PRAC

ossOCIATION - OF UATIONS -CHAPTER 3A--ACIDS, BASES &SALTS

ACIDS &
BASES
1.
HCI H,0 DISSOCLATION OF - MONOBASIC ACID
HNO3 + H,0
DISSOCIATION OF - MONOBASIC ACID
H,SO4 H,0 DISSOCIATION OF - DIBASIC ACID
H;PO4 +| H,0 DISSOCIATION OF - TRIBASIC ACID
NaOH [aql DISSOCIATION OF - MONOACIDIC BASE
CalOH, laql DISSOCIATION OF-DIACIDIC BASE
PREPARATION - OF
ACIDS & BASES
H,0 |ACIDS - from acidicoxides
H,0
9. Na,O + H,0 BASES- from basic oxides and
metals
10. K +| H,0
PROPERTIES - OF ACIDs
11. NaOH +| HCI BASE Salt and water

12. Zn +| 2HCI ACTIVE METAL - Liberates H,

13. NaCI: 2008 CHLORIDES - Displaces HCI
H,SO4 ES

<20080 NITRATES - Displaces HNO3

14. NaNO3 +| H,SO4
15. NaHCO3 H,SO4 BICARBONATES-Displaces H, CO3
CARBONATES - Displaces H,CO3
16. Na,CO3 + H,SO4
PROPERTIES- OF BASES
AMMONUMSALTS-LiberatesNH3
17. NH,CI + NaOH
METALLICSALT Insol. hydroxide
|18. CuCl, + NaOH +

PREPARATION - OF SALTS
1111‘‘T1111
|19. FeCl,
DIRECT COMBINATION [soluble salt)
DIRECT COMBINATION [insoluble salt)
20. Zn +S
+ H,SO4 (di.j +| Hy DISPLACEMENT
21. Fe
+ H,SO [dil. + DISPLACEMENT
|22. Zn
|23. Pb(NO), + NaCI PRECIPITATION - Double decomposition
24. CaCl, + Na,CO3 PRECIPITATION - Double decomposition
25. CuO + H,SO, (dil.i +
H,0 NEUTRALIZATION - Insol. base +acid [dil.]
H,0 NEUTRALIZATION- Insol. base + acid [dil.]
26. Cu(OH), +H,SO4 dil. NEUTRALIZATIONAlkalitacid dil.] [Titration
27. 2NaOH +| H,SO4[dil. H,0
H,0 NEUTRALIZATION-Alkali tacid<dil.] | Titration]
28. NH,OH + HCI [dil.]|
+ H,0+CO, |ACTION OF DILUTE ACID-on carbonate
29. Na,CO, +H,SO4 (dil.]
|30. 2KHC0,+ H,SO4 ldil.] + H,0+CO, |ACTIONOF DILUTE ACID - on bicarbonate
31. NaOH + H,SO4 [dil. +
H,0 ACID SALT - From insufficient NaOH
H,0 NORMAL SALT -From excess NaOH
32. 2NaOH +| H,SO4 [dil.]
275
 PRACTICEE
3B-ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)
ACTION

