Preliminary Examination Reviewer
including a Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 2007 when the program
Values Formation
Values Formation 1
> Build knowledge and understanding of the historical events in
DMMCIHS as their school of choice as well as the aspirational goal
and commitment of DMMCIHS to its students and other stakeholder.
> Active participation of the student in singing the school hymn in
every program and activity in DMMCIHS.
> Introduce students to DMMCIHS's five core values and their
importance in molding their personalities in the DMMCIHS way.
Values Formation 2
> To familiarize ourselves with the vision, mission, and values (VMV)
of DMMC Institute of Health Sciences and how we can translate it on
the school campus.
> To re-align our personal values with DMMCIHS’ EIC3.
> To imbibe the DMMCIHS Way: the culture of how things should be
done that is distinct to our institution.
Brief Summary about the DMMCIHS Legacy
> The DMMC Institute of Health Sciences was established on August
21, 2002 to honor Dr. Daniel Mercado's legacy and provide quality
education in affordable ways. Originally named Health Educators
Incorporated, it now houses the Daniel Mercado Medical Center, a
premier 100-bed tertiary hospital in Tanauan City, Batangas, with a
50+ year service record.
> The institute, initially offering Caregiving NC II, expanded its
courses to include Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 2003. Classes
were held at the 4th floor of Daniel Mercado Medical Center. The
school expanded to include Bachelor of Elementary Education and
Secondary Education in 2004, Biomedical Equipment Technology,
Physical Therapy, Radiologic Technology, Occupational Therapy in
2006, Psychology, and Business Administration in 2009. With the
growing numbers of students, the school occupied the second floor
of Estella Mercado Medical Plaza, the Medical Arts Building of the
Daniel O. Mercado Medical Center in 2004.
> The DMMC Institute of Health Sciences had their groundbreaking
ceremony in 2006 at #143 Narra St. Mountview Subdivision, Brgy 3
Tanauan City. In 2007, during the 50th anniversary of DMMC,
DMMCHIS moved to its current campus. Dr. Edwin M. Mercado was
the first President, and the Board of Directors included Zosimo C.
Malabanan as the chairman and the following were the members: Dr.
Edwin M. Mercado, Mrs. Maria Soledad V. Mercado, Mr. Florencio
Lat, Dr. Emer Pineda, Dr. Menandro Villadiego, and Dr. Reden Silva.
DMMC Institute of Health Sciences was like a seed that, in order to
grow, one must put an effort to provide with the right amount of good
soil, nourishment, water, and sunlight. This paved way to the
installation of the new President Ms. Maria Soledad V. Mercado in
2012.
> DMMCIHS is a comprehensive institution aimed at enhancing
students' abilities, intelligence, leadership, and cooperation through
various activities, fostering a foundation for personal growth and
achievement.
> The institute offers academic programs in health sciences,
gained its recognition with Dr. Consuelo C. Suelto, Secondary
Education and Elementary Education in 2008. Then, Physical
Therapy when it was recognized in 2009 headed by Dean Dr. Conrad
Narsil Dimalaluan with Mr. Merwin S. Ocampo as the program chair.
Radiologic Technology in 2010, Psychology with Dean Jane Sioson
with Ms. Elaine H. Marasigan as the program chair and Business
Administration with Dean Prescilla T. Molinyawe and were given
recognition simultaneously by the Commission on Higher Education
in 2011. The last medical course was the Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology in 2012, led by Dean Arlene Pamplona.
> In 2015, Ayala Land Incorporated partnered with Mercado General
Hospital Incorporated to establish QualiMed health network,
providing manpower to the school after graduating from DMMC
Institute of Health Sciences.
> The DMMC Institute of Health Sciences in Batangas,
CALABARZON Region, applied for the K-12 program due to ASEAN
integration and changes in CHED's curricular offerings. The
Department of Education approved the application in November 23,
2015with Government Permit No. SHS 746 s 2015 with the first
Principal Ms. Prescilla T. Molinyawe, and the 3 batch of graduates
graduated in April 27, 2018 at the DMMCIHS covered court.
> Under President Maria Soledad V. Mercado's leadership, the
Department of Education granted permission for DMMCIHS to accept
the first batch of Grade 7 students in 2019.
> DMMCIHS commitment to academic excellence led to the
application for accreditation under Philippine Association of Colleges
and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA) of its 5
program offerings namely: Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology, Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology, Bachelor
of Science in Physical Therapy, Bachelor of Science in Psychology
and Bachelor of Science in Business Administration spearheaded by
Dr. Von Sarino, Executive Vice President/VP Academic Affairs with
the Vice President for Finance and Administration, Ms. Prescilla T.
