0.3446 2 0.0548
iii 3025 N iv 625(4 + e−3 ) ≈ 2531.12 N 3 0.3410 4 0.4466
5 0.0771 6 7 people
c P(N)
7 0.01267
3125 8 a 0.0019 b 0.0062
9 0.6554
2500 Exercise 15C
15A → 15F
Answers will vary
t (s)
O
Exercise 15D
1 a 0.0478
Chapter 15 b 0.0092
c Much smaller probability for the mean than
Exercise 15A for an individual
2 Mean 74, sd 4.6188
1 a C = 450 + 0.5X
b 3 Mean 25.025, sd 0.0013
C 950 1200 1450
Pr(C = c) 0.05 0.15 0.35 4 a 0.0912
b 0.0105
C 1700 1950 2450 c Much smaller probability for the mean than
Pr(C = c) 0.25 0.15 0.05 for an individual
c 0.05 5 a Answers will vary
2 a W = 2.5X − 5 b Mean = 1, sd = 0.002
1 6 0.0103 7 0.0089
b W −5 −2.5 0 2.5 c
8 8 0.0478 9 0.0014
1 3 3 1 10 0.0786 11 0.0127
Pr(W = w)
8 8 8 8
3 a 0.027 b 0.125 Exercise 15E
4 a 0.3827 b 0.2929 1 a 0.5 b 0.0288
5 a 0.5078 b1 2 0.0008
6 a E(Y) = 77, Var(Y) = 81 3 0.0228
b E(U) = −45, sd(U) = 6 4 a 0.7292 b 0.9998
c E(V) = −8.5, Var(V) = 2.25 5 0.0092
7 a E(X) = 0.4 b Var(X) = 0.2733 6 0.3921
c E(4X + 2) = 3.6, sd(4X + 2) = 2.0913
7 0.5041
8 a S3 4 5 6 7 8 0.8426
1 1 7 2 1 9 0.000 005
Pr(S = s)
6 9 18 9 9 10 a 0.7745 b 0.7997
2
b 5 c
3 Exercise 15F
1 1
9 a b 1 (6.84, 7.96) 2 (26.67, 38.67)
6 36 3 (14.51, 14.69)
10 0.45
4 a (24.75, 26.05) b (25.01, 25.79)
11 a E(X1 ) = 3 b Var(X1 ) = 2 c Larger sample size gives narrower interval
c E(X1 − X2 ) = 0 d Var(X1 − X2 ) = 4
5 (67.86, 74.34) 6 (127.23, 132.77)
12 a 39 b 16 c 36 d 16 e8 7 (2.82, 5.23) 8 (27.54, 31.46)
13 Mean 49 mins, sd 8.5446 mins 9 (22.82, 25.55) 10 (35.32, 43.68)
14 Mean 195 mL, sd 11.1803 mL 11 (3.14, 3.43) 12 97
15 Mean 4250 g, sd 20.6155 g 13 62 14 97
15 217
788 Answers
Chapter 16
15 review → 16 revision
16 a 217 b 865
c Increased by a factor of 4
17 90%: (30.77, 40.63); 95%: (29.82, 41.58);
99%: (27.97, 43.43) 1 a 6π b 6π2
18 d 9 e 0.3487 1 7
2 a ,− b 3x − 7y = −11
3 3
19 d 8 e 0.1074 5 5
20 (105.3, 134.7) 3 a −1 + −
4(x + 2) 4(x − 2)
21 (80.814, 84.386) 5 ln 3 − 4
b
22 (45 146, 48 302) 2
1
4 y = − ln(cos(2x))
Chapter 15 review 2
Technology-free questions 5 y = 2(1 + x2 )
√ √
25 2 2
1 a E(X̄) = 15, Var(X̄) = 6 −1, − ∪ ,1
2 2 2
25 dy
b E(X̄) = 15, Var(X̄) = 7 = − tan t, −1
Answers
3 dx
1 4 27
25 8 a sin(e2 ) − sin(1) b c ln
c E(X̄) = 15, Var(X̄) = 2 15 32
n
9 9 8πa5
2 a 0.45 b
14 1
7 10 ln(1 + u2 )
3 Mean 65, sd √ 2
10 5g 2
4 a 155 b 155 ± 19.6 11 ,
2 5
5
5 a 217 √ 12 10 000 ln + 2000
b Decrease margin of error by a factor of 2 6
6 a 57 b (0.95)60 13 a ẍ = −aω2 cos(ωt) − bω2 sin(ωt) = −ω2 x
b i π s ii 5 m iii 10 m/s
Multiple-choice questions
π
1C 2B 3C 4B 5C 14 (e2π − 1)
6A 7B 8 D 9 A 10 E 8
11 C 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 e−2
1 −x
Extended-response questions 16 a 10 ln 2 b f (x) = e 10 , x ≥ 0
10
1 a 0.3807 c E(X) = 10, Var(X) = 100
b a = 20.8, b = 99.2 17 a 440 N b 540 N
c i 0.2512 ii 0.2512 iii 0.2847 v−5 t
d c = 42.47, d = 77.53 18 a b v = 5 − 5e 10
10
2 μ = 7.37, σ = 1.72
5g
3 a i 0.8243 ii 0.9296 19 T =
2
b i (11.45, 13.55) ii (12.84, 14.17) √
20 v = −2 t + 1
iii (12.65, 13.78) iv 89 √
4 5
4 a 0.0062 b 0.000 088 21 N
c 0.000 032 d 0.0075 5
100 50 − 19g
5 a i A: (14.51, 16.09) 22 a N b m/s2
ii B: (11.07, 13.13) 19 38
iii Yes, industry A seems more satisfied 23 Mean 30 g, sd 0.3 g
√
b i 3.2 10
24 E(X̄) = 100, sd(X̄) =
ii 0.6602 2
iii (1.91, 4.49) 25 a (80.08, 87.92) b 3.92
iv On average, industry A workers score 26 a 27 b (0.9)30