Salt
OF EQUATIONS-CHAPTERsolutions
SODIUM HYDROXIDE - On of salts
ppt. in excess
Precipitate Colour &Solubility of
MgCl, NaOH white ppt.-INSOLUBLE
+
y Mg(OH), -Dull
-INSOLUBLE
1111111
FeSO4
FeClg
NaOH
NaOH
yFe(OH),-Dirty green ppt.
y Fe(OH2-Reddishbrownppt.-INSOLUBLE
-NSOLUBLE
4.
CuSO4 NaOH yCu(OH), - Pale blue ppt.
ZnSO4 NaOH yZn(OH),-Gelatinous white ppt.-sOLUBLE
[Zn(OH), + NaOH JNa,Zn0, - Colourlesssoln.
PbNO3)2 + NaOH white ppt.-SOLUBLE
+ y Pb(OH), -Chalky
soln.
[Pb(OH), + NaOH J Na,Pb0, - Colourless
ACTION OF AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE- On solutions off salts
ppt. in excess
Salt Precipitate Colour &Solubility of
INSOLUBLE
MgCl, NH,OH Mg(OH),- Dull white ppt. -
9. -NSOLUBLE
10. FeSO, NH,OH Fe(OH), - Dirty green ppt.
Fe(OH-Reddishbrownppt. -INSOLUBLE
11. FeClg NH,OH
Cu(OH), - Pale blue ppt. -SOLUBLE
12. CuSO4 NH,OH
[Cu(NHs)4]SO4 - Deepblue soln.
13. [Cu/OH), t(NHJ,SO,+ NH,OH yZn(OH,-White gelatinousppt.-SOLUBLE
14 ZnSO4 + NH,OH soln.
+ J|[Zn(NHa)]SO,- Colourless
15. (Zn(OH, +(NH),SO,+ NH,OH Pb(OH)-Chalky white ppt.-INSOLUBLE
16. Pb(NO,3)2 +| NHOH
+

ALKALIS - On certain metals & their Oxides & Hydroxides

ACTION OF
Salt formed
Metal Alkali Salt Hydrogen
Sodium zincate
17. Zn NaOH
NaOH
Sodium plumbite
18. Pb
Sodium aluminate
19. 2AI + NaOH+ H,0
Water Salt formed
Alkali Salt
Metal oxide/
hydroxide
Sodium zincate
20. ZnO NaOH
Sodium zincate
NaOH
21. Zn(OH), + |Sodium plumbite
22. PbO NaOH
NaOH
|Sodiumplumbite
|23. Pb(OH), + Sodium aluminate
24. Al,O3 NaOH
Sodium aluminate
25. Al(OH), + NaOH

277
 PRACTICE
EQUATIONS
ELECTROLYTIC REACTIONS -CHAPTER 5-ELECTROLYSIS

1. HECTROLYSIS OF - FUSED LEAD BROMIDE PbBr,

Reaction at cathode
Reaction at anode
[inert-graphite] Pb2+ + ’ Product: Lead metal

[inert-graphite) Brl- -
Br + Br Product: Bromine vapours
2 ELECTROLYSIS OF - ACIDIFIED WATER H,SOA.
H,0Hlt + OH1
Reaction at cathode [inert-Pt] Hl+ +
H + H Product: Hydrogen (2vols.|
Reaction at anode [inert-Pt) OHI-
OH ’ + Product: Oxygen [1vol.]
3. ELECTROLYSIS OF-aq. CuSO, [Cu - anodej CuSO,
H,0Hlt + OH1
Reaction at cathode [active-Cul Cu2t + Product: Copper metal
Reaction at anode [active-Cul Cu Product: Nil [Cu2* ions]

APPLICATIONS - OF ELECTROLYSIS
ELECTROPLATING ARTICLE - WITH NICKEL
4 ELECTROLYSIS OF - aq. NisOA NiSO,
|H,0Hlt + OH1
Atcathode -[clean article to be plated] Ni2+ + Product: Ni deposited on article
At anode - [block of active-Nil Ni -
’ Product: Nil [Niz ions]
ELECTROPLATING ARTICLE - WITH SILVER

5. ELECTROLYSIS OF - aq. Na[Ag(CN)] Na[Ag(CN)l

H,0Hl+ +OHl
At cathode -[clean article to be plated] Ag+ Product: Ag deposited on article
At anode -[block of active-Agl Ag Product: Nil [Agl+ ions]
ELECTROREFINING OF - COPPER
6 ELECTROLYSIS OF- aq. CusO4 CusO, . +

