FIELD METHODS REVIEWER

RAMOS, JUSTINE C.
BA PSYCHOLOGY 3A
• Experimental Design
- is a methodical and organized methodology used to design and carry out
experiments in scientific research. To ensure the validity and dependability of
experimental results, careful consideration must be given to how to modify independent
factors, measure dependent variables, and control unrelated variables. Testing hypotheses,
determining cause-and-effect linkages, and coming to meaningful conclusions from
gathered data are the objectives of experimental design.

• Quasi-Experimental Design
- is a study strategy that resembles experimental design but excludes some of its
essential elements, such as the random assignment of individuals to groups. When full
experimental control cannot be implemented because of ethical, practical, or other
reasons, quasi-experiments are utilized. To examine the effects of an independent variable
on a dependent variable, researchers instead rely on naturally occurring groups or
situations.
• Cross-Sectional Study
- is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different
individuals at a single point in time. In cross-sectional research, you observe variables
without influencing them. This approach is frequently used in a variety of disciplines,
including the social sciences, epidemiology, psychology, and market research, to gather
data on the traits, tendencies, attitudes, or other factors of interest of a particular
community.
• Correlational Study
- is a type of research design that aims to examine the statistical relationship
between two or more variables without manipulating them. In other words, it investigates
whether there is a correlation or association between variables but does not establish a
cause-and-effect relationship.
• Time Series
- is a statistical technique used in research to analyze and interpret data collected
over a sequence of time intervals. It is particularly valuable for studying and
understanding data that exhibit patterns or trends over time. Time series data typically
include observations collected at equally spaced time intervals, such as daily, monthly, or
yearly, and are used in various fields, including economics, finance, environmental
science, epidemiology, and engineering.
• Longitudinal Study
- A longitudinal study is a research design that involves repeated observations of
the same variables over long periods of time. Unlike cross-sectional studies that collect
data from different individuals at a single point in time, longitudinal studies follow the
same participants or cohort across multiple time points. This allows researchers to
examine changes, trends, and developments within the same group over time and helps
establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Sampling Study
- is a statistical process that involves selecting and surveying individuals from a
particular population. The population you choose to survey could be based on a range of
attributes. Is a type of research that focuses on the process of selecting a subset (sample)
from a larger population for the purpose of making inferences or drawing conclusions
about that population.
• Population Study
- is a research method used to gather data from every member or element within a
particular population or group of interest. Unlike sampling surveys, where data is
collected from a subset (sample) of the population, population surveys aim to collect
information from the entire population. Population surveys are often used in various
fields, including demography, social sciences, public health, and government planning, to
gain comprehensive insights into characteristics, opinions, behaviors, or needs of a
specific population.
• Applied Research
- refers to scientific investigations and studies conducted with the specific
purpose of solving practical problems, addressing real-world issues, or making informed
decisions in various fields. Unlike basic or theoretical research, which seeks to expand
knowledge and understanding for its own sake, applied research is focused on the
practical application of existing knowledge to solve specific problems or improve
processes.
• Evaluation Research
- is a type of applied research that focuses on assessing and systematically
analyzing the effectiveness, efficiency, and outcomes of programs, policies, interventions,
projects, or initiatives. The primary goal of evaluation research is to provide valuable
information and evidence to stakeholders, decision-makers, and organizations to inform
their decision-making, improve programs, and ensure accountability. Evaluation research
is commonly used in various fields, including education, healthcare, social services,
public policy, and business.
• Archival Research
- is a research method that involves the examination and analysis of existing
records, documents, data, and other forms of historical or primary source material to
answer research questions or investigate specific topics. These records, often referred to
as archives, can include written documents, photographs, audio and video recordings,
newspapers, diaries, letters, government reports, and any other recorded information that
is relevant to the research inquiry.
• Twin Study
- is a type of research design that involves the study of identical (monozygotic)
and fraternal (dizygotic) twins to investigate the relative contributions of genetic and
environmental factors to specific traits, behaviors, or conditions. Twin studies are
commonly used in fields such as genetics, psychology, and behavioral sciences to
understand the heritability of various characteristics and to tease out the influence of
genetics versus the environment on these traits.
• Meta-Analysis
- is a statistical technique used in research to synthesize and analyze the findings
from multiple individual studies on a particular topic or research question. Instead of
conducting a new study, meta-analysis pools and analyzes existing data from previously
published studies to draw more comprehensive and statistically robust conclusions. It is a
valuable tool for summarizing and quantifying the overall effect of a treatment,
intervention, or relationship between variables.
• Narrative Research
- is a qualitative research approach that focuses on collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting stories or narratives told by individuals. In narrative research, the emphasis is
on exploring the unique experiences, perspectives, and meaning-making processes of
participants by listening to and analyzing their stories, whether in the form of interviews,
written accounts, diaries, or other narrative forms.
• Phenomenological research
- is a qualitative research methodology that focuses on exploring and
understanding the lived experiences of individuals. It seeks to uncover the essence or
fundamental meaning of those experiences as described by the participants.
Phenomenology is rooted in philosophy and has been adapted into a research approach to
gain insight into the subjective nature of human experiences.
• Grounded theory
- is a qualitative research methodology that aims to develop theories or concepts
based on empirical data collected through systematic and iterative processes. It was
developed by sociologists Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss in the 1960s and has
since been widely used in various disciplines, including sociology, psychology, nursing,
and management, to generate theories that are "grounded" in the data themselves.
• Ethnographic research
- is a qualitative research approach that involves the systematic study and
immersion into the culture, practices, behaviors, and social contexts of a specific group or
community of people. Ethnography aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the
social and cultural phenomena under investigation by observing, participating in, and
engaging with the studied group in their natural settings over an extended period.
• Case Study
- is a research method that involves the in-depth and comprehensive exploration
of a specific instance, phenomenon, person, group, or situation within its real-life context.
Case studies are conducted across various disciplines, including psychology, sociology,
business, medicine, education, and more, to provide a detailed examination and
understanding of the subject of interest.
• Mixed Methods
- is a research approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative research
methods within a single study or research project. This approach allows researchers to
gain a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of a research question or problem
by triangulating data from different sources and methods. Mixed methods research is
widely used in various fields, including social sciences, education, healthcare,
psychology, and business.