Molinyawe; Director of Research, Planning and Quality Management,
Dr. Menardo Bautista, the Dean of School of Allied
Medicine/Program Chair of BS MT, Mr. Jon Paul Reyes and the
respective program chairs of the 5 programs namely: Mr. Andres F.
Laude Jr. (BS RT); Mr. Jason Castro (BS PT); Ms. Jessie Biscocho
(BS Psych) and Ms. Vanessa Domingo (BS BA). In December,
2022, DMMCIHS obtained its PACUCOA “Candidate Status” for the
5 programs mentioned above.
> The president leads a dedicated, highly qualified institution focused
on holistic development of students, administrators, faculty, and staff,
aiming for new excellence.
Elected Board of Directors Fiscal Year 2022-2023
Dr. Edwin M. Mercado (Chairman of the Board)
Ms. Maria Soledad V. Mercado (President)
Dr. Dennis M. Mercado (Board Member)
Atty. Nirmala Barbara S. Vanguardia (Board Member)
Mr. Edwin M. Magsino (Board Member)
Ms. Susan M. Lat (Corporate Treasurer)
Mr. Zosimo Malabanan (Board Member)
 Atty. Yolanda M. Eleazar (Corporate Secretary)
Ms. Prescilla T. Molinyawe (VP Academic Affairs)
Rocel C. Festejo (Finance Director)
Alma M. Panganiban-Andal (NSC-SL Unit Head)
Menardo Bautista (Director, Research, Planning, & Quality
Management)
Jon Paul Reyes (Dean, School of Allied Medicine)
Mark Jefferson F. Merto (OIC Program Chair, MedTech)
Andres Laude (Program Chair, RadTech)
Jayson V. Castro (Program Chair, Physical Therapy
Jessie DL. Biscocho (Program Chair, Psychology)
Beulah D. Gojuangco (Program Chair, Education)
Vanessa C. Domingo (Program Chair, Business Administration)
Alvin S. Saracho (Registrar)
Antonio J. Lira Jr. (High School Principal)
Clark Joy L. Barias (TESDA Coordinator, Program Chair, Nursing)
Michelle M. Opulencia (Procurement Manager)
Elaine H. Marasigan (HR Manager)
Jobert Faigao (MIS Manager)
Krisjel M. Marasigan (Marketing Manager)
Kezia Nica M. Bogay (Guidance Counselor)
Jesalyn L. Mayuga (Manager, Learning Resource Center)
Aljon M. Tolentino (OIC, Office of Student Affairs)
Allysa Mari M. Dano
Vision – building principle (DMMCIHS’ one true purpose)
- We will lead in making the Philippines healthy in mind, body and
spirit. (To be the industry leader, we shall be the industry leader in
education by being an innovator responsive to existing and emerging
educational needs.)
- We will lead in making the Philippines healthy in mind, body and
spirit. *[Making vs. Keeping] (Attaining excellent education, we
acknowledge that the state of excellence in education in the
Philippines is yet to be attained. As such, we shall proactively
recognize the need to reach the underserved.)
*making is the act of forming, causing, or constituting; workmanship;
constructions while keeping is conformity or harmony.
- We will lead in making the Philippines healthy in mind, body and
spirit. (Nationwide in scope, we shall be a key contributor to nation-
building by influencing the education landscape.)
- We will lead in making the Philippines healthy in mind, body and
spirit. (Strong and well, DMMCIHS recognizes that people are the
vital component of the nation and shall ensure that individuals are
strong and well.)
*strong – energy and vigor
*well – ability to choose to always be in healthy mind, body and spirit
Mission – call to action (Concentration of the Vision)
- To deliver appropriate, accessible, and affordable education to the
communities we serve. *[Deliver vs. Make available]
*deliver – there is an actual transfer of something
*make available – it is not precise that there is a an actual delivery or
it is already available
- To deliver appropriate, accessible, and affordable education to the
communities we serve.*[Bridge education delivery to the students]
(We reach out to an expanding market both in size and scope by
eliminating the barriers in education.)
*providing accessibility to education that provide scholarship through
affordable tuition linkages
*career orientation with DepEd, CHED and other agencies
- To deliver appropriate, accessible, and affordable education to the
communities we serve. (We recognize that communities are building
blocks of the Nation and hence shall make the Philippines healthy in
mind, body and spirit like one community at a time.)
Understanding the Self
Lesson 1: Fundamentals of Understanding the Self
(Social, Environment, and Other Life [S.E.L.F])
Self - every time the ‘I’ is mentioned, the self is highlighted as the
“actor” -the pronoun “me” is usually used as the “object”
Self
• Nature vs. Nurture
• Identity vs. Self
• Dimensionalities of the Self
*Nature – genes and heredity factors, physical appearance,
personality characteristics
*Nurture – environmental variables, childhood experiences, how we
are raised, social relationship, surrounding culture
SELF is more often used to refer to people’s beliefs about
themselves, about their own ideas of who they are, and their
personal characteristics, abilities, experiences, emotions and
agendas.
Our IDENTITY locates us in a world made up of different groups of
people, and usually concerns the social groups and categories to
which we do and do not belong. Our identity is affected by the