H,0Hlt + OH1
At cathode -[pure thin sheet of Cu] Cu2++ Product: Pure Cu deposited
on thin sheet
At anode - [impure block of active-Cu] Cu ’ Product: Nil[Cu* ions]
ELECTROMETALLURGY
7. ELECTROLYSIS OF -FUSED CaCl, &Al,O3 CaClh Al,O,
Ca2t + 2A13+ + ’
At cathode -[inert)]
At anode - [inert] 2C11- 302- ’
279
 |1 Na,C03 6. Fe
5. 4.NH3|3. 2 PREPARATION
NaCI 1.
HNO3
K,Cr,0, 20. 19.PbO218. MnOxidising
22. 21. Pb04 O17. agent Pb(NO3)2 12NaHCO,
16. 15. +AgNO,|14. + FeS13. Na,sO3 |10. +NH,OH
|9. + |8. +CaO 7. Mg PROPERTIES PRACTICE
Substance Substance chloride
Metallic
2KMnO, Na,S,0 [AgCl NaHSO, Zn [2NaCl

+ + + + + + + +
+ + + -
Conc.
HCI
2HCI acid OF [conc]
acid -
[conc]|
HCI [conc.] HCI [conc.]
HCI (conc]
HCI HCI[conc.]| HCI (dil.] HCI
HCI (dil.] HCI [dil]
HCI [dil.]
HCI [dil]
HCI [dil.] HCI Hydrochloric
HCI [dil.] (dil.]
HCI [dilute] HCI HCI HCI chloride
Hydrogen EQUATIONS
H,SO4 H,SO4 Sulphuric
[dil]HCINH,OH HCI OF
HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
[conc.] [dil.] [dil] Igl
>5002d K200
P200
’NOCI KCI ’+KCl ’+

CHLORIDE- CHLORIDE -
Salt
CHAPTER
283 +H,0 +|
H,0 H,0 H,0 H,0
+ HYDROCHLORIC
+ Hz0+
H,0+ +H,0H,0+ .+H,0+
+ H,0+
+ +
+ + + +
7A-HYDROGEN
H,0

PERMANGANATE
CONC. POTASSIUM
DICHROMATE
POTASSIUM TETROXIDE|LOXIDE
TRILEAD
MANGANESE
EADIV] (IV] SULPHATE
SODIUM
|SULPHIDE-Hydrogensulphide
THIO LEAD
Solubility
BISULPHITE-SulphurCARBONATE-Carbon
SILVER BICARBONATE-Carbon BASE
SULPHITE dioxidedioxideACTIVEMETAL[Fe]
dioxide BASE- Hydrogen AMMONIA
DISSOCIATION
THERMAL LABORATORY
ACTIVEMETAL| n]-Hydrogen
ACIIVEMETAL.Fe]-
- ZHydrogen ACID PREPARATIOON
-
HNO3-
[Aqua
regia NITRATE- NITRATE water
Salt
and Salt Reaction
with Reaction
with
Reaction
with of - and
ppt. Sulphur CHLORIDE
water
OXIDE PbCl, in -
NH,OH AgCl
dioxide
ppt. ppt.
 PRACTICE EQUATIONS - CHAPTER 7B-AMMONIA
PREPARATION- OF AMMONIA
Ammonium Alkali Salt Water Ammonia
salt
NH3
1 NH,CI Ca(OH)2 NH, LABORATORY PREPARATIONS
2. NH,CI NaOH
3. (NH),S04+ Ca(OH)2 NH3
4. (NH),SO,+ NaOH NH,
Metal Ammonia
Metal Water
hydroxide

1111
nitride [warm]
|5. Mg,N, + H,0 +
NH3 GENERAL PREPARATIONS
6. CasN, + H,0 + NH,
7. AIN + H,0 + NH,
50-500°d MANUFACTURE-Haber's process
+A
8. N, +
H, Fe