from 1.9 to 4.5 points higher than
industry B workers
Answers 789
Answers
Multiple-choice questions 4 a ii 6.355 cm
1D 2 B 3D 4 B 5 A d 15.7
dV −3πa2
6 C 7A 8E 9 C 10 C e i dV = h
11 E 12 B 13 A 14 B 15 E dt dt 2T
16 A 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 B
21 B 22 C 23 C 24 D 25 B
O h
26 E 27 B 28 B 29 E 30 E
31 B 32 E 33 A 34 C 35 C
36 C 37 B 38 A 39 D 40 C 3
a, −3π a
16 revision
41 C 42 A 43 A 44 A 45 E 2T
46 D 47 E 48 A 49 A 50 C
51 C 52 C 53 B 54 C 55 D dh −3a2
ii dh =
56 A 57 B 58 C 59 A 60 A dt dt 2T (2a − h)
61 A 62 D 63 C 64 D 65 C
66 A 67 B 68 A 69 D 70 C
71 C 72 C 73 B 74 B 75 A O h
76 E 77 B 78 B 79 E 80 A 0, −3a
81 B 82 E 83 C 84 E 85 C 4T
86 D 87 C 88 A 89 C 90 D a, −3a
2T
1 a 1250π a 6a
f i − ii −
10π 5t T 7T
b ii iii h = − + 25 g −0.37
3 6
5t 2
5 5
iv V = 2π 25 − 5 a e− 6 ≈ 0.435 b e− 6 ≈ 0.435
6 1
c i V 6 a
5
(25, 1250π) 9 1
7 b c 2 t
25
9 +1
3
d t > 5.419
e p
h p=1
O
ii V
(0, 1250π)
(0, 0.1)
t
O
3
k2 p
8b
(30, 0) k
t 2
O 9 a y = x2
5
25h √ 3
2 e i
dv
=π + 100 b V = 40 10y 2
dh 3 √ c 252 mm √
dh −9 h dy 10y 2 10 3
ii = d = , t= y2
dt 625π2 (h + 12)2 dt 10y 3
f 65 days 19 hours e i 3 min 9 s ii 5 min 45 s
3 a 1180 π
10 a 8m b πs c s
b 129 000 6
790 Answers
20 100
16 revision
11 a vA = √ , vB = g 3g 2g
+ 10 17 a b N c d 0.904 s
2t + 1 t
t + 10 4 4 2
√
b xA = 20( 2t + 1 − 1), xB = 100 ln 18 a ii 10 m/s2 , 75t − 5t2
10 b 281.25 m
c x (m) c i 180 m
xA 19 μ = 1.001, σ = 0.012
xB 20 a k1 = 40.8, k2 = 119.2
b c1 = 71.2, c2 = 88.8
Answers
c (76.2, 93.8)
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
t (s)
O 14 44 Simple familiar questions
d 14 s and 44 s 1
−t
1 a − (2x + 1)e−2x
2
12 a v = 50 − 50e 5 1 1
b 49.9963 b sin(3x) − x cos(3x)
9 3
c v 1√
c x arccos(2x) − 1 − 4x2
2
1
d x4 4 ln(3x) − 1
v = 50
4
(x + 1)ye x + 1
2 a b y= x+2
(x + 1)(2y − e x )
2
3 y = 0 or y = − 2
x +c
t
O 4 y = 1 + Ae− cos x
−t √ π 1
d i x = 50 t + 5e 5 −5 ii 125.2986 m 5 a −4 + 2 2 + √ b e2 5e4 − 1
2 4
Ne 2t
dy 6Ne2t c ln 2 − 1
13 a y = , = b N e + 1
3 + e2t dt (3 + e2t )2
6 b = ln
dy N 2
> 0 for all t π π π
c d
dt 2
7 a − x− cos x − + sin x − +c
e i dy 4 4 4
1 1
dt b (x + 1)2 ln(x + 1) − (x + 1)2 + c
2 4
2x
N, N 8 a sin−1 (2x) + √
2 2 1 − 4x2
1 √
b sin−1 (2x) + 1 − 4x2 + c
2
N, 3N 1
4 8 9 a (1, 1), (4, 2) b
6
10 a P = (t + 100)2 b 22.47 years
y t
O (N, 0) 11 a v = 100 1 − e− 10 b 100 m/s
ii At t =
1
ln 3 ≈ 0.549306 c 10 ln 10 ≈ 23.03 seconds
2 161 21
1 r 12 ,
14 a i y = 2r sin θ ii cos θ = 12 4
2 r+h 13 0.6841
dy 1 x 2
b i = r cos θ ; 14 a y = e x+1 b y=
dθ 2
1 2 − ex
r cos θ cos2 θ sin t 15 a y = −2x + 2, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 b 12π
dy √
2 32 + 16 2
= 16 a
1
b
dt sin θ 3π 15
ii 6000 km iii 1500 km/h π2
16 a 2mg − mg sin α 17 a ẍ = − (x − 4), centre x = 4, A = 3
36 √
g 8 5 π 3
b i ii seconds b x(0) = , ẋ(0) = c t = 10
2 g 2 4
Answers 791
Answers
18 E(X̄) = 10, Var(X̄) = 2 5 μ = 600.00, σ = 4.00
19 a 0.159 b 0.013 6 a i (73.05, 79.06) ii (69.89, 74.89)
√
20 μ = 4, σ = 2 5 b (1.73, 5.60) c Yes
21 (3.403, 3.797)
22 601
23 0.47
Chapter 17
Complex familiar questions Technology-free questions
−−→ −−→
2gR2 1 a CA = 2(i + j + k), CB = √ 3(−i + j + √
k)
1 a i v2 = + u2 − 2gR
17 revision
x b 12(− j + k) c 6 2 d 12 2
√
2gR2 4 91
ii x = iii u ≥ 2gR 3
2gR − u2 9
b 40 320 km/h 3 1
4 r = − (2t − 115)i + (2t + 35) j + tk
4 √ 10 10
2 m/s
3 3 2
3 0.390 5
5

