LESSON PLAN FOR 4TH WEEK

Date: 30th January – 3rd February, 2023.

Class: Year 12
Subject: General Mathematics
Theme: Geometry
Topic: Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines
Period: 6
Duration: 240 minutes

Lesson 1
Subtopic: Gradients and Equations of Straight Lines
Reference Materials: Essential Mathematics for SSS, Page 385 – 397
Behavioural Objectives: By the end of this lesson, each pupil should be able to:
i. find the gradient and intercepts of a straight line;
ii. apply various forms of equation of a straight line.
Content:

Gradient of a Straight Line

The gradient of a straight line is the rate of change of 𝒚 compared with 𝒙.

The gradient of a line can be calculated using any 2 points on the line. It is calculated by dividing
the change in 𝑦 by the change in 𝑥 between those 2 points.
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕/𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 (𝒎) = =
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝑦2 −𝑦1
Gradient 𝑚 is given by the formula 𝑚 = for any 2 points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) on a line.
𝑥2 −𝑥1
Various Forms of Equation of a Straight Line
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 Slope-intercept form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point-slope form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 General cartesian form
𝑚 and 𝑐 are gradient and 𝑦-intercept respectively.
Worked Example 1
Calculate the gradient of the line passing through (−3, −5) and (5, 11).

Solution 1
𝑚 = 11−(−5) Substitute 𝑥- and 𝑦-values
5−(−3)
= 11+5 Simplify
5+3
= 16
8
= 2

Worked Example 2
Find the equation of the line whose gradient is 2 and 𝑦-intercept is 1.
Solution 2
𝑚 = 2 and 𝑐 = 1
Use 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
 Worked Example 3
1
Find the equation of a straight line whose gradient is 1 2 and passes through the point (1, −4).
Solution 3
1 3
𝑚= 12 = 2
, 𝑥1
= 1 and 𝑦1 = −4
Use 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
3
𝑦 − (−4) = (𝑥 − 1)
2
3
𝑦 + 4 = (𝑥 − 1)
2
3 3
𝑦 = 𝑥− −4
2 2
3 11
𝑦= 𝑥−
2 2
Worked Example 4
Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (−1, −2) and (−5,4)
Solution 4
4 − (−2)
𝑚=
−5 − (−1)
3
𝑚=−
2
3
𝑚 = − 2 , 𝑥1 = −5 and 𝑦1 = 4 or , 𝑥1 = −1 and 𝑦1 = −2
Use 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
3
𝑦 − 4 = − (𝑥 − (−5))
2
3 7
𝑦=− 𝑥−
2 2
Worked Example 5
Deduce the gradient and 𝑦-intercept of 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12 = 0
Solution 5
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12 = 0
Make 𝑦 the subject of the formula
4
𝑦 = 𝑥+4
3
4
Hence, 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑐 = 4
Classwork and Assignment
 Lesson 2
Subtopic: Length and Midpoint of a Straight Line
Reference Materials: NGM for SSS 3, Page 77 - 78
Behavioural Objectives: By the end of this lesson, each pupil should be able to:
i. determine the distance between two given points on 𝑥-𝑦 plane;
ii. determine the midpoint of a straight line connecting two points.
Content:

Length and Midpoint of a Straight Line

The length of the line joining 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is given by:

𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
The coordinates of the midpoint of a straight line connecting points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are
given by:
𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑦1
( , )
2 2

Worked Examples
(1a.) Calculate the length of the line joining 𝑃(−3,4) to 𝑄(5, −2).
(1b.) Calculate the mid-point of 𝑃𝑄.
(2.) If 𝑀(4, 𝑞) is the midpoint of the line joining 𝐿(𝑝, −2) and 𝑁(𝑞, 𝑝), find the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞.
Solution
(1a.)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−3,4), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (5, −2)
i.e. 𝑥1 = −3, 𝑥2 = 5, 𝑦1 = 4, 𝑦2 = −2
Using 𝑃𝑄 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
= √[(5 − (−3)]2 + (−2 − 4)2
= √(5 + 3)2 + (−6)2
= √64 + 36
= √100 = 10 units
(1b.)
The midpoint of 𝑃𝑄 is given by:
𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 5 − 3 −2 + 4
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
2 2
=( , )
2 2
= (1,1)

(2.)
𝑥1 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1
The midpoint coordinates = ( 2
, 2 )
𝑝+𝑞 −2+𝑝
i.e. (4, 𝑞) = ( 2 , 2 )
𝑝+𝑞 −2 + 𝑝
∴ = 4 and =𝑞
2 2
Multiply each one by 2.
𝑝 + 𝑞 = 8. . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
−2 + 𝑝 = 2𝑞 … … . . (2)
From (2),
𝑝 = 2𝑞 + 2. . . . . . . . . . . (3)
Substitute (3) in (1)
 2𝑞 + 2 + 𝑞 = 8
3𝑞 = 8 − 2 = 6
𝑞=2
Substitute 𝑞 = 2 in (3)
p=4+2=6
∴ (𝑝, 𝑞) = (6,2)

Classwork and Assignment

 Lesson 3
Subtopic: Parallel and Perpendicular Straight Lines
Reference NGM for SSS 3, Page 78 - 79
Materials:
Behavioural By the end of this lesson, each pupil should be able to solve problems on
Objective: parallel and perpendicular lines.
Content:
Parallel and Perpendicular Straight Lines
Condition for Parallelism
Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal.
Condition for perpendicularity
Two lines are perpendicular to each other if the product of their gradients is −1 .
Worked Examples
(1.) Show that lines 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 9 = 0and 6𝑥 = 21 − 3𝑦are parallel.
(2.) Find the equation of a line parallel to 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 passing through (3,4). Express the
equation in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.
(3.) Find the equation of the straight line through (4,1) which is perpendicular to the straight
line 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = −2.
Solution
(1.)
For 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 9 = 0
Take 4x and 9 to the RHS and change the signs.
2𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 9
Divide both sides by 2.
9
𝑦 = −2𝑥 −
2
The gradient is −2.
For 6𝑥 = 21 − 3𝑦
Take 3𝑦 to LHS and 6𝑥 to RHS and change the signs.
3𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 21
Divide both sides by 3.
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 7
The gradient is also −2.
Since the gradients of the two lines are equal. the lines are parallel.
(2.)
Express 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 in form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 by making y the subject.
i.e. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 10
The gradient is −2.
𝑦1 = 4and 𝑥1 = 3
Using 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 4 = −2(𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 − 4 = −2𝑥 + 6
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 6 + 4
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 10
(3.)
Express 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = −2 in form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 by making 𝑦 the subject.
2𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2
Divide both sides by 2.
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−1
2
 1
The gradient of the given line = 2.
Let the gradient of the perpendicular line be 𝑚.
But the product of the two gradients is −1.
1
i.e. 2 × 𝑚 = −1
𝑚 = −2
The line passes through the point (4,1) has gradient −2.
Substitute 𝑥1 = 4, 𝑦1 = 1 and 𝑚 = −2 into
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 1 = −2(𝑥 − 4)
𝑦 − 1 = −2𝑥 + 8
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8 + 1
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9
The equation of the straight line is 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9.

Classwork and Assignment