PROPERTIES - OF AMMONIA GAS

OXIDATION
REACTION WITH OXYGEN - BURNING AND CATALYTIC
+
BURNING OF AMMONIA
9. 4NH3 CATALYTICOXIDATION
P H,0 +|A
|10. 4NH3 80°
PREPARATION OF LIQUOR AMMONIA
|LIQUOR AMMONIA
11. NH3 +H,0
PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM SALTS
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
12. NH3 HCI
AMMONIUM NITRATE
13. NH3 HNO3 AMMONIUM SULPHATE
14. NH +| H,SO4
H,0 AMMONIUMSALTSPREPARED
15. NH,OH + HCI
BY NEUTRALIZATION
|16. NH,OH + HNO3 H,0
|17. NH,OH + H,SO4 H,0
REDUCING REACTIONS OF AMMONIA
18. NH3 CuO Ng REDUCTION OF COPPER OXILDE

19. NH PbO Ng REDUCTION OF LEAD OXIDE

20. 8NH3 Cl, EXCESS AMMONIA WITH CI,
21. NH3 +
3Cl, AMMONIA WITH EXCESS CI,
REACTIONSOF METALLICSALT SOLUTIONS WITH AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
22. FeSO4 + NH,OH + ppt. -DIRTY GREEN-Insoluble
23. FeCl, NH,OH + ppt. - RED BROWN- Insoluble
24. Pb(NO),+ NH,OH ppt. - WHITE Insoluble
25. ZnSO4 + NH,OH Ppt. -WHITE
(Zn(OH), +NHJ,S0,+2NH,0H H,0] Ppt.-Soluble inexcessNH,OH
26. CuSO4 + NH,OH ppt. - PALE BLUE
[Cu(OH), +(NH ,SO,+2NH,OH +
H,0] ppt.-Solubleinexcess NH,OH
285
 PRACTICE EQUATIONS - CHAPTER 7C-NITRIC ACID
PREPARATION - OF NITRIC ACID
Metallic Sulphuric Salt Nitricacid
nitrate acid [conc.]
LABORATORY PREPARATIONS
1. KNO +H,SO4lconc] 2009
K200°C
2 NaNO3 +H,SO4 (conc.
MANUFACTURE - OSTWALD'S PROCESS
CATALYTICCHAMBER
|3. 4NH, +H,0 +A
800°C
OXIDATION CHAMBER
NO 50°C
ABSORPTION TOWER
NO, + H,0+ O2
PROPERTIES - OF NITRIC ACID
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
4. 4HNO3 +O2
Reaction with
IONIZATION OF DILUTE NITRIC ACID
H,0 DISSOCIATION OF ACID
5. HNO3 Hl+ NO,1
Hl+
[Hydronium lon formed]
+
H,0
HNO, + H,0
BASE - Salt and water
6. NaOH + HNO, [dil| + H,0
CARBONATE-Carbon dioxide
|7. CaCO, HNO; [dil. + H,0
CARBONATE-Carbon dioxide
8. PbCO, HNO; [dil| H,0
BICARBONATE-Carbondioxide
|9. Ca(HCO;),+ HNO, [dil] +
H,0 +

10. Ca(HSO,),+ HNO, [dil.] +

H,0 BISULPHITE-Sulphur dioxide
Oxidised Reaction with
OXIDISING NATURE - conc. HNO3 product

11. C HNO; [conc.] H,0 CARBON -Oxidised to CO,

12. S HNO, [conc] H,0 SULPHUR-Oxidised to H,SO4
13. P HNO, [conc.| H,0 HOSHORLS-Oxidised toH,PO,
14. Cu HNO, [conc. H,0 COPPER-Oxidised to Cu(NO32
|15. Zn HNO, (conc. +
H,0 ZINC -Oxidised to Zn(NO3)2
|16. 3HCI + HNO, [conc.| +
H,0 HCI- Oxidised to chlorine