importance of these groups to our sense of who we are and our
attachment to these groups.
Four Dimensionalities of Self or Identity
1. Social factors are the factors in the development of a person which
includes the entire person around us, like our family members,
relatives, friends, teachers or professors, and even strangers, that
might create an impression to you or affects your actions and
thoughts in life.
2. Environmental factors are the factors in the development of a
person that includes the environmental structure, events, and such,
which might give an impact on how a person could grow in all the
aspects of his/her life.
3. Hereditary factors are the factors in the development of the person
that includes biological changes and events, such as growth in
height, puberty (growing of pubic hair, deeper voices for male,
broadening of hips and start of menstruation for female, etc.) that
usually affects the physical characteristics of a person.
4. Person-volition factors are the inclination of a person creates a
social construct which sets him apart to others.
Lesson 2: The Philosophical Perspective of the Self end in himself and should never be treated merely as a means- as
For the last decades, the study of the self has been a subject for per the order of the creator and the natural of the things. This rule is
many intensive scrutiny and arguments from different philosophers. a plain dictum of reason and justice: respect other as you would
The self-defined as "a unified being essentially connected to
respect yourself. A person should not be used as a tool, instrument,
consciousness, awareness and agency (or at least, with the faculty of
rational choice)". Different philosophers established a unique and or device to accomplish another's private end. Thus all men are
specific aspect of the self, which over time, reconstruct from natural people gifted with the same basic rights and should treat each other
abstractions to explanations that embraces scientific validation as equals.
(Macayan, Pinugu, & Castillo 2018)
Rene Descartes: I think, therefor I am
Classic Antiquity Socrates: Know Thyself Descartes states that the self is a thinking entity distinct from the
The philosophical view of the self is evident back form 147 Greek
body. His first famous principle was "Cogito, Ergo Sum" which means
aphorisms evidently inscribed on the frontispiece of the Temple of
Delphi. This aphorism (principle) was used by Socrates as his "I think therefore I am". Although the mind and the body are
guiding principle to teach his students. Socrates did not write any of independent from each other and serve their own function, man must
his valuable ideas on his time because he preferred to discussed all analyze experiment and develop himself.
of his concepts and principles in untiringly and endless discussions
(Macayan, Pinugu, & Castillo 2018). Socrates thinks that the real self John Locke: Personal Identity
is not the physical body, but rather the psyche (soul). He added that He holds that personal identity (the self) is a matter of psychological
the body is inferior to its action.
continuity. For him, personal identity is founded on the
His brilliant line "know thyself" informs that the man should deliver his
inner self into life. A bad man is not virtuous through ignorance: the consciousness (memory), and not on the substance of either the soul
man who does not obey the good will be unsuccessful because he or the body. Personal identity is the concept about oneself that
does not recognize it (Brawner & Arcega, 2018). evolves over the course of an individual's life. It may include aspects
of life that man has no control over, such as where he grew up or the
Plato: The First and Greatest Victory is to Conquer Yourself; color of his skin, as well as the choices he makes, like how he
To be conquered to yourself is of all things most shameful and vile. spends time and what he believes.
Plato introduces his concepts about the self in his dialogue called
Phaedrus. The context of the phaedrus is that the truth can be
determined in two types: the metaphysical realm (mind) and the David Hume: The Self is Bundle Theory of Mind
physical world (body). Plato proposed that the self is fundamentally Hume is skeptical about the existence of the self, specifically, on
an intellectual entity whose nature exists independent from the whether there is a simple, unified self that exist over time. For him,
physical world. Plato divided the truth or reality into two: the ontos man has no clear and intelligible idea of the self. He posits that no
(ideal), the ultimate reality which tends to be permanent, perpetual single impression of the self exists; rather, the self is just the thing to
and spiritual and the phenomena which defines as the manifestation which all perceptions of a man are ascribed.
of the ideal. it is said to be imperfect, impermanent and inferior
(Macayan, Pinugu, & Castillo 2018).
Philosophical Perspective of the Self
Philosopher Orientation Philosophy Description
Socrates Idealism Socratic - The unexamined life
Philosophy is not worth living.
- The worst thing that