4 24 < n < 49 6 m ∈ R \ 23 , 2
5 a k1 = 144.2, k2 = 195.8 1
8
b c1 = 164.8, c2 = 175.2 22
6 1.833 degrees per second 9 a [0, 1] b [0, 4π]
7 σ = 0.86 1 1
c 2π d 1− √
8 0.223 2 2
e y = 4 + 2π − 8x
Complex unfamiliar questions 10 a 20 mins
4 dr dm 3m
1 a V = πr3 b 4πr2 = −t2 b =− , m(0) = 10
3 dt dt 20 − t
3 4000π − t (20 − t)3
3
c r= d 23.2 mins c m=
4π
√800
2 50 km/h d 20 − 8 5 mins
3 a i 9504 N ii 704 N 11 a y = 0
b 0.6742 s √ 1 1 √ 1 1
c About 10 people (852 kg) b −3 − 2 3, − √ , −3 + 2 3, + √
2 3 2 3
At π
4 a N= , where A > 0 c √ + ln 2
At + 1 3
t t √
b i N= ii N = 12 a i 19 + 9i ii −7 − 3i
t+1 t+3 11 1
c i N
iii − − i iv 1.48 + 0.8i
8 4
N=1
b i (ab − 1) + (a + b)i
a+1
ii b =
a−1
(1, 0.5) iii b
t
O
ii N
N=1 a
−1 0
−1
(1, 0.25)
t
O
792 Answers
1 1 1 1
17 revision
13 a P e, , Q(1, 0) b 29 a (1 + 2e3 ) b−
e 2 9 √ √ 9

