Q1 PPT 2 Types of Quantitative Research

Types of
Quantitative
Research
DARRYL G. BAYONA
Types of Quantitative Research
Quantitative
Research
NON-
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
• EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• It is often considered to be the “gold standard” in
research designs.
• In this design, one or more independent
variables are manipulated by the researcher (as
treatments), subjects are randomly assigned to
different treatment levels (random assignment),
and the results of the treatments on outcomes
(dependent variables) are observed.
1. Pre-Experimental Research
• Either a group or various dependent groups are
observed for the effect of the application of an
independent variable which is presumed to cause
change.
• A group, or various groups, are kept under
observation after implementing cause and effect
factors.
• It is the simplest form of experimental research
design and is treated with no control group.
2. True Experimental Research
• It relies on statistical analysis to prove or
disprove a hypothesis, making it the most
accurate form of research.
• Of the types of experimental design, only true
design can establish a cause-effect relationship
within a group.
2. True Experimental Research
• In a true experiment, three factors need to be
satisfied:
• There is a Control Group, which won’t be subject to
changes, and an Experimental Group, which will
experience the changed variables.
• A variable that can be manipulated by the researcher
• Random distribution
• This experimental research method commonly
occurs in the physical sciences.
3. Quasi-Experimental Research
• The word “quasi” means partial, half, or pseudo.
• It is bearing a resemblance to the true experimental
research, but not the same.
• In quasi-experiments, the participants are not
randomly assigned, and as such, they are used in
settings where randomization is difficult or impossible.
• This is very common in educational research, where
administrators are unwilling to allow the random
selection of students for experimental samples.
• NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• It is the type of research that lacks an
independent variable.
• Here, researchers measure variables as they
naturally occur without any further
manipulation.
• It happens during the study when the researcher
cannot control, manipulate or alter the subjects
but relies on interpretation or observations to
conclude.
1. Descriptive Research
• It is used to understand a phenomenon, a situation,
or a population.
• It does not involve the manipulation of certain
variables.
• It seeks only to observe and measure the variables
in order to investigate them.
• It is used when trying to identify characteristics,
categories, and trends.
• Common methods: case studies, observations, and
surveys.
• Example 1:
• Using this quantitative research type, you can gather
customer satisfaction feedback on the company’s
customer service. You can conduct online surveys to
assess various aspects of customer service, such as the
time it took to connect with an agent, the agent’s
politeness, knowledge, the effectiveness of the resolution,
etc.
• The data can help you identify overall satisfaction levels
and the areas that require improvement.
• Example 2:
• A specialty food group launching a new range of
barbecue rubs would like to understand what flavors
of rubs are favored by different people.
• To understand the preferred flavor palette, they conduct
this type of research study using various methods like
observational methods in supermarkets.
2. Correlational Research
• It is used to identify a relationship between two
variables with no influence from any
extraneous variable.
• This design can help you recognize patterns and
trends in the feedback you gather.
• For example, an ice cream brand can use this
methodology to identify the relationship between
weather (temperature) and ice cream sales.
• The correlation between the two variables will reflect the
direction and/or strength of their relationship.
• A positive correlation denotes that both variables change
in the same direction.
• A negative correlation denotes that the variables change
in opposite directions.
• A zero correlation denotes that there is no relationship
between the variables being studied.
• Example 1:
• You can evaluate the impact of advertising on
consumers’ purchase decisions. In this research,
you can gather data on the advertising expenditure of a
product and its corresponding sales data.
• By analyzing the data using correlational analysis, you
can determine if there is a relationship between
advertising spending and sales performance.
• Example 2:
• A researcher is interested in the relationship between
a student’s reading habits and their concentration.
• This will need the researcher to gather the details
about the reading habits among students and their
ability to concentrate on a certain thing.
• This doesn’t involve manipulating any of the variables
but just observing them and getting to the results.
3. Cross-sectional Research
• It involves the comparison of two or more pre-existing
groups of people under the same criteria.
• This comparison is done at the same time.
• The groups are not randomly selected and the
independent variable is not manipulated.
• The data collected in a cross-sectional study involves
subjects or participants who are similar in all
variables – except the one which is under review.
• Examples:
• Retail: Cross-sectional research can be conducted on men
and women in a specific age range to reveal similarities
and differences in spending trends related to gender.
• Education: A cross-sectional study in school is beneficial in
understanding how students who scored within a
particular grade range in the same preliminary courses
perform with a new curriculum.
• Examples:
• Healthcare: Scientists in healthcare may use cross-sectional
research to understand how children ages 2-12 across the
Valenzuela City are prone to calcium deficiency.
• Business: In business, researchers can study how people of
different socioeconomic statuses from one geographic
segment respond to one change in an offering.
• Social Media: A survey of different age groups’ attitudes
towards social media.
• Examples:
• Gender and phone sales
• Phone companies rely on advanced and innovative features to drive
sales. Research by a phone manufacturer throughout the target
demographic market validates the expected adoption rate and
potential phone sales. In a cross-sectional study, researchers enroll
men and women across regions, and age ranges for research.
• If the results show that Asian women would not buy the phone
because it is bulky, the mobile phone company can tweak the design
to make it less bulky. They can also develop and market a smaller
phone to appeal to a more inclusive group of women.
• Examples:
• Men and cancer
• A medical study examining the prevalence of cancer amongst
a defined population. The researcher can evaluate people of
different ages, ethnicities, geographical locations, and social
backgrounds.
• If a significant number of men from a particular age group are
more prone to have the disease, the researcher can conduct
further studies to understand its reasons.
4. Comparative Research
• The researcher examines the differences between two
or more groups on the phenomenon that is being
studied.
• It is used to examine the differences between two or
more groups on one variable.
• Comparisons are based on descriptive data.
• Existence of a relationship does not imply causation -
- we can only say that a difference or relationship exists
4. Comparative Research
• Examples:
• Studying if there is a difference between second-
graders’ and third-graders’ scores on a measure of self
concept.
• Studying gender difference in learning mathematics.
5. Causal-Comparative Research
• Also known as “ex post facto” research (Latin
for “after the fact”).
• In this type of research, investigators attempt to
determine the cause or consequences of
differences that already exist between or
among groups of individuals.
• It is used to identify cause-effect relationships
between independent and dependent
variables.
• It determines whether one variable has a direct
influence on the other and why.
Comparative Research vs. Causal-Comparative Research
• Comparative research compares two or more groups on one

or more variables. It is used to identify similarities and
differences between groups, and to determine whether
those differences are statistically significant.
• Comparative research can be used to describe and
explain phenomena, but it cannot establish causal
relationships.
Comparative Research vs. Causal-Comparative Research
• Causal-comparative research is a type of comparative

research that attempts to identify causal relationships
between variables.
• It determines whether one variable has a direct influence on
the other and why.
• It identifies the causes of certain occurrences (or non-
occurrences).
Causal-Comparative Research vs. Correlational Research
• Causal research: Aims at identifying causality

among variables.
• Correlational research: Attempts to identify
associations among variables.
Causal-Comparative Research vs. Correlational Research
• Nature:
• Causal research: The researcher identifies the cause and
effect.
• Correlational research: The researcher identifies an
association.
• Causality:
• Causal research: Can identify causality.
• Correlational research: Cannot identify causality among
variables.

Q1 PPT 2 Types of Quantitative Research

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Q1 PPT 2 Types of Quantitative Research

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Types of

• Comparative research compares two or more groups on one

• Causal-comparative research is a type of comparative

• Causal research: Aims at identifying causality

You might also like