Aristotle: The Actuality of Thoughts is Life can happen to
anyone is to live but
Aristotle proposed that the ideal is contained in the phenomena.
die inside.
Aristotle named the ideal as essence and the phenomena are as
Plato Idealism Dualism and - Moral virtue is
matter. He also highlights that the two are co-exist or dependent to Idealism rooted in the intellect
each other. The essence gives meaning and purpose to the matter and leads to
and the matter gives substance and solidity to essence (Macayan, happiness.
Pinugu, & Castillo 2018) - The first and best
victory is to conquer
your self.
Aristotle Empiricist Aristotelian - Ideal is found inside
Philosophy the phenomena and
universals inside the
particulars.
- Ideals are essence
and phenomena are
Immanuel Kant: Respect for Self
matter.
Human is the only creature that governs and directs himself and his St. Augustine Platonism Neoplatonism - All knowledge leads
action, who sets up end for himself and his purpose, and who freely to God.
orders means for the attainment of his aims. Every man is thus an - Only the pure heart
 can see God. grounded in neuroscience. This new framework will be a more
Descartes Rationalist Mind-Body - I think therefor I am. accurate reflection of the human mind and self.
Dualism Conquer yourself
than the world. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- The mind and soul
- A French philosopher and phenomenologist.
are independent from
the body. • According to him, the division between the "mind" and the "body" is
John Locke Empiricist Theory of - It is in a product of confused thinking. The self is experienced as a unity in
Personal consciousness alone which the mental and physical are seamlessly woven together.
Identity that identity exists, • Developed the concept of self-subject and contended that
not in the body and perceptions occur existentially. Thus, the consciousness, the world,
soul. and the human body are all interconnected as they mutually perceive
- No man’s
the world.
knowledge here can
go beyond his • Phenomenology provides a direct description of the human
experience. experience which serves to guide man's conscious actions. He
David Hume Empiricist Skeptical - There is no self, further added that, the world is a field of perception, and human
Philosophy only a bundle of consciousness assigns meaning to the world. Thus man cannot
impressions and separate himself from his perceptions of the world.
ideas. Gilbert Ryle: The Self is the Way People Behave
- Separate ideas can
• Self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the
be joined in mind.
- One can only know convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviors that
what comes from the people make.
senses and • "I act therefore, I am", in short, the self is the same as bodily
experience. behavior.
Immanuel Kant Rationalist/ Metaphysical - Reason is the last • The self is the way people behave.
Empiricist of the Self dominion of morality.
- The self is not only
Lesson 3: Scientific Perspective of the Self
a personality but also
a seat of knowledge. Biological Science
Believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology.
Paul and Patricia Churchland The exploration of human body from a physical perspective paved
• An American philosopher interested in the fields of philosophy of the way for a complete understanding the self, as consciousness, a
mind, philosophy of science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology, fundamental core of the self, is influence by inner dynamics and
and perception. environments (Macayan, Pinugu, & Castillo 2018).
• Churchland's central argument is that the concepts and theoretical
vocabulary that people use to think about the selves using such Neurophilosophy
terms as belief, desire, fear, sensation, pain, joy actually Paul and Patricia Churchland is the doyenne of neurophilosophers. It
misrepresent the reality of minds and selves. He claims that the self states that in order to understand how the brain works and functions,
is a product of brain activity. one must understand the brain with the help of evidence from
• Neurophilosophy was coined by Patricia Churchland, the modern neuroscience to polish concepts such as free will (Frith, 2013). They
scientific inquiry looks into the application of neurology to age-old added that the philosophical approach of free will, common sense
problems in philosophy. The philosophy of neuroscience is the study and consciousness must be discussed by the use of framework of
of the philosophy of science, neuroscience, and psychology. It aims neuroscience as advances in this field seemingly gather with how
to explore the relevance of neurolinguistic experiments/studies to the people think, feel and behave.
philosophy of the mind.
• Patricia Churchland claimed that man's brain is responsible for the Psychoneuroimmunology
identity known as sel. The biochemical properties of the brain It is define as the study of interactions between behavior, neural and
according to this philosophy of neuroscience are really responsible endocrine function, and immune processes. The human body is