14 a y = − ln e + e−1 − e x c −3 3 + 3 + 3 3π

b −∞, ln(e + e−1 ) 30 Normal distribution with mean 45 and sd 0.5
√
x 31 μ = 10, σ = 5 5
c y= − ln(e + e−1 − 1)
e + e−1 − 1
π √π √π Multiple-choice questions
15 a y = 2 tan x2 + b − , 1A 2B 3A 4B 5 A 6 D
4 2 2
√ 7 E 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 C 12 D
Answers
x 3 1
c y=− +2 3+ 13 A 14 D 15 D 16 B 17 D 18 E
8 π 16
19 A 20 C 21 D 22 A 23 A 24 B
1 1 2
16 a − b + ln 3 25 C 26 E 27 C 28 E 29 D 30 E
(1 − x)2 1 − x 3
a2 31 C 32 A 33 A 34 B 35 A 36 B
17 b π + a + ln(a − 1) − 4 Extended-response questions
2
1 1 a r = 2i + j + 2k + t( j − k)
18 a ± √ (i − j) b r · (i + 2 j + 2k) = 9 d 1.43
2
−−→ e 2i − 3 j + 2k; 61.9◦
b m + n = 1; √ OP = mi + (1 − m) j
3± 3 2 b (−2, 4, 3) c −x + 2y + z = 13
c m= 4 7 29
6 d , ,
2 3 3 3
19 a − b −4 e r = −2i + 4 j + 3k + t(2i − j + 4k)
9
20 a a = 1, b = 1 b c = 3, d = 2 3 a r = 2i + j + 4k + t(2i + 3 j) b (0, −2, 4)
√
69 c 21.85◦ d (0, −2, 7)
21 4 a f (x) = ln(x) − 2 b A(e3 , 0)
2
22 m = −3 c y = x − e3 d 2:1
1 dy (b2 − a2 ) cos x
23 5 a i = ii 1, −1
11 dx (b + a sin x)2
1
24 a ẍ = −4(x − 2) b i 0,
b i π s ii 1 m iii 2 m/s 2
π 3√2 −5π −π 7π 11π
25 a z = 3 cis = (1 + i) ii ,0 , ,0 , ,0 , ,0
4 2 6 6 6 6
π π π 3π
z2 = 9 cis = 9i iii − , −1 , , 1 , , −1
2 2 2 2
3π 3√2 iv y 1 + 2 sin x
π, 1 y=
iz = 3 cis = (−1 + i) 2 2 + sin x
4 2
b Im(z) −π, 1 1 2π, 1
2 2
π2
9 z2 −
6
0 7π 11π x
−5π
6 6 6
3π , −1
− π , −1
2 2
iz z √
v 2π(3 − 3)
0
Re(z) π
−4 −2 2 4 6 a r = 2, a = b [−2, 2] c (0, 1)
3
26 a m = 3, n = 5 b 1 + 3i, 2 − i 5π 11π π 7π
d ,0 , ,0 e ,
27 b (z − 1 − i)(z − 1 + i)(z + 1 − 2i)(z + 1 + 2i) 6 6 12 12
√
1 ln(21 + 12 3) √ π
28 a 2(x − 4)e x b x2 2 ln(2x) − 1 f g (10π + 3 3)
4 4 6
1 1
c x tan(3x) + ln cos(3x) 7 a i cos(πx) − πx sin(πx)
3 9 1 x
1 ii 2 sin(πx) − cos(πx)
d − x2 + x tan x + ln(cos x) π π
2
Answers 793
1 √ x
Answers
b i p=π e x 9 − x2 + 9 arcsin
2 3
c y √36 − a2 a √
f 18 arcsin − 36 − a2
(1, π) 6 2
g 18π
h 144π
12 a y2 = 16x2 (1 − x2 )(1 − 2x2 )2
dx dy dy 4 cos(4t)
0 1
x b = cos t, = 4 cos(4t), =
dt dt dx cos t
(2π + 15)π
2
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π
e k=2
17 revision
d c i , , , , , , ,
6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
f 1.066 g 0.572 √ √ √
ii − 12 2 − 2, − 12 2 + 2, 12 2 − 2,
8 a i 3g − T = 3b, T − 2g = 4b √
g 18g
1
2+ 2
ii b = , T =
2
√ √
7 7 iii − 12 2 − 2, 1 , − 12 2 − 2, −1 ,
b i 3 − 0.1t kg 1 √ 1 √
− 2 2 + 2, 1 , − 2 2 + 2, −1 ,
ii (3 − 0.1t)g − T 1 = (3 − 0.1t)a 1 √ √
2 − 2, 1 , 12 2 − 2, −1 ,
(1 − 0.1t)g 1
2
√ √
iii T 1 − 2g = 4a iv a = 2 + 2, 1 , 12 2 + 2, −1
7 − 0.1t
dv (1 − 0.1t)g 7 − 0.1t 2
dy
c = , v = gt + 60g ln iv = ±4 when x = 0;
dt 7 − 0.1t 7 dx
d 18.999 s dy √ 1
= ±4 2 when x = ± √
e 93.188 m dx 2
√
9 a i 24 √3 √ 16 √ 64π
d ( 2 + 1) e
ii −2 3, 3 + 3i 15 63
b 64x 2
(25 − x 2
)
13 a y2 =
√3 + 3i
25
14
b i ±8 ii ±
−2√3
√ √5
π 2 π 2
c i i ii
12 12
√3 − 3i 800 325 6400π
d e f
√ 3 16 3
c ii 3 ±√6i
14 a 0.0808
(x − 3)2 y2
iii + =1 b k1 = 45.2, k2 = 64.8
27 36
√ c i 0.0008 ii 0.0289 iii 0.2028
10 a m = 3 d c1 = 51.90, c2 = 58.10
−−→ −−→
b i OC = −OA b b
8 1 4 15 a E(X) = , sd(X) = √