OXIDISING NATURE- dil. HNO3 Oxidised

product Reaction with

17. Cu HNO, (dil.] H,0 COPPER-Oxidised to CuNOs2

18. Zn

19.
1111
+ HNO3 [dil.]
FeSO,+ H,SO4+ HNO,
H,0 ZINC-Oxidised to Zn(NO3)2
+ H,0 IRON [II SULPHATE
[FeSO4 +| NO FeSO4NOI Oxidised to iron [1II]sulphate
[very
|20. Mg + HNO3 dil] +H Mg-Oxidised to Mg(NO3)2

287
 PRACTICE EQUATIONS - CHAPTER 7D-SULPHURIC ACID
PREPARATION - OF SULPHURIC ACID
GENERAL METHOD
1. S
+HNO, (conc.]A + H,SOSULPHUR - with conc. HNO,
MANUFACTURE - CONTACT PROCESS
2. S SULPHUR BURNERS

FeS2
+O2
+ PYRITE BURNERS

SO, +O2 450-500°C

CONTACT TOWER

+H,SO4 |ABSORPTIONTOWER
SO3
H,S,0, +H,O |DILUTION TANK
PROPERTIES -OF SULPHURIC ACID
ACIDICNATURE Reaction with
3. Zn+ H,SO4 (dil.] ACTIVE METAL - Hydrogen
4. 2NaOH + H,SO4 (dil.] BASE -Salt and water
H,0 |CARBONATE-Carbondioxide
|5. K,CO3 +H,SO, ldil] H,0
|6. FeS
Na,sO03 +H,SO; ldil.] H,0 + |SULPHITE- Sulphur dioxide
|7. +H,SO4 (dil.] |SULPHIDE-Hydrogensulphide
|AS A DIBASIC ACID

8. H,SO4 + SO,2 DISSOCIATES-2H ions

|9. NaOH + H,SO4 dil.] H,Ó BASE - Acid salt formed
|10. 2NaOH + H,SO4 (dil.] BASE - Normal salt formed
|AS A NON-VOLATILE ACID Volatile acid

11. NaCI
<200°C| HCI DISPLACES - Volatile HCI
H,SO4 lconcl
+

12. NaNO, + H,S04 (eonc] 2009Ç HNO3 |DISPLACES-Volatile HNO,

AS AN OXIDISING AGENT
Oxidised Reaction with
Product
13. C + H,SO4 [conc.] H,0 CARBON-Carbon dioxide
14. S + H,SO, [conc.] H,0 SULPHUR- Sulphur dioxide
15. Cu + H,SO4 lconc.] H,0 |COPPER-Copper sulphate
|16. Zn + H,S04(conc] H,0 ZINC - Zinc sulphate
17. 2HI + H,SO4 [conc.] H,0 |HYDROGEN IODIDE - Iodine
18. H,S + H,SO4 lconc] H,0 HYDROGENSULPHIDE- Sulphur
|AS A DEHYDRATING AGENT Dehydrated Reaction with
Product

19. CoH2O% |conc. H,SO4 H,0 GLUCOSE - Carbon

|20. C12HO11 conc. H,S04, H,0 |SUCROSE[Canesugar]-Carbon

21. [CGHoOsln||Conc.
conc. HzSO4
[H,Oln CHILOAWood, paper] -Carbon
22. HCOOH H,0 RORMICACD-Carbon monoxide
Conc.
23. H,C,O4 Conc.
+ H,0 OXALIC ACID - CO, CO,
24. C,H;OH H,0 ETHANOL<ethyl alcohol] -Ethene
|25. CuSO,5H,0 conc. H,SO4 H,0 HYDRATEDCuSO,-anhy.CuSO,
TEST FOR SULPHURIC ACID
|26. Cu + H,SOaconc.] H,0 Addition of Cu - SO, evolved
27. BaCl, + H,SO4dil.] HCI |Addition of BaC,- BaSO4 [white ppt.]
28. Pb(NO)2 + H,SO,dil.] HNO, + |AdditionofNOs,-Ps0,[whiteppt])
289