for man's thoughts, feelings, and behavior. composed of nucleotides, the composition which builds the DNA.
• Paul Churchland is one of the many philosophers and psychologists In the study of immune system, our bodily defenses reject the
that viewed the self from a materialistic point of view, contending that harmful foreign material that enters our body and builds up on the
in the final analysis mental states are identical with, reducible to, or current molecules to become a healthy bodily system. In contrary,
explainable in terms of physical brain states some foreign matters that infiltrates one’s bodily system can be
• Being an eliminative materialist, he believes that there is a need to beneficial and thus it will stay and last to become a relatively fixtures
develop a new vocabulary and conceptual framework that is to body. In the context of the self, Humans use the advantage of their
innate attributes and most likely to reject any materials that can be
lethal or harmful to the body and to the well-being (Macayan, Pinugu,
& Castillo 2018). In uncovering oneself, a person can decide to reject
those people who can be harmful to his or her well-being.
Social Science
It is the study of human society and of individual relationships in and
to society. A scholarly or scientific discipline that deals with such
study generally regarded as including sociology, psychology,
anthropology, economics, and political science.
Psychology
McLeod (2019) defines the Psychology as the study of mind and
behavior. It encompasses the biological influences, social pressures,
and environmental factors that affect how people think, act, and feel.
Sociology
Study of human societies, their interactions, and the processes that
preserve and change them and focuses on social problems
concurred by the individual (Macayan, Pinugu, & Castillo 2018).
Political Science
In 2020, Tuholski states that Political science broadly refers to the
study of governments, public policies and political behavior.
Anthropology
Anthropology studies the human language, culture, societies,
biological and material remains, the biology and behavior of
primates, and even our own buying habits (Jarus, 2014)
Economics
It is concerned with description and analysis of production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services. (Macayan,
Pingu & Castillo 2018)
The Social Self
Human development is largely influenced by membership in crucial
social groups that shape various aspects of the self; from belief
systems, values orientation, and behavior. An individual is born into a
family and toward the end of his or her life, he or she is evaluated in
the context on his her contribution to the society, the quality of his or
her social relationship, and how he or she has touched lives of
people whom he or she has directly encountered.
Lev Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal
• Lev Vygotsky was born in Russia on November 17, 1896
• Studied law, medicine and history and graduated in University of
Moscow in 1917
• Begin his career as a researcher at Psychological institute of
Moscow in 1924
• He passed away on June 11, 1934 at the age of 38 due to
tuberculosis.
*Zone of Proximal Development
• "The distance between the actual developmental level as
determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential
development as determined through problem-solving under adult
guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers" (Vygotsky,
1978).
• Vygotsky believed that when a student is in the zone of proximal
development for a particular task, providing the appropriate
assistance will give the student enough of a "boost" to achieve the
task.
*Factors that are Critical for the Success of ZPD:
- The presence of someone with the knowledge and skills to guide
the learner.
- Social Interaction that allow the learner to observe and practice
their skills.
- Scaffolding, or supportive activities provided by the mentor or
teacher that help guide the learner through ZPD.
Albert Banduria: Social Cognitive Theory
• Albert Bandura is born on December 4 1925 in Mundare, Alberta,
Canada
•.He is the only boy in the family of five older sisters.
He graduated from University of British Columbia in 1949 with a
degree in Psychology
• Completed his master's degree in 1951 and a PhD in Clinical
Psychology in 1952 at University of Iowa.
Social Cognitive Theory
Observational Learning
• Through observation alone, an individual can learn without
performing a certain action (Schultsz & Schultsz, 2017)
• Bandura (1986, 2003) believes that observational learning is much
more efficient than learning through direct experience. By observing
other people, humans are spared countless responses that might be
followed by punishment or by no reinforcement.
Modelling
• Core of observational learning
• The tendency of an individual to imitate the behaviours they
observe in others.
Observational Learning Requires:
• Attention to a model
• Retention and organizations of observations
• Behavioural production
• Motivation to perform the modelled behaviour.