c ii 2i − j + 2k, i − j + k 2 12
3 3 3 b b
3 √ √ b E(X̄) = , sd(X̄) = √
d √ (2 + 3)i + (−1 +√ 3) j 2 12n
18 − 2 3 + (2 − 3)k c (2.4 − 0.067b, 2.4 + 0.067b)
√
3 1 13 3 d 4.23 < b < 5.54 with 90% confidence
e t= ,k= ,= x
4 2 12 16 a √ + arcsin(x), (0, 0) local minimum
f Particle lies outside the circle 1 − x2
x2 (y + a)2 (Note: It is easy to see f (x) ≥ 0 for all x,
11 a i + =1
9√ 36 as x and arcsin(x) have the same sign for
36 − a2 all x, and f (x) = 0 if and only if x = 0.)
ii ± √ 3
x2 1 − x2 + 2(1 − x2 ) 2
√2 b =
b f (x) = 2 9 − x2 − a √ (x2 − 1)2
√ x2 1 − x2 (2 − x2 )
c 9 − x2 − √ ≥ 0 for all x ∈ (−1, 1)
9 − x2 (x2 − 1)2
d i A=9 c f (x) ≥ 0 for all x, as x and arcsin(x) have
the same sign for all x
794 Answers
3 1
17 revision
d x = 0 and x = 1 7 a 9x = 2y2 + 7y + 5 b y= x+
5 5
√3
e y
1, π
1.5
2 9 a cos−1 − ≈ 106.78◦ b (−2, −2, 1)
6
1.0 √5
0.5 10 a (4, −1) b cos−1 ≈ 63.43◦
√ 5
x
−1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0 c t2 − 2t + 5 d 2
−0.5
10
−1.0 11
Answers
9
−1.5
12 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
−1, −π 3π 2π
2 √
3π 13 a i 2 2 cis − ii 4 cis −
−1 4 3
f √ 7π
8
x 2 2 2
iii 8 2 cis
17 a y2 = x − 1 b 1, , 1, − √ 12
√ 3 3 3 b −4 − (2 3 + 2)i
8 3 3π ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
c d ⎢⎢⎢⎢2 −5 7⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 4 14 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢3 1 −12⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ y⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢−8⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 1 ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
18 a x = sin(2t), y = − cos(2t) 5 2 −4 z 3 1
4 2 x
5 2 + x
16x2
+ 4y = 1
2 15 a 5 sin−1 +c b ln +c
4 2 − x
2
b c tan(2t) 2
9 3
5 x
1 3 c tan−1 +c
d y = − sec(2t), x = cosec(2t) 2 2
2 4
3 3 1
e |cosec(4t)|, minimum area = when 16 a − 4x + 9 ln |9 − 4x| + c
8 8 16
3π π π 3π 1 1√
t = ...,− , − , , ,... b − ln |9 − 4x2 | + c c − 9 − 4x2 + c
8 8 8 8 8 4
3 3 x
f x = sin(2t), y = cos(2t) 17 a ln(x + 2) + b 6 ln 2 − 2
4 4 x+2
(infinitely many possible answers) 18 0.023
5π 19 (113.71, 117.49)
g
16 20 a 0.4866 b 0.8606 c 0.2835
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions Complex familiar questions
Simple familiar questions 11 + t 1 + 3t
π 1 a x= , y= , z=t
1 2 + − tan−1 (2) 4 4
2 b r = 3i + j + k + t(i + 3 j + 4k)
5π 3π 17π 7π 4y − 1
3 a , , , c 4x − 11 = =z
12 4 12 4 3
b y √ π √ 3π
2 a Polar form: 6 cis ± , 6 cis ± ;
√ 4
4
3 Cartesian form: 3 ±1 ± i
1+ 3 √ √
b (z2 + 2 3z + 6)(z2 − 2 3z + 6)
c Im(z)
x 6
O π 5π 7π 3π 13π 17π 19π 7π 2π 3(−1 + i) 3(1 + i)
12 12 12 4 12 12 12 4
−1
4 a k = −3 or k = 2 Re(z)
1 k −3 − 6 0 6
b c (1, 1)
(k + 3)(k − 2) −2 k + 1
d Parallel lines 3(1 − i)
3(−1 − i)
2
5a− b Decreasing by 5 units per second − 6
5
Answers 795
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢29.6⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢96.11⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢99.04⎥⎥⎥
Answers
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ Complex unfamiliar questions
