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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Building Systems Integration International (BSI) began fabricating Pre-

Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Structural Steel in 2006 ( Building Systems

Integration International W.L.L, n.d.). As a foreman of Building Systems

International, the researcher encounters many issues regarding buckling and

distortions of steel beams. When putting materials together, being precise and

paying close attention to detail is crucial. Even small mistakes can result in a poor

fit, which can take much time and effort to correct. Straightening materials is a

process that requires specialized tools and techniques to remove any deformities or

imperfections that could affect their strength. This process requires experts to

ensure the materials are straight and true. Buckled plates can cause issues with the

beam, leading to instability and safety risks. It is essential to detect and address this

issue immediately through careful inspection. Buckled plates can also cause the

beam profiles to curve, creating further instability and safety concerns. To fix this

problem, the plates must be reshaped to a high temperature and reformed into the

proper shape. However, this process can impact the steel's strength, so it must be

monitored to ensure safety. The researcher wants to employ shear stress analysis to

properly enhance the steel to strengthen it and recover its integrity when

undergoing the abovementioned processes.

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High-tensile-strength steel has become a favored choice in structural engineering

due to its exceptional ability to withstand heavy loads and provide structural

integrity. The utilization of this material is widespread in the construction of

buildings, bridges, offshore platforms, and various other critical infrastructures.

However, the optimal design of high-tensile-strength steel structures is far from

straightforward. Challenges such as buckling and distortion can undermine the

performance and safety of these structures, making it imperative to develop

strategies that address these issues. This research focuses on the critical role of

shear stress analysis in optimizing high-tensile-strength steel structures to

minimize the risk of buckling and distortion (Strength Steel - an Overview |

Science Direct Topics, n.d.).

Steel structures are typically subjected to various loads, including dead loads

(the structure's weight), live loads (imposed by occupants or equipment), wind

loads, and seismic loads. These loads exert forces on the structure that lead to

internal stresses. Among these stresses, shear stress is a fundamental component.

Shear stress refers to the parallel forces acting in opposite directions, causing the

material to deform. Understanding shear stress and its distribution within a

structure is essential for ensuring that the material is used effectively, without

reaching its critical limits (Loads | American Institute of Steel Construction, n.d.).
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Buckling is a critical issue in the design of high-tensile-strength steel structures.

Buckling occurs when a structure, column, or beam suddenly deforms under

compressive loads. It is a form of structural failure that can lead to catastrophic

consequences, especially in tall buildings or structures under significant loads.

Researchers and engineers have sought methods to predict and prevent buckling,

and shear stress analysis is pivotal in identifying potential weak points and

designing accordingly (Pomares et al., 2021).

Distortion, often induced during welding and thermal processes, is another

challenge that can compromise the structural integrity of steel structures.

Minimizing distortion ensures the structure maintains its intended shape and

alignment. Finite element analysis (FEA) can predict and mitigate distortion during

welding, helping to create more precise and reliable structures (Cai et al., 2023).

This research aims to develop a comprehensive framework that can assist

engineers in improving the safety and reliability of high-tensile-strength steel

structures. The framework analyzes shear stress and applies its principles to

develop effective strategies that can help minimize the risk of buckling and

distortion in these structures. The use of analytical techniques, numerical

simulations, and real-world experimentation can result in the creation of more

robust and secure structures.

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Rationale of the Study

High-tensile-strength steel structures are commonly used in engineering

applications because they can withstand significant loads and provide structural

stability. However, designing these structures to minimize buckling and distortion

is a critical challenge that requires a deep understanding of materials, structural

mechanics, and analysis techniques. This research seeks to explore the

optimization of high-tensile-strength steel structures by focusing on minimizing

buckling and distortion through shear stress analysis.

High-tensile-strength steel, with its remarkable mechanical properties, has

become vital in contemporary engineering and construction. As the demand for

more robust and durable structures grows, engineers and researchers must explore

innovative methods to optimize the design and manufacturing processes. This

includes understanding and mitigating the problems of buckling and distortion,

both of which can compromise the structural integrity and longevity of steel-based

construction.

This research addresses this challenge by investigating the role of shear stress

analysis in designing and optimizing high-tensile-strength steel structures. Shear

stress analysis is a fundamental aspect of structural engineering, as it helps identify

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regions of high shear stress and potential weaknesses in a design. It can be a

crucial tool in minimizing the risks associated with buckling and distortion. This

research aims to provide engineers with a comprehensive understanding of how

shear stress analysis can be applied effectively to high-tensile-strength steel

structures, ultimately leading to safer and more efficient designs.