*Factors that will determine whether a person will learn from a model:
• Characteristics of a Model (similarity, sex, age, status, etc.)
• Characteristics of Observer (low self-confidence, lack of status,
skills and power).
Self-Efficacy
• Our beliefs that we are capable of performing actions that will
produce desired effects.
*Self-Efficacy Varies from Situation Depending on:
• The competencies required for different activities.
• The presence or absence of people
• The person disposition to attend to failure of performance rather
than the success.
• Accompanying psychological stress (fatigue, anxiety, fear and
apathy).
*High and Low Self-Efficacy Combine with Responsive and
Unresponsive Environment
• HE+ RE= Successful outcomes
• LE + RE= Depressed, Discouraged, intimidated
• HE+UR= Intensifying efforts
• LE + UR = Apathy, resignation and helplessness.
*Did you know?
- Bandura is 94 years old and often described as the greatest
psychologist alive today.
- He is known for his "Bobo Doll experiment"
- Cherry (2020) states that in his interesting Bobo doll experiment,
Bandura determined that young children would imitate the violent and
aggressive actions of an adult model. In the experiment, children
observed a film in which an adult repeatedly hit a large, inflatable
balloon doll. After watching the video, children were allowed to play
in a room where the authentic bobo place.
- Bandura noticed that children were more likely to mimic the adult's
violent actions when the adult either received no consequences or
when the adult was actually rewarded for their violent actions.
Children who saw film clips in which the adult was punished for this
aggressive behavior were less likely to repeat the behavior later on.
Social Psychology
- The branch of psychology that studies individuals as they interact
with others (Lahey, 2007)
- Field whose goal is to understand and explain how thoughts,
feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by the presence
of, or interactions with, others (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2014)
- Study of the effect of social factors on individual behavior, attitudes,
perceptions, and motives.
Interaction
- Mutual and reciprocal exchange of communication or action
between two or more persons or groups.
Relationship
- A particular way in which two or more individuals, groups, or even
countries talk to, behave, or deal with each other.
Person Perception
- Forming impressions and making judgments about another person's
likability after seeing or meeting him/her
- First impressions which are formed within a very short time with
little conscious thought and biased by past experiences are part of
person perception.
- People usually use external appearance as immediate basis for
assessing, judging, or evaluating others.
Social Norms
- Social norms are the set of rules or standards on how we behave in
a particular situation (Grey, 2020). It brings us an expected concept
of how to behave on specific group or culture.
Social Roles
- The roles we play in our society that adds to our social Identity
(Decarpua & Intergest, 2004). A few social rocial roles are provided
to us.
Together as a Group
- There are many opportunities to work people as a group. Students
form into a study groups to review their lessons on the incoming
periodical test. The marketing team arranges a meeting to boost their
sales in the company. Farmers work together during the planting and
harvesting of crops. In many situations the task become easier to
achieve because more people are involve to work out the problem as
compared to only one person doing the task.
Social Facilitation
- It is a psychological idea which an individual tends to improve
his/her performance when working on a certain group or people
(Cuncic, 2020). Example is when bike racer tends to pedal faster in
the presence of their opponents than when competing against time.
Social Loafing
- It defines as the tendency of an individual to make a little effort on
his/her performance when working on a group (Cherry, 2020).
Example when people let more skilled members of the group take
over when it comes to brainstorming or matters of technical expertise
and expect them to carry the load, social loafing occurs.
Conformity
- Conformity is a type of social influence concerning in a change of Discrimination
belief or behavior in order to suit and fit in with a group (McLeod, - Specific unfair behavior or treatment towards the members of a
2016). group.

*Factors that contributes to Conformity: Prejudice

- Size of the group - Unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude or opinion towards members of
- Unanimous groups a group.
- Culture
- Sex

Nature and Depth of Relationships

Familiarity
- Refers to being comfortable with another person and is a necessary
condition for a close relationship to develop.

Attraction
- The feeling of being drawn to another person due to reasons like
similarities or differences in interests, personality characteristic, life
goals, life styles, etc.

Love
- Special attachment one has for himself/herself or for somebody
else.

Robert Sternberg: Three Components of Love

- Intimacy
- Passion
- Commitment

Attitudes
- Beliefs that predispose people to act and feel in certain ways
towards people, objects, or ideas.
*Positive Attitude - reflected in a happy, pleasant, or
optimistic disposition.
*Negative Attitude – associated with the pessimism or a
general feeling of dislike.
- People develop positive or negative attitudes towards a certain
object because of a direct experience with it.
- Attitudes are also learned from others through modeling and
reinforcement.
- Attitudes can be changed or modified through persuasive
communication.

Stereotypes
- Generalizations in which the same traits of characteristics are
assumed to be possessed by all members of a group.