⎢⎢⎢14.4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢55.97⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢57.67⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ x − y − 1 d2 y
⎢⎢⎢14.4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢48.88⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢50.37⎥⎥⎥ 2 a
dy
= =
4
a P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥, P = ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ,
3
⎢⎢⎢21.6⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
40 ⎢⎢⎢42.69⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P41 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢43.99⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ dx x − y + 1 dx2 (x − y + 1)3
⎥⎥ ⎢
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ 3 1
⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎣ 6.4⎥⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎢33.15⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢34.16⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b x= , y=−
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 4
0.0 19.30 19.89 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ c
⎢⎢⎢715⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢735.9⎥⎥⎥ 2
⎢⎢⎢⎢416⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢429.0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 3 a dom = (−1, 1), ran = R
⎢⎢⎢363⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢374.4⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎥ π
c P0 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥, P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢317⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢326.7⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b (0, 0), t = 0; (1, 1), t = ;
17 revision
⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 4
⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎣247⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎢253.6⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ (−1, −1), t = −
π
⎣ ⎦ 4
144 148.2
1 √ √
1 π c i y = (4x − 3) ii y = −4x + 3 3
4 A=− 2 , B=− 2 3
⎡
π +1
⎤
π +1 5√3 √3
⎢⎢⎢⎢0 0 1 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥ d ,
⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 1 1⎥⎥⎥ 8 2
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ e 1 − ln 2
5 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b R, Q, P = T , S
⎢⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥ 4 a
dP
= k(P − 0.5P0 )
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ dt
1 0 0 1 0 6 t
π b P = 500 1 +
6 (8 ln 2 − 5) 5
2 c 144 goats
7 a E(X) = 12, sd(X) ≈ 2.176 d 6.03 years
b E(X̄) = 12, sd(X̄) ≈ 0.397
5 a 0.0678
c 0.022
5 −50 104 b 0.5
8 a i 10 dv ii 25 ln seconds c i (2.991, 3.009)
v(1 + v2 ) 101 ii Machine A, since the confidence interval
−1 −1
b ii x = 50(tan (10) − tan v) iv 74 m contains the mean for machine A but not
1 10 + v 10(e2t − 1) machine B
9 a t = ln b v= √
2 10 − v e2t + 1 6 a rA (t) = 30 3t i + 30t − 12 gt2 j
1 3
c ln seconds rB (t) = 100 − 50t cos β i
2 2
+ 50t sin β − 12 gt2 j
d v 3
v = 10 b β = sin−1 ≈ 36.87◦
5
c 1.09 seconds
d (56.50, 26.83)
t
O