Review of Related Literature

(Lee et al., 2012) investigate the behavior of 600MPa plate-to-circular hollow

section joints subjected to applied moment and shear force by experiment and

finite element analysis (FEA), and the results are compared with current design

equations. (Heo et al., 2012) aim to evaluate the usefulness of laser welding at

automobile component manufacture. An experimental investigation to investigate

the effects of welding process on the residual stress distributions of HSS built-up

box columns was carried out (Jiang et al., 2017). (Azhari et al., 2017) evaluate the

mechanical behavior of Grade 1200 ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) tube under a

multi-phase loading scenario including fire and creep. (Ashiri et al., 2018) aim to

study the weld processing and weld mechanical performance of a 1-GPa grade,

transformation-induced plasticity steel. (Pallarés-Santasmartas et al., 2018) provide

a theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of static shear stresses on

the high-cycle fatigue behavior of a 34CrNiMo6 high-strength steel under

quenched and tempered conditions. (Sun et al., 2018) introduce a factor χ CL to

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propose a formula to predict the first yield resistance of HSS T-stub by considering

the effect of combined axial and shear loads. The buckling strength and post

buckling capacity of HSS plate girders are investigated by performing the

nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA) that includes the tested material properties

(Xiao et al., 2018). (Lin et al., 2021) present an experimental and numerical

investigation on the net section resistance of high strength steel (HSS) bolted

connections subject to double shear. Other influential work includes (Janardhan et

al., 2020).

Almost completely on the relationship between additional shear-stresses and

strains following a given amount of axial compression. The tests described were an

attempt to measure the tangent shear modulus Gt directly (Kusuda & Fujii, 1960).

kg
The above finding value of ¿ ≈ 2 , 000 2 may be used for the prediction of lateral-
mm

torsional buckling of high strength steel structures. A high-strength steel fiber

reinforced concrete was used in small rectangular beams, 0.25-m high, to provide

high residual stress of the material and small crack opening at failure. (Casanova et

al., 1997) study can steel fibers replace transverse reinforcements in reinforced

concrete beams. A method of analysis based on a block mechanism is proposed

and compares well with experiments. The objective function is the weight of the

structure, and behavior constraints include combined bending and axial

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stress, shear stress, buckling, slenderness, and drift. (Memari & Madhkhan, 1999)

study optimal design of steel frames subject to gravity and seismic codes'

prescribed lateral forces. Equivalent static force and response spectrum analysis

methods of seismic codes are considered. For the purpose of investigating the

relationship between storey displacements and shear stress as well as the

distribution of plastic hinges (Xie & Bao, 2012) treat BRBF as the research object,

and on the basis of different horizontal force sharing rate β of buckling restrained

brace and the frame strength CB, six models were established, of which elastic-

plastic static analysis were conducted with the secondary nonlinear effect. He

studies showed that storey deformations of the models with horizontal force

sharing rates of the buckling restrained braces of 30%-60% mainly occur in the

middle and low parts of the frame, for those with horizontal force sharing rates of

90%, the deformations mainly occur in the low parts of the frame, and the storey-

concentrated deformation and the distribution of plastic hinge are not affected by

the frame strength. Critical buckling and geometric non-linear analysis are carried

out with the finite element method, with the kinematics being represented using

two approaches: (1) equivalent single-layer with first-order shear deformation

theory, and (2) a three-dimensional model of the actual geometry of the structure,

modelled using shell and connector elements (Jelovica et al., 2014). A rapid

decrease in the buckling strength was found for corrosion affecting the outer sides
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of the sandwich plate. Recently, high strength steel is used increasingly for plates

which constitute the frame structures of vehicles. The buckling stress relation

equations of the plate are discussed which is the basis of buckling analysis of a

structure, and on the basis of the buckling stress relation equation of a single plate,

the relation equation of compression and shear is shown under axis compression

force and twisting torque on the box beam composed by thin plates (Furusu et al.,

2014). Other influential work includes (Kumar et al., 2019), (Veena et al., 2021).

(Wang et al., 2019) propose an innovative use of corrugated steel plates as the

webs of the crossbeam in the tower of a suspension bridge to get better seismic

performance. The corrugated steel web carries about 80% of the shear force

and shear stress uniformly distributed along the web height. The thermal buckling

behavior and fire resistance of a fixed-roof Q345 steel tank with a stepped

thickness exposed to a neighboring ethanol pool-fire based on the flame pulsation

model is numerically investigated (Li et al., 2019). Results show that the thermal

buckling mode of the cylindrical tank wall is elastic buckling, and the thermal

buckling behavior is non-linear. The aim of (Matsuda et al., 2020) was to

elucidate the influence of both the IMC layer thickness and the difference in the

strengths of dissimilar metals on the interfacial strength of aluminum/steel joints

through experimental evaluations and finite element (FE) analyses. The

relationship between the strength of a friction-stir-welded joint of 6061 aluminum

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alloy (A6061) and 780-MPa grade high-tensile-strength steel (HT780) and the

IMC layer thickness was investigated by controlling the IMC growth promoted by

the annealing process. The slotted webs reduce the structural performance of the

element, prominently their shear, bending and combined bending and shear

strengths. (Degtyareva et al., 2020) present the FE analysis details of CFS flexural

members with slotted perforations subject to distortional buckling and results.

