Module 3 - HUMAN AND URBANIZATION ● Urbanization is the process by which large

POPULATION numbers of people become permanently

concentrated in relatively small areas,
● THOMAS MALTHUS forming cities.
The power of Population Growth is greater
than the Power of Earth for subsistence. ● POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
○ Population size
● POPULATION ○ Density
a number of species interbreeding in a given ○ Dispersion patterns
time and place. ○ Demographics
○ Survivorship curves and Growth.
● SPECIES
all individuals that are capable of ● Population size
interbreeding and make up the population. refers to the number of individuals in
a population. Human population in a certain
● ECOSYSTEM area can grow or decline through the
all interacting populations in a given time and interplay of three factors: births, death and
place. migration.

● COMMUNITY ○ Birth rate

all organisms living in a defined area. ○ refers to the number of individuals
added annually to the present
● DEMOGRAPHY population through reproduction per
The study populations, their characteristics one thousand of individuals.
and changes.
○ Death rate
● DEMOGRAPHERS ○ refers to the “ number of individuals
❖ A person who studies Population Size who die annually per one thousand
❖ Density and distribution individuals”.
❖ Age structure
❖ Sex ratio ○ Migration
❖ Birth rate ○ is referred to as the movement of
❖ Death rate members in the population is another
❖ Immigration and emigration strategy for survival.

● THREE FACTORS - ACCOUNT FOR RAPID ❖ 1. Change in Population Size

INCREASE IN POPULATION ➢ (birth-death) +
○ First, is the emergence of modern (immigrants-emigrants)
agriculture which provide an
increased in ❖ MOVEMENT of POPULATION
food production. ➢ MIGRATION
○ Second, technologies helped humans ■ Refers to the permanent
expand into all areas of the planets change of residence of a
and habitat. person or a group
○ Third, improved sanitation and ➢ EMIGRATION
development of antibiotics, vaccines ■ movement of people out of
in health care prolong the lives of the the country
people which decrease death rates.
➢ IMMIGRATION
● Population is defined as the totality of ■ movement of people into a
organisms of the same species observed in a country
specific geographical region at a particular
time.
 ➢ PUSH FACTORS
■ Circumstances that origin
country leads to emigrate
1. No job opportunities
2. Poverty
3. War
4. Environmental issues
❖ PULL FACTORS
➢ Circumstances that makes
immigration attractive
■ Better standard of
living
■ Economic opportunity
■ Political freedom
● Density
○ refers to the number of individuals per
unit area or volume. Population
density is important in habitat
because it influences the utilization of
the resources in the area.
● Dispersion Pattern refers to a pattern of
spacing
○ which is important in resource
distribution
● SEX RATIO
○ A relative number of males and
females in a population
○ EQUAL / NEARLY EQUAL 1:1
● AGE DISTRIBUTION
○ Refers to the number of individuals of
each age in a population
● Age Categories
○ Pre Reproductive (0-14)
○ Reproductive (15-44)
○ Post Reproductive (44 older)
● POPULATION GROWTH IN AN
ECOSYSTEM
○ Population growth and
Survivorship Curve
■ refers to the number of
individuals in a population as it
increases or decreases with
time.
● TWO TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGISTIC GROWTH
● EXPONENTIAL GROWTH has a constant
birth rate, and organisms are not limited by
food or diseases, while
● LOGISTIC GROWTH, the growth rate
decreases as resources deplete.
● Four Stages
1. Lag Phase
2. Log /Exponential phase
3. Plateau or stationary phase
4. Death phase
● POPULATION GROWTH REGULATION IN
HUMAN
1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Studies on western European countries show that
when countries become industrialized and
economically developed, poverty decreases, their
population tends to grow more slowly.
2. EMPOWERING WOMEN
Women when are educated, earn income of their
own, and control their own fertility, they tend to have
fewer children.
3. FAMILY PLANNING
Family planning programs provide education and
clinical services. Couples can plan and choose how
many children to have.
● CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION
AND POPULATION GROWTH
1. LOST OF VEGETATION
2. WATER PROBLEMS
3. POLLUTION AND HEALTH
PROBLEMS
4. LOCAL CLIMATE
● URBANIZATION AND POPULATION
GROWTH
○ Carrying Capacity- is the maximum
number of individual of a population
that can be maintained indefinitely
○ Life expectancy - refers to an
estimate number of years a person
expect to live
 nutrition.
MODULE 4 FOOD SECURITY - HUNGER
● Food Security ● STABILITY / SUSTAINABILITY
○ Availability of resources ○ WHO, 2009 means
○ Accessibility to ones resources ○ People’s ability to access and utilize
○ Affordability of food to all people at all food that remains stable and sustain
times over time
○ The global concern refers to the ○ Stability of stock and access
availability, accessibility and
affordability of safe and nutritious food
at all times. Availability Accessibility Utilization Sustainabili
○ is a situation that exist when people, ty
at all times have physical, social and
Domestic Purchasing Food security
economic access to sufficient, safe
and nutritious food that meet their production power Weather
dietary needs and food preferences Hygiene and variability
for active and healthy life Import Income of manufacturin
capacity population g process Price
● FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY fluctuation
1. Availability
2. Accessibility Food Transport Harvesting
3. Utilization stocks and market process and
4. Stability/ Sustainability infrastructure storage Political
❖ FOOD Food aid factor
❖ Is the fundamental requirement for human Food
survival and well being processing Economic
❖ Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Minerals and factor
Vitamins, Diet quality
and diversity Social
FILIPINO PYRAMID FOOD GUIDE factor
FATS , OILS, SUGAR , SALT

