Contents

1 Introducing Science 5
Brief Notes 6
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions 13
Exercise – Long Questions 19

2 Looking at Living Things 29

Brief Notes 30
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions 36
Exercise – Long Questions 43

3 Cells and Human Reproduction 55

Brief Notes 56
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions 66
Exercise – Long Questions 72

4 Energy 85
Brief Notes 86
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions 96
Exercise – Long Questions 103

5 The Wonderful Solvent – Water 115

Brief Notes 116
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions 126
Exercise – Long Questions 135

6 Matter as Particles 147

Brief Notes 148
Exercise – Multiple Choice Questions 157
Exercise – Long Question 167

Suggested solutions are

provided after the last section.

3
Chapter 6

6 Matter as Particles

6.1 States of Matter

Matter

 Matter is a thing that possesses mass and occupies space.

 Three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

The states of matter

States Example Volume Shape

Solid Ice, iron Fixed Fixed
Liquid Water, oil Fixed Depends on container
Gas Steam, air Depends on container Depends on container

Change of states

melting boiling
solid liquid gas
freezing condensation

Heating curve

 Heat the solid until the melting point and it melts into liquid.
 Continue to heat the liquid until the boiling point and it boils into gas.

Temperature

boiling
T2 gas T2 = boiling point
melting liquid T1 = melting point
T1
solid

Time

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 Matter as Particles

Cooling curve

 Cool the gas until the condensation point and it condenses into liquid.
 Continue to cool the liquid until the freezing point and it freezes into solid.

Temperature
gas

condensation
T3 T3 = condensation point
liquid
freezing T4 = freezing point
T4
solid

Time

 The temperature of the substance keeps constant during the processes of change of
state (e.g. melting, boiling, freezing, condensation).
 Condensation point and boiling point are usually equal; melting point and freezing
point are usually equal.

Vocabulary
Solid 固體 Liquid 液體 Gas 氣體
Melting 熔解 Boiling 沸騰 Condensation 凝結
Freezing 凝固

6.2 The Particle Theory of Matter

 If a piece of matter is divided into smaller and smaller, it will finally become a
basic unit that cannot be further divided, the unit naming particle.
 All matter is made up of particles.

Brownian motion

 Brownian motion is the random motion of suspended particles (e.g. dust) in fluid.
 It is a result of collisions between the suspended particles and the fluid particles.
 The Brownian motion can be observed using microscope.

From the observation of Brownian motion, we can deduce that the particles are
moving in random motion.

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 Matter as Particles

6 Matter as Particles

Multiple Choice Questions

1 Matter is something that

(1) has mass
(2) takes up space
(3) is in solid state in room temperature
A. (1) only B. (1) and (2) only Ans
C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only

2 Which of the following is/are not a matter?

Ans
A. Water B. Wool
C. Water vapour D. Temperature

3 In which of the following states do the matters have fixed volume?

(1) Solid
(2) Liquid
(3) Gas
A. (1) only B. (2) only Ans
C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

4 The diagram below shows the process of changing between different

states of water.

X boiling
ice water steam
freezing Y

What are the names of process X and Y?

X Y
A. Melting Condensation
B. Condensation Melting
C. Freezing Boiling Ans
D. Boiling Freezing

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 Matter as Particles

Long Questions

1 A beaker of ice is heated by Bunsen burner as shown below.

(a) What is meant by “matter”? [2]

(b) What are processes 1 and 2? [2]

(c) Describe the difference between three states in terms of their

shapes and volumes. [3]

(d) The raw egg will be solidified when it is heated. Is it a process

of freezing? Explain your answer. [2]

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 Matter as Particles

6 Matter as Particles

Multiple Choice Questions

1 B 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 A
6 B 7 C 8 A 9 A 10 C
11 A 12 C 13 B 14 D 15 A
16 C 17 A 18 A 19 C 20 D
21 A 22 D 23 D 24 D 25 C
26 B 27 B 28 D 29 A 30 C
31 D 32 C 33 D 34 B 35 A
36 D 37 D 38 B 39 A

1 B Matter can also be liquid or gas in room temperature.

2 D Temperature has no mass and takes up no space. Temperature is a
physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or coldness.
3 C Only gas does not have a fixed volume.
4 A The process in which solid changes to liquid is called melting.
The process in which gas changes to liquid is called condensation.
5 A Freezing is a process in which the liquid changes to solid. So the
reverse process should be a process in which solid changes to liquid –
melting.
A state in which the substance has fixed volume is solid or liquid. A
state in which the substance has no fixed volume is gas. Changing from
liquid to gas, it is boiling. Changing from solid to gas, it is sublimation,
but it is not a choice.
6 B Being liquid, it means the room temperature is higher than its melting
point (so it melts) but lower than its boiling point (so it does not boil).
So Q is liquid. Being gas, it means the room temperature is higher than
its boiling point. So P is gas.
7 C The melting point and the boiling point of Q are both higher than the
room temperature, so they are positive values too. Two horizontal lines
should be seen on these two levels.

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 Matter as Particles

Long Questions

1 (a) Matter is something that possesses mass 1

and occupies space. 1
(b) Process 1: melting 1
Process 2: boiling 1
(c) Solid has fixed shape and fixed volume. 1
Liquid has fixed volume but does not have fixed shape. 1
Gas has neither fixed shape nor fixed volume. 1

(d) No. 1
It does not only change in the arrangement of particles, but the 1
form of molecules (protein).
2 (a) When the substance is changing its state, its temperature remains 1
unchanged.
Two horizontal lines represent melting and boiling respectively. 1
(b) Melting point: 60˚C 1
Boiling point: 94˚C 1
(c) Temperature (ºC)
2
94 –

60 –

20 –
0 Time

(1 mark for the axes; 1 mark for the curve)

(d) Yes. 1
The temperature of wax can exceed its boiling point if the 1
gaseous wax can be trapped and heated continuously.

As it is trapped, the surrounding pressure increases, the

boiling point also increases.

No. The temperature of wax cannot exceed its boiling

point because it is boiled away and stops being heated
once it changes to gas.
3 (a) The separation between the gas particles is much longer than 1
that between the liquid particles.

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