AFRICA GRADUATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES

UNIT: GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

FINAL EXAMINATIONS (AUGUST-2022)
Duration: 3hours

Instructions
This paper comprises of two sections, Section A and Section B.
Section A consists of 2 compulsory questions.
Section B consists of 4 questions and you are required to do only 2 questions
All questions carry equal marks (25 Marks per question)

History of HIV/AIDS
AIDS is caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which originated in non-
human primates in Central and West Africa. HIV is a type of lentivirus, which means it
attacks the immune system. In a similar way, the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)
attacks the immune systems of monkeys and apes. Research found that HIV is related to SIV
and there are many similarities between the two viruses. There are two types of HIV: HIV-
1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the vast
majority of HIV infections globally.HIV-1 is closely related to a strain of SIV found in
chimpanzees, and HIV-2 is closely related to a strain of SIV found in sooty manga beys.
While various sub-groups of the virus acquired human infectivity at different times, the
global pandemic had its origins in the emergence of one specific strain – HIV-1 subgroup M –
in Léopoldville in the Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo) in the 1920s. The pandemic strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found
in chimpanzees of the subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes, which live in the forests of the
Central African nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo (or
Congo-Brazzaville), and Central African Republic. HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely
confined to West Africa, along with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty
mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old-World monkey inhabiting
southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and western Ivory Coast.

a) Discuss in details what could be the origin of HIV in reference to the case above. (5
marks)
b) In reference to the above case differentiate between HIV and SIV.
(10 marks)
c) Identify and explain the two different types of HIV as referenced in the case above.
(10 marks)

QUESTION 2:
a) Define Guidance and Counselling.
 b) List the differences between Guidance and Counselling.
c) Enumerate the objectives of Guidance and Counselling.

SECTION B: SELECT
Question 3
a) Discuss the basic principles that guide the practice of guidance and Counseling.
b) Enumerate the reasons for the need for guidance and counseling in the school
setting.

Question 4:
a) Write short notes on the following terms
i. Depression (2 marks)
ii. Pre-test counseling (2 marks)
iii. Post-test counseling (2 marks)
iv. HIV/AIDS counseling programs (4 marks)
b) Clearly examine the different Psychological Issues in HIV/AIDS counseling (8
marks)
c) Describe the psychological response to HIV positive test. (7 marks)

Question 5
a) Distinguish between direct and indirect family care giving to HIV/AIDS patients (8
marks)
b) Explain the aims of counseling in HIV/AIDS programs. (8
marks)
c) Describe consequences of HIV/AIDS family care (9
marks)

Question 6:
a) Discuss the functions performed by the Guidance Counsellor in the school set-
ting.
b) List the functions performed by the Guidance counselor in the school system.
c) Enumerate the services offered by the school Guidance Counsellor.