FISH, POULTRY, DR BEANS, NUTS, EGG, LEAN

❖ FOOD SECURITY
MEATS, LOW FAT DAIRY
➢ Food security is basically a way to
VEGETABLES, GREEN SALADS, FRUITS OR JUICES making sure that everyone is able to
access food services at all time
without shortage for nutrition
RICE, ROOT CROPS, CORN, NOODLES, BREADS,
purposes.
CEREALS
➢ Upholding the four pillars of food
WATER, CLEAR BROTH security.
➢ Food security is a complex
sustainable development issue linked
● Availability
to health through malnutrition, but
○ WHO, 2009 means
also to sustainable economic
○ There is a reliable and consistent
development, environment and trade
source of quality food
➢ This also help the world to prepare for
○ Refers to the quality and quantity of
future consumption needs that will
food produced
arise due to influx of population
● Accessibility
number
○ WHO, 2009 means
❖ Threat to food Security
○ People has sufficient resources to
➢ Climate change
produce/ purchase food
➢ Land degradation
○ Covers the physical access to food at
➢ Water scarcity
all times
➢ Pest diseases
● UTILIZATION
➢ Political instability/Conflict
○ People have the knowledge and basic
➢ Poverty and inequality
sanitary condition to choose, prepare
➢ Loss and waste
and distribute food in a way that
results in good condition
○ Entails the proper use of food through
proper storage, cooking method and

❖ FOOD PRODUCTION
➢ Is the transformation of raw
agricultural products into food
products
➢ It involves activities from cultivation
and harvesting to processing,
packaging, and distribution.
➢ plays a crucial role in meeting the
global demand for safe, nutritious,and
sufficient food to sustain the human
population.
❖ CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD PRODUCTION
➢ Crop production
Immediate Action to Improve Food Security:
➢ Livestock production
➢ Aquaculture
➢ Agroforestry
➢ Organic and sustainable agriculture
❖ SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
➢ 1. To produce high quality food which
is safe for human consumption
➢ 2. No negative impact to environment
❖ Biotechnology uses living systems or
organisms to develop or make useful
products. It can provide appropriate new
tools for use in the solution of specific
problems in sustainable agriculture.
❖ Use of Organic Fertilizer is derived from
animal manure or vegetable matter . The
used of organic fertilizer in sustainable
agriculture is quickly gaining popularity
❖ Conservation Tillage is any method of soil
conservation that leaves the previous years
crop residue on fields before and after
planting the next crop.
❖ Intensify research and development (R&D)
❖ Innovation to improve productivity in food
processing
❖ Find alternative solutions
❖ Strengthen policy and guidelines to food
security
❖ Implement best practice for sustainable
agriculture
❖ Empowering local farmers

➢ This is the practice of farming using

principles of ecology .
❖ SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PRACTICE

➢ Agroforestry
➢ Hugelculture
➢ Permaculture
➢ Soil Health management
➢ Community supported agri
➢ Pest management
➢ Urban gardening/farming
➢ Crop rotation
➢ Organic agriculture
➢ Integrated farming

❖ Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

is a broad base approach that integrates sustainable

practice for economic control of pest.It is a careful
consideration of all available pest control techniques
and subsequent integration of appropriate measures
that discourages the development of pest population
to minimise the use of pesticide to minimise health
hazard to humans.

❖ Crop rotation
is a sustainable practice of growing a series
of different types of crops in the same area in
sequential seasons. It also gives various
nutrients to soil, to mitigate the buildup of
pathogens and pests that often occurs when
1 species is continuously cropped and also
improve soil structure and fertility.