Nonetheless, there are few corresponding theoretical studies into CFS built-up

columns. In this situation (Zhou et al., 2020) present a new analytical approach to

establish a computing method for the flexural buckling bearing capacity of the CFS

built-up back-to-back section column. The shear rigidity of the shear panels is

determined using the cross-sectional shear stress transfer path. For the

development of post buckling numerical analyses, the consideration of residual

stress distribution models is fundamental for the correct determination of the LTB

strength of I-beams. (Rossi et al., 2021) aim to investigate, through the

development of post buckling numerical analyses with the ABAQUS software, the

influence of the different residual stress distribution models on the LTB strength of

I-beams. (Zhang et. al., 2021)(Zhang et al., 2021) study theoretical analysis of high

strength and anti-buckling of three-dimensional carbon honeycombs under shear

loading. A mechanical model is proposed to describe the deformation of 3D C-

honeycombs under different shear loading, and agrees well with the MD
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simulations. Under in-plane shear loading, the initial elastic deformation is

dominated by distortion of hexagon structures, shear modulus increases as

increasing shear strain, and the tension of side walls leads to fracture. The

analysis escalates with parametric variation in reinforcement ratio, compressive

strength of the concrete wall, layout of shear stud and yield stress of infill steel

plate. (Najm et al., 2022) show that the compressive strength of the concrete wall,

reinforcement ratio, layout of shear stud and yield stress of infill steel plate

significantly affect ductility and energy absorption. Other influential work

includes (Veena et al., 2021).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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The goal of the study is to Optimize High-Tensile Strength Steel Structures

to minimize the Buckling and Distortion through Shear Stress Analysis.

This research seeks to address the following problem:

1. What are the existing methods and techniques employed in the industry to

mitigate buckling and distortion in high-tensile strength steel structures?

2. What are the primary factors contributing to buckling and distortion in high-

tensile strength steel structures, in terms of:

a. Integrity and

b. Performance

3. How can shear stress analysis be leveraged to optimize the design and

construction of high-tensile strength steel structures?

Objectives:

1. To investigate the relationship between high-tensile strength steel properties

and susceptibility to buckling and distortion.

2. To develop analytical models for predicting shear-induced buckling and

distortion.

3. To propose optimization techniques to minimize these effects through

design modifications and material enhancements.

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Methodology:

The study will use experimental and computational methods to gain insights into

the behavior of high-tensile-strength steel. Initially, the researcher will perform

mechanical testing on the steel samples to understand their material properties

better. These tests will include strength, elasticity, and other essential

characteristics. After that, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations will be

conducted to evaluate how the steel behaves under different loading conditions,

with a focus on shear-induced buckling and distortion. By examining these

phenomena in detail, the study aims to obtain a more comprehensive understanding

of the behavior of high-tensile-strength steel. This understanding could lead to its

application in a variety of industries.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method that utilizes the Finite

Element Method (FEM) to simulate the behavior of a physical system. It is a

powerful tool that helps solve engineering and mathematical physics problems that

do not have analytical solutions. The process involves creating a digital model of a

product, generating a mesh that consists of millions of small elements, and

computing every element or point of the mesh. Finally, the results are combined to

produce the final result for the entire structure. FEA is used to minimize the

number of physical prototypes required and to conduct virtual experiments, which

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in turn helps enhance design optimization (Technologies, 2021; What Is Finite

Element Analysis (FEA)?, n.d.).

SolidWorks finite element analysis (FEA) enables engineers to simulate how

their CAD models react to various forces (Finite Element Analysis, 2022;

SOLIDWORKS Simulation Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Software, n.d.). It

utilizes NAFEMS validated FEA solvers and is capable of conducting various

types of analysis such as linear static, nonlinear and dynamic (Shih, 2022;

SOLIDWORKS Simulation Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Software, n.d.). To

perform a Finite Element Analysis using SolidWorks, users must first create a solid

model, specify a material, and then apply boundary conditions and loads (Shih,

2022). The obtained results are typically precise with an error margin of just 1

percent compared to the analytical solution (Technologies, 2021).

Expected Outcomes:

A comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing buckling and distortion

in high-tensile strength steel. Analytical models for predicting shear-induced

buckling and distortion in steel structures. Optimization strategies for design and

material selection to minimize these effects.

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