CSMQLD SpecMath34 19answers

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9 a −3 11 b b dom = [−2, 0], ran = [0, π]

c Vmax = 24.69 when a = 0.67, θ = 48.19

d (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16 x

(x − 4)2 (y − 1)2 (x − 1)2 (y + 2)2

c + = 1, centre (4, 1) h + = 1, centre (1, −2)

(y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2

(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 1)2

2√3 √3 −2√3 −√3 x2 y2

1 x2 + y2 = 4, dom = [−2, 2], ran = [−2, 2]

⎢⎢⎢⎢6⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−14⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥⎥ v 5i + 2 j + 3k vi 5i + 2 j

+ 2(−b · d + b · e − d · e) b i (λ − 0.5)i + (λ − 1) j + (λ − 0.5)k

dom = R; ran = [−1, 1] dom = [0, 1]

h 3y = 2x − 6; dom = [3, ∞); ran = [0, ∞)

3 a Position vector i + 4 j; Coordinates

iii Particle starts at (1, 2) and moves along

9 Lines 1 and 2 do not intersect 10 a (5, −1, −1) b 25.7◦

x = 4 + 2λ, y = 3 − λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R Chapter 6 review

⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ −1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ 5 a

c i − = 1, dom = R, ran = [12, ∞) Exercise 8C

7 a 3 m/s b r(t) = sin(2t) i + 2 j + 2k d 4π radians per second

d |v|2 = −16 cos4 t + 20 cos2 t, d (0, 0), ,

11 a Im(z) Chapter 9 review

20 The real axis, i.e. { z : Im(z) = 0 }

Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 6 a x2 + y2 = 9; circle with centre (0, 0) and

Im(z) 10 a (3, 0), (0, 4), (−3, 0), (0, −4)

Exercise 11G c ln (x + 4)|x − 1|13 + arctan −

16 Area = 6 ln 2 square units b Area = 2 12 square units

c Area = 2 16 square units

Exercise 12D 22 2π(4 − π) cubic units

f 36π cubic units

0, 1 (−2, e2) (2, e2)

3 a y= b y = 1 − e−x Exercise 13E

1 23 a i $10 609.00 ii $10 613.64

Exercise 13F c P = 1000 P

c i 13.86 hours after drip is disconnected b i 13 219 litres

17 a ẋ = − sin t + ; Exercise 14F

18 a x = 3 − 2 cos(2t); ẍ = 8 cos(2t) = −4(x − 3) 5 a 32 N b 12 m/s2

d i 2.19i − 2.19 j ii 3.09 N; 315◦ 4 3.9 m/s2 ; 84.9 N

2500 Exercise 15C

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