 Flexor tone  Hands fisted
predominates  Grasp reflex
 In prone, turns head
to side
NEWBORN
 Automatic reflex
walking
 Rounded spine when
held sitting
 Head midline
 Head held when
pulled to sit
4  In prone, lifts head
MONTHS to 90° and lifts chest
slightly
 Turns to supine
 Maintains sitting,
may lean on arms
 Rolls to prone
 Bears all weight;
7
bounces when held
MONTHS
erect
 Cervical lordosis
 Habituation and some  Cry  Sensorimotor period  First year: Basic trust
control of state  State dependent  0-24 months vs. basic mistrust
 State dependent quieting and head  Reflex stage  Normal symbiotic
ability to fix and turning to rattle or phase: does not
follow bright object voice differentiate between
self and mother
 Hands mostly open  Recognizes bottle  Turns to voice and  “Circular reaction”:  “Lap baby”: developing
 Midline hand play bell consistently the interesting result a sense of basic trust
 Crude palmar grasp  Laughs, squeals of an action
 Responsive motivates its
vocalization repetition
 Blows bubbles,
“raspberries”
 Intermediate grasp  Differentiates between  Uses single and  Five months: began to
 Transfers cube from familiar person to double consonant- differentiate between
hand to hand stranger vowel combinations mother and self, i.e.
 Bangs objects  Holds bottle beginning of
 Looks for dropped separation
object individuation
 “Talks” to his mirror  Has a sense of
image belonging to a central
person
  Creeps on all fours
 Pivots in sitting
 Stand momentarily
10  Cruises
MONTHS  Slight bow leg
 Increased lumbar
lordosis; acute lumbo-
sacral angulation
 Walks alone, arms in
high guard or
mudguard
 Wide base, excessive
knee and hip flexion
14  Foot contact on entire
MONTHS sole
 Slight valgus knees and
feet
 Pelvic title and rotation
 Arms at low guard
 Mature supporting
base and heel strike
18  Sits self in chair
MONTHS  Walks backwards
 Pincer grasp, mature  Plays peek-a-boo  Shouts for attention  Can retrieve an object  Practicing phase of
thumb to index grasp  Finger feeds  Imitates speech sounds hidden in his view separation:
 Bangs 2 cubes held in  Chews with rotary  Waves “bye-bye” individuation, practices
hands movement  Uses “mama” and initiating separations
“dada” with meaning  “Love affair with the
 Inhibits behavior to world”
“no”
 Piles two cubes  Uses spoon with  Uses single words  Differentiates available  Rapprochement phase
 Scribbles overpronation and  Understands simple behavior patterns for of separation:
spontaneously spilling commands new ends, e.g., pulls individuation,
 Holds crayon full  Removes a garment rug on which is a toy ambivalent behavior to
length in palm mother
 Casts objects  1 to 3 years old: Stage
of autonomy vs. shame
and doubt
 Issue of holding on and
letting go
 Pleasure in controlling
muscles and sphincters
 Emerging hand  Imitates housework  Points to named body  Capable of “insight”,
dominance  Carries, hugs dolls part i.e., solving a problem
 Crude release  Drinks from cup neatly  Identifies one picture by mental
 Holds crayon butt end  Looks for dropped  Says “no” combinations, not
in palm object  Jargons physical groping
 Dumps raising from  “Talks” to his mirror
bottle spontaneously image
  Begins running  Hands dominance is  Pulls on garment  Two-word phrases are  2 to 7 years old:
 Walks up and down usual  Uses spoon well common Preoperational period:
stairs alone  Builds eight-cube  Opens door turning  Uses verbs  able to evoke an
 Jumps on both feet in tower knob  Refers to self by name object or event not
place  Aligns cubes  Feeds doll with bottle  Uses ‘me’, ‘mine’ present
horizontally or spoon  Follows simple  object
2 YEARS
 Imitates vertical line  Toilet training usually directions permanence
 Places pencil shaft begun established
between thumb and  comprehends
fingers symbols
 Draws with arm and
writ action
 Runs well  Imitates three-cube  Most children toilet  Three-word sentences  Preoperational period  3 to 5 years old: Stage
 Pedals tricycle bridge trained day and night are usual continues of initiative vs. guilt
 Broad jumps  Copies circle  Pours from pitcher  Uses future tense  The child is capable of:  Deals with issue of
 Walks up stairs  Uses overhand throw  Unbottons; washes and  Asks ‘what’, ‘who’,  Deferred imitation genital sexuality
alternating feet with anteroposterior dries hands and face ‘where’  Symbolic play
arm and trunk motion  Parallel play  Follows prepositional  Drawing of graphic
 Catches with extended  Can take turns commands, i.e., ‘put it images
arms hugging against  Can be reasoned with under’  Mental images
3 YEARS
body  Gives full name  Verbal evocation
 May stutter in of events
eagerness
 Identifies self as boy or
girl
 Recognizes three
colors
  Walks down stairs  Hands a pencil by  Cooperative play-  Gives connected
alternating feet finger and wrist action, sharing and interacting account of recent
 Hops on one foot like adults  Imaginative make- experiences
 Plant arches  Copies a cross believe play  Questions ‘why’,
developing  Draws a frog-like  Dresses and undresses ‘when’, ‘how’
 Sits up from supine person with head and with supervision  Uses past tense,
4 YEARS
position without extremities distinguishing front adjectives, adverbs
rotating  Throws underhand and back of clothing  Knows opposite
 Cuts with scissors and buttoning analogies
 Does simple errands  Repeats four digits
outside of home

 Skips; tiptoes  Hand dominance is  Creative play  Fluent speech  5 years old to
 Balances 10 seconds on expected  Competitive team play  Misarticulations of adolescence: Stage of
each foot  Draws man with head,  Uses fork for stabbing some sounds may industry vs. inferiority
body, and extremities food persist  Adjusts himself to the
 Throws with diagonal  Brushes teeth  Gives name, address, inorganic laws of the
arm and body rotation  Is self-sufficient in age tool world
5 YEARS  Catches with hands toileting  Defines concrete nouns
 Dresses without by composition,
supervision except classification, or use
tying shoelaces  Follows three-part
commands
 Has number concepts
to 10
  Rides bicycle  Prints alphabet; letter  Teacher is an  Shows mastery of  Stage of industry vs.
 Roller skates reversals still important authority to grammar inferiority continues
acceptable child  Uses proper
 Mature catch and  Uses fork appropriately articulation
6 YEARS throw of ball  Uses knife for
spreading
 Ties shoelaces
 Plays table games

 Continuing refinement  Eats with fork and knife  7 years old to

of skills  Combs hair adolescence: Period of
 Is responsible for concrete operational
7 YEARS grooming thought
 Child is capable of
logical thinking