RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

GENERAL MATHEMATICS SEM 01 2022

Relation - is a set of ordered pairs

★ The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates.
★ The range of a relation is the set of second coordinates.
Function - It is a relation in which each element of a domain corresponds to exactly
one element of the range.
★ The domain in a function is the independent value.
★ The range in a function is the dependent value.
★ Many to one is A FUNCTION
★ One to many is NOT A FUNCTION
★ One to one is A FUNCTION
★ All functions are relation but not all relations are functions
★ In a vertical line test, if it intersects a graph in more than one point
then the relation is a function
★ Is a rule that assigns to each element x in set A exactly one element,
called f(x), in set B
Characteristics of a function
★ Each element in domain X must be matched with exactly one element in
range Y.
★ Some elements in Y may not be matched with any element in X.
★ Two or more elements in X may be matched with the same element in Y.
Different ways of presenting a function
★ A table of Values
★ Ordered pairs
★ A graph
★ An equation
★ A mapping
In an equation, it is NOT A FUNCTION if the Y value is raised to an even number or y is
2
inside an absolute value function. Example : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 (not a function)
The vertical line test is used to determine if a graph represents a function. If vertical
line test is drawn to any part of the graph and intersects the graph in one point, then
the graph represents a function. (IF LINE INTERSECTS AT TWO POINTS - NOT A
FUNCTION)
Finding the domain and range of an equation
2
Example: 𝑦 =𝑥 − 1
To find domain solve for y:

To find range, solve for x:

Types of functions:
Polynomial Functions - more than 3 as the highest degree
Constant Function - 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶 (numbers only, no variables)
Linear Function - 𝑓(𝑋) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 (highest exponent is 1 )
2
Quadratic Function - 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶 (highest exponent is 2)
3 2
Cubic Function - 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 (highest exponent is 3)

Evaluating functions:

Piecewise Function - It is a function defined by two or more formulas on different

parts of its domain.
COMPOSITION AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
GENERAL MATHEMATICS SEM 01 2022

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Example 1:
2
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 9
1. (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 3x + 5 (letter outside parentheses will be your basis) 1
2
=3(2𝑥 + 9) + 5 (substitute the x with the letter inside parentheses) 2
2 2
=6𝑥 + 27 + 5 =6𝑥 + 32

2. 𝑔 ◦ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥))
2 2 2 4 2
=2𝑥 + 9 =2(2𝑥 + 9) + 9 =2(4𝑥 + 36𝑥 + 81) + 9
4 2
=8𝑥 + 72𝑥 + 171

Rational Functions
1. Domain

Formula: (D = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠__ })

𝑓(𝑥)
Where: , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔(𝑥)

Example of finding the domain:

2𝑥+5
1. 2. 2 D = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ -7 and 2 }
𝑥 +5𝑥−14

3𝑥
2. D = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠7}
𝑥−7
2. Asymptotes:
a. Vertical Asymptote Formula: Line x =___

Example of finding the vertical asymptote:

3𝑥
1. Line x = 7
𝑥−7

2𝑥+5
2. 2 Line x = -7 and 2
𝑥 +5𝑥−14

b. Horizontal Asymptote - zero (y = 0) and oblique (y = mx +b)

Formula: Line y = ____
STEPS: (in terms of degree)
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) b. 𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑔(𝑥) c. 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥)
Example of finding the horizontal asymptote:
3𝑥+5 1
1. Line y =
6𝑥−10 2

3𝑥+5
2. 2 Line y = 0
𝑥 +7𝑥+12

2
𝑥 +7𝑥+12
3. Line y = x + 3 (oblique asymptote)
𝑥+4
 2
𝑥 +7𝑥+12
4. Line y = x + 4
𝑥+3

Intercepts:
a. x-intercepts Formula: (a,0) where, y is always zero

Example of finding the x-intercept:

𝑥+5 5
1. 2 (- 2 ,0)
𝑥 +5𝑥−14

a. Y-intercepts Formula: (0,b) where, x is always zero

Example of finding the y-intercept:

2𝑥+5 5
2. 2 (0,- 14 )
𝑥 